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The literature data and the finding of our studies on the analysis of the correlation between the level of parathyroid hormone and supply of vitamin D of children (n=107) of early age are presented in the article. The serum level of vitamin D in the analyzed group of children was 24.8 [17.6–32.5] ng/ml, the median of the parathyroid hormone was 21.0 [12.3–25.5] pg/ml. It has been established that children with optimal supply of vitamin D have significantly lower parathyroid hormone levels vs. the children with vitamin D insufficiency (25 (OH) D from 20 to 30 ng/ml) and deficiency (calcidiol values below 20 ng/ml). The correlation between the level of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone was r=-0.18, p=0.035. The best supply of vitamin D was found in children of the first year of life – 25 (OH) D concentration was 29.95 [16.2–40.3] ng/ml. The parathyroid hormone level (16.5 [10.7–23.8] pg/ml) in these children was reliably lower (p=0.05) vs. the children of the second and third years of life. A positive correlation was established between the age of patients and the parathyroid hormone level (r=0.2, p=0.05). Preventive doses of vitamin D were received by 42.1% of children. The blood serum concentration of 25 (OH) D in them was higher (32.7 ng/ml), and the parathyroid hormone level was significantly lower (14.9 pg/ml) vs. the children who did not receive cholecalciferol preparations (p

The discovery of lactulose as a bifidogenic factor became the background for the appearance of the prebiotics concept. Currently, lactulose is the most studied in terms of medical use oligosaccharide with a high prebiotic index. The exact mechanisms of action of lactulose remain largely unknown despite a number of new researches based on modern methods of molecular biology, genetics, and bioinformatics.

A large amount of crystalline lactose is produced globally. The major source for lactose production is the ultrafiltration permeate of sweet whey. However, some other rich in lactose sources are available in the dairy industry such as ultrafiltration permeates of milk or acid whey. Although lactose remains the most abundant component in all ultrafiltration permeates, their composition can differ considerably. Specifically, large variations in the content of lactate, citrate, phosphate, and calcium are observed. Modern technology of lactose purification is optimized for the processing of feed with low acidity. Lactic acid cannot be sufficiently removed from acid whey ultrafiltration permeate, i.e. the latter is poorly processable with current techniques. However, a toolbox of industrial purification methods offers alternative ways to refine dairy fluids with high lactic acid or calcium content such as acid whey ultrafiltration permeate. Here we discuss the variety of processes that yield ultrafiltration permeates and present a proximate composition of permeates obtained from different sources in the dairy industry. The methods suitable for the purification of ultrafiltration permeate solutions within the framework of lactose manufacture are reviewed in the paper. We also share our vision on how lactose production can be adapted to the processing of ultrafiltration permeates with high lactic acid content.

The study estimated vitamin D provision for babies in relation to the type of their feeding and the efficiency of drug donations of cholecalciferol preparations. A total of 132 babies aged 1 to 12 months were examined. Vitamin D deficiency was shown to occur in more than half (58.3%) of the babies at the solar minimum. If hypovitaminosis D was not prevented using drugs, the serum 25(OH)D level in the breastfed babies was 8.7 (6.3-14.8) ng/ml, which was significantly lower than that in formula-fed ones [24.55 (19.0-32.0) ng/ml] (p=0.00002). Cholecalciferol taken by the infants in a preventive dose of 500-1500 IU/day substantially increased their provision with vitamin D from 19.8 (10.4–26.3) to 32.7 (24.5-45.7) ng/ml (p=0.0000007), regardless of the feeding pattern. The serum calcidiol level is closely correlated with the dose of cholecalciferol (r=0.57; p