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In this paper, we compute the idempotents of the ring $$F_+(G)$$ as defined by Boltje (J Algebra 206:293–343, 1998) in the particular case when the Green biset functor F is such that for all subgroups H of a finite group G, F(H) is a torsion-free ring, finitely-generated as an Abelian group, and has only the trivial idempotents. In this case, the only idempotents in $$F_+(G)$$ are those arising from the Burnside ring B(G).

Folate-receptor 1 (FOLR1) is overexpressed in many types of cancer (ovarian, lung, renal), making it a suitable target for targeted-tumour therapies. FOLR1/CD3 T-cell bispecific antibodies (FOLR1-TCB) are engineered to recognize both FOLR1 and the T-cell receptor, enhancing tumour targeting by T-cells, recognition and killing. Because FOLR1 is also expressed in normal epithelial cells in the lung or the kidney, albeit at lower levels, such therapeutic antibodies present the risk of an on-target/off-tumour toxicity. In this work, we have used an advanced lung-on-chip in-vitro model (LOC) to evaluate FOLR1-TCB expected pulmonary toxicity. With that purpose, human epithelial and/or endothelial barrier models were treated with FOLR1-TCB in presence of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). According to our results, we successfully reproduced FOLR1-TCB on-target/off-tumour alveolar damage as indicated by pro-inflammatory cytokine release (e.g. IL-6, Granzyme B), increased cytotoxicity and barrier leakage (TEER). Additionally, FOLR1-TCB treatment induced T cell specific activation and proliferation, as observed by flow cytometry analysis. Altogether, our data suggests that our alveolar cell model on the lung-on-chip system can successfully predict off-tumour toxic TCB effects. This highlights the relevance of complex in vitro models supporting physiological cell-cell interactions and an in-vivo-like microenvironment for safety evaluation of therapeutic antibodies before their entry into the clinics.

Let R be a commutative unital ring. We construct a category C R of fractions X / G , where G is a finite group and X is a finite G -set, and with morphisms given by R -linear combinations of spans of bisets. This category is an additive, symmetric monoidal and self-dual category, with a Krull–Schmidt decomposition for objects. We show that C R is equivalent to the additive completion of the biset category and that the category of biset functors over R is equivalent to the category of R -linear functors from C R to R -Mod. We also show that the restriction of one of these functors to a certain subcategory of C R is a fused Mackey functor.

In this paper, we study properties of isomorphisms of global rings that preserve the standard bases.

In this paper we combine the concepts of Burnside ring and character ring in what we call the global representation ring of a finite group. We compute all ring homomorphisms from this ring to the complex numbers, we compute its spectrum, its connected components, and determine the primitive idempotents.

A supersonic source of clusters has been used to prepare neutral complexes of ammonia in association with a metal atom. From these complexes the following metal-containing dications have been generated: [Mg(NH3)n]2+, [Ca(NH3)n]2+, and [Sr(NH3)n]2+, and for n in the range 4–20, kinetic energy release measurements following the evaporation of a single molecule have been undertaken using a high resolution mass spectrometer. Using finite heat bath theory, these data have been transformed into binding energies for individual ammonia molecules attached to each of the three cluster systems. In the larger complexes (n > 6) the results exhibit a consistent trend, whereby the experimental binding energy data for all three metal ions are very similar, suggesting that the magnitude of the charge rather than charge density influences the strength of the interaction. From a comparison with data recorded previously for (NH3)nH+ it is found that the 2+ charge on a metal ion has an effect on the binding energy of molecule...

The formation of an endohedral fullerene can lead to charge transfer and the generation of a trapped positively charged metal ion. Using Ca@C60 and [Ca@C60](+) endohedral fullerenes as models, density functional theory calculations predict that the motion of a calcium ion within a fullerene is accompanied by large changes in electron density on the surrounding carbon cage. In the case of [Ca@C60](+), partial atomic charge distribution on the carbon cage is split between hemispheres into regions of positive and negative charge as Ca(n+) moves inside the fullerene cage (non-integer n strongly depends on position of the ion). It is proposed that within tethered fullerene cages the movement of partial atomic charge could form the bases of a molecular polarisation storage bit, and that adopted in the form of [Ca@C60](+) the presence of an overall charge may offer a route to either optical or electronic control.

In this work we present the results of relativistic DFT calculations of magnetic moments for manganese inserted into a gold ring (Mn@Au6) or a cage-like structure (Mn@Au12) both pristine and n-thiolated. Optimization has been carried out to obtain different isomers always favouring the endohedral gold clusters with Mn inside. For the total magnetic moment (from electronic population analysis) verification of the jellium model has been performed in each case. It is concluded that the magnetic moments arise largely from the doped manganese atom and that thiolation can modulate its value, which is not present in the pure form. In the Mn@Au12 clusters we observed the formation of a hole in their structure; this could be a characteristic of insertion of a highly ferromagnetic dopant in some metal clusters, such as gold, and this could act as a precursor of the formation of gold magnetic nanotubes.

We dene isomorphisms of subgroup lattices and tables of marks, and study some of the invariants preserved by them. Mathematics Subject Classication: 19A22

In this note we define, using a universal property, the concept of diagram for a space in categories of not necessarily finite partial linear spaces of order two and prove that in the category of symplectic-type spaces all spaces have diagrams.

We construct two nonisomorphic groups G and Q of order 96 which have isomorphic tables of marks, but such that the centre of G has order 8 and the centre of Q has order 4. We also note that G has an abelian subgroup of order 48, whereas Q has no abelian subgroup of that order. This also leads us to conclude that this isomorphism of tables of marks does not preserve normalizers.

We prove that for some families of finite groups, the isomorphism class of the group is completely determined by its Burnside ring. Namely, we prove the following: if two finite simple groups have isomorphic Burnside rings, then the groups are isomorphic; if G is either Hamiltonian or abelian or a minimal simple group, and Gis any finite group such that B(G) ∼ B(G� ), then G ∼ G � .

We prove that if two finite groups G and G′ have isomorphic Burnside rings, then there is a normalized isomorphism between these rings, that is, a ring isomorphism θ:B(G)→B(G′) such that θ(G/1)=G′/1. We use this to prove that if two finite groups have isomorphic Burnside rings, then there is a one-to-one correspondence between their families of soluble subgroups which preserves order and conjugacy class of subgroups.

A supersonic source of clusters has been used to prepare neutral complexes of ammonia in association with a metal atom. From these complexes the following metal-containing dications have been generated: [Mg(NH3)n](2+), [Ca(NH3)n](2+), and [Sr(NH3)n](2+), and for n in the range 4-20, kinetic energy release measurements following the evaporation of a single molecule have been undertaken using a high resolution mass spectrometer. Using finite heat bath theory, these data have been transformed into binding energies for individual ammonia molecules attached to each of the three cluster systems. In the larger complexes (n6) the results exhibit a consistent trend, whereby the experimental binding energy data for all three metal ions are very similar, suggesting that the magnitude of the charge rather than charge density influences the strength of the interaction. From a comparison with data recorded previously for (NH3)nH(+) it is found that the 2+ charge on a metal ion has an effect on the binding energy of molecules in complexes containing up to 20 solvent molecules. Although subject to comparatively large experimental errors, the results recorded for Ca(2+) and Sr(2+) when n ≤ 6 show evidence for the formation of an inner solvation shell containing up to 6 molecules. However, Mg(2+) exhibits relatively low binding energies when n = 5 and 6, which suggests that a second shell starts to form before there are 6 ammonia molecules bound to the metal ion. This conclusion is supported by DFT calculations and it is proposed that these complexes could take the form [Mg(NH3)4(NH3)](2+) when n = 5 and either [Mg(NH3)4(NH3)2](2+) or [Mg(NH3)5(NH3)](2+) when n = 6. In each case, additional molecules are hydrogen bonded to one or more molecules in the inner solvation shell.

Let B(G) be the Burnside ring for a finite group G and let T(G) be the table of marks of G. It is known that, in general, neither B(G) nor T(G) determines the finite group G. That is, one can easily construct pairs of non-isomorphic finite groups such that their table of marks is the same (hence, their Burnside rings are isomorphic). In this note, we show that the composition factors of G are determined by the table of marks T(G).

In [1] we gave a procedure that associates to each graph Г a configuration C(Г) of symplectic type. We called this graph “a diagram for the configuration”.In the same paper we prove that certain Dynkin-like diagrams (see Example 3 below) define the reduced symplectic configurations . In this note, using Hall's classification given in [2], we give diagrams for all symplectic type configurations (Theorem 1 and Remark). As an application we give a characterization of the universal representation for C(Г) and prove that our procedure defines the universal representation of C(Г).

Density functional theory has been applied in a study of charge transfer between an endohedral calcium atom and the fullerene cage in Ca@C 60 H 4 and [Ca@C 60 H 4 ] + isomers. Previous calculations on Ca@C 60 have shown that the motion of calcium within a fullerene is accompanied by large changes in electron density on the carbon cage. Based on this observation, it has been proposed that a tethered endohedral fullerene might form the bases of a nanoswitch. Through the addition of hydrogen atoms to one hemisphere of the cage it is shown that, when compared with Ca @C 60 , asymmetric and significantly reduced energy barriers can be generated with respect to motion of the calcium atom. It is proposed that hydrogen atom addition to a fullerene might offer a route for creating a bi-stable nanoswitch that can be fine-tuned through the selection of an appropriate isomer and number of atoms attached to the cage of an endohedral fullerene. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Fullerenes: past, present and future, celebrating the 30th anniversary of Buckminster Fullerene’.

Introduction. For a finite group G let f2(G) denote its Burnside ring. It is a natural question to ask whether 12(G) determines G up to isomorphism. In [8] Thrvenaz gives an example of two non-isomorphic groups of order p2 q (where p, q are primes and q I P - 1) with isomorphic Burnside rings. Deo and Varadarajan study this question in [2] and [3]. They answer it in the affirmative for a certain subclass of abelian groups; and also for groups in which every subgroup is normal if they assume the extra condition that the isomorphism f2(G) ~ f2(H) maps the semiring f2 + (G) of G-sets onto the semiring f2 § (H) of H-sets.

Consider the Mackey functor assigning to each finite group G the Green ring of finitely generated kG-modules, where k is a field of characteristic p>0. Thevenaz foresaw in 1988 that the class of primordial groups for this functor is the family of k-Dress groups. In this paper we prove that this is true for the subfunctor defined by the Green ring of finitely generated kG-modules of trivial source., 13 pages, changed content

Let G be a finite group. It is proved that the localised Buinside ring Ωp(G) is of finite representation type if and only if for each p–perfect subgroup H of G, , where means the conjugacy class of K.

We prove that most groups of order less than 96 cannot have isomorphic tables of marks unless the groups are isomorphic.

We investigated the charge trapping properties of 10 nm thick oxide metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors after 158 MeV silicon ion beam exposure up to 20 Mrad(Si) dose. Devices were biased during irradiation by a positive or negative gate voltage to drift radiation induced holes to the silicon/oxide and gate/oxide interface, respectively. Experimental results show that the radiation induced effective positive charge increases linearly with dose and is larger for the positive biased devices. The positive charge recombines with electrons injected in the oxide by Fowler–Nordheim tunnelling. After positive charge recombination a net negative charge builds up, due to electron trapping in radiation induced neutral defects. The negative charge density increases linearly with dose and it is larger for positive biased devices. The negative charge centroid is close to the oxide centre. The probability that one effective negative charge is generated by one radiation induced effective positive charge is 0.153±0.005.

Although the aetiopathogenetic role of Helicobacter Pylori (HP) in duodenal ulcer and in chronic gastritis seems now well defined, we have not yet standardized therapeutic schedules to achieve disappearance of HP. This study was aimed at evaluating the efficacy of two different therapeutic schedules, colloidal bismuth alone [CB(1200 mg/day)], vs. association with amoxicillin [CB+A(3 g/day)] for six weeks, to clear HP from antral specimens in a cohort of dyspeptic patients. 49 consecutive patients (23 females, 26 males, mean age 47 years, range 22-69) with HP in gastric specimens, 30 suffering from chronic antral gastritis (CG) and 19 affected by duodenal ulcer (DU) were treated with CB (37 pts) or with CB+A (12 pts). DU patients were given also H2-blockers. These latter patients were all healed at the endoscopic control performed after therapy. 4 out of 13 DU patients (31%) treated with CB were found HP free. In 4 out of 6 DU patients (66%) treated with CB+A, HP was no more detectable. As for CG patients, 12 out of 24 (50%) were free from HP at control when treated with CB, while only 2 out of 6 (33%) when CB+A was administered. This study suggests that colloidal bismuth is more effective when administered associated with amoxicillin, but this concerns only DU patients. No relation between endoscopic healing of UD and HP presence was found.

Summary White Leghorn chickens of two different ages and sources were vaccinated with diluted and undiluted infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccine. Statistical evaluation of the results showed: Incubation period was prolonged by the presence of congenital passive antibodies, and by using a vaccine that was diluted 100-fold.The combined factors of age and dose level affected vaccination reaction in that per cent of infectivity was highest and reactions were most severe in older birds receiving undiluted vaccine.Congenital passive immunity interfered with the development of active antibodies in that geometric mean serum neutralization titers peaked lower and later in birds having maternal antibodies than in birds from a susceptible source.Per cent of resistance on two challenge dates (7 weeks and 6 months after vaccination) was higher in the older birds vaccinated with the undiluted vaccine.There was no difference between immune and susceptible sources in immunity over the long run (at 6 months) in chicks vaccinated against IB within their 1st week of life.None of the six groups of birds showed any correlation between infectivity and serologic responses, between infectivity and challenge results, or between serologic responses and challenge results.

THE RESPONSE of susceptible chickens to inoculation with some commercially available infectious bronchitis (IB) vaccines formed the subject of investigation of the first paper of this series (Raggi and Bankowski, 1956). The main objective of the present study was to investigate whether or not the pathogenicity of the above IB vaccine strains for chicken embryos was sufficiently characteristic for use as a criterion to differentiate a field strain from a vaccinal strain of IB. An attempt was also made to stabilize the time and the pattern of death of normal chicken embryos inoculated with one of the strains (No. 6) of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE IB vaccinal strains obtained directly from the manufacturers were stored at 2°C. for a few days before being tested. The vaccines were reconstituted by aspirating the diluent with a sterile syringe and needle inserted through the rubber stopper previously swabbed with 95 …

DURING a period in which hatching eggs were collected for experimental incubation at Berkeley in April, 1953, it became apparent that many hens were pausing for short periods of time. Examination of daily production records gave evidence of a sharp decline in egg production in pens H4 and H5 of one house (Figure 1). Pens H2 and H3, containing birds of the same age in another house, exhibited production curves nearly identical with those of pens H4 and H5, excepting that the pausing period was five days later. Inspection of the birds in these pens revealed no detectable symptoms of any disorder. Recovery from the low point in the production curve was rapid and nearly all hens returned to their normal rates of egg production. Upon completion of the incubation period of the eggs set (Hatch 33), it was noted that hatchability in both control and experimental lots of eggs …

INFECTIOUS laryngotracheitis (ILT) was first recognized as a distinct entity by May and Tittsler (1923). Beach (1925) reported that production dropped 165 eggs per day in a flock of 2,250 seven-month-old layers, with a total mortality of 510 birds. He called this disease infectious bronchitis. In the same report he stated that egg production in a flock of 1,100 two-year-old layers dropped from 62 to 10 percent, with a mortality of 10 percent. In a survey of natural outbreaks of ILT in California, Hinshaw et al. (1931) observed a maximum decline of 12 percent in egg production, beginning four days after the onset of symptoms. A subacute form of ILT described by Graham et al. (1930) had no apparent effect on egg production. All those reports dealt with natural outbreaks, diagnosed only by the macroscopic appearance of the lesions. It is now known, however, that ILT cannot be definitely diagnosed …

The Massachusetts and the Connecticut types of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) were identified by interference in embryonating chicken eggs (ECE) with the production of hemagglutinin by the B-1 isolant of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). This interference test appears to be specific because the above interference was eliminated by adding type-specific anti-IBV serum to the IBV-NDV system; however, interference was not detectable when fowlpox virus (FPV) and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (LTV) were substituted for IBV. Specificity of the interference test was dependent upon a system involving IBV, NDV, FPV, and LTV. The test can be done in 3 days and requires minimum laboratory facilities. Most of the experiments were done with the Massachusetts type of IBV. Only a few were with the Connecticut type. The interfering action of the above two types of IBV over the B-1 isolant of NDV waxed between the 24th and 54th hr after inoculation of NDV; it was waning at the 54th-60th hr postinoculation and was undetectable by the 66th-72nd hr.

Seven isolants of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) interfered with the development of hemagglutinins (HA) by the B-1 isolant of Newcaslte disease virus (NDV) in eggs previously inoculated with these IBV isolants. The I50 [defined as the minimum amount of IBV needed to produce, upon inoculation in embryonating chicken eggs (ECE), HA interference in 50% of these ECE reioculated 10 hr later with 10(2,41 EID50 (HA) of the B-1 strain of NDV] was less than 1 EID50. The interference was considered specific for IBV because if could be eliminated by addition of homologous anti-IBV serum. Furthermore, three other common poultry viruses (laryngotracheitis, fowlpox, and CELO viruses) did not interfere with NDV. In view of its sensitivity, specificity, and simplicity of performance, the IBV-NDV interference test appears to have considerable potential as a diagnostic test for IBV under field conditions.

Summary Chicken tracheal organ cultures were used to measure local resistance to Newcastle Disease virus infection. Antiviral resistance could be stimulated by immunization by the intratracheal and intramuscular route with live virus, and by the intramuscular route with inactivated virus. No resistance was present in the tracheal explants of birds immunized with inactivated virus administered by the intratracheal route. Bursectomy hindered the resistance to infection. Resistance was blocked by treatment of the explant secretions with rabbit anti-chicken globulin. Locally generated immune response does not seem to be of significance in protecting immunized birds against NDV challenge. Zusammenfassung Die lokale Immunitat gegenuber Virusinfektionen im Respirationstrakt von Huhnern Mit Hilfe von Organkulturen aus der Trachea von Huhnern wurde die locale Immunitat gegenuber einer Infektion mit dem Newcastle Disease Virus untersucht. Eine antivirale Imniunitat konnte durch die intratracheale und intramuskulare Immunisierung mit vermehrungsfahigem Virus sowie durch die intramuskulare Immunisierung mit inaktiviertem Virus erzeugt werden. Tiere, die intratracheal mit inaktiviertem Virus geimpft wurden, entwickelten keine lokale Immunitat. Eine Bursektomie verhinderte die Ausbildung der Immunitat. Die Immunitat konnte auserdem durch die Behandlung der Explantatsekrete mit Kaninchen-anti-Huhnerglobulin blockiert werden. Eine lokal gebildete Immunitat scheint beim Huhn ohne grosen Einflus auf den Schutz gegenuber einer NDV-Infektion zu sein. Resume L'immunite locale contre les infections virales dans l'appareil respiratoire des volailles L'immunite locale contre une infection avec le virus de la maladie de Newcastle a ete examinee a l'aide de cultures d'organes a partir de la trachee de poules. Une immunite antivirale a pu etre induite avec une immunisation intratracheale et intramusculaire aussi bien avec un virus capable de se multiplier qu'avec un virus inactive lors d'une immunization intramusculaire. Les animaux vaccines par voie intratracheale avec un virus inactive n'ont pas developpe d'immunite locale. Une boursectomie a empeche la formation de l'immunite. L'immunite a pu etre bloquee par le traitement des secretions d'explantation avec des globulines anti-poules de lapins. Une immunite locale semble etre sans grande influence sur la protection contre une infection de la maladie de Newcastle chez la poule. Resumen La inrnunidad local frente a infecciones virosicas en el tracto respiratorio de gallinas Con ayuda de cultivos de organos a base de traqueas de gallinas, se estudio la inmunidad local frente a una infeccion con el virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle (VEN). Se pudo lograr una inmunidad antiviral mediante la inmunizacion intratraqueal y intramuscular con virus multiplicable, asi como con la inmunizacion intramuscular con virus inactivado. Las aves inoculadas por via intratraqueal con virus inactivado no desarrollaron ninguna inmunidad local. La bursectomia impedia el desarrollo de la inmunidad. Tambien se podia bloquear la inmunidad tratando las secreciones de las explantaciones con globulina de conejo anti-gallina. La inmunidad de formacion local no parece tener en la gallina un influjo grande sobre la proteccion frente a una infeccion por el VEN.

The immunizing capacity of two new field isolants of avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was tested in vivo. Chickens vaccinated with either isolant resisted challenge with 6 serotypes of IBV, including some of the types most commonly isolated from chickens. The two new isolants, identified herein as California "G" and California "S," appear to be immunologically different from each other and from the other 6 types tested. The polyvalent immunogenicity of both G and S is noteworthy, and potentially a very promising characteristic for the development of effective vaccines. The immunogenicity is slightly better for G than for S, but both are still pathogenic for chickens. Therefore, they should be attenuated before being used as vaccines.