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3. IL ROSSO AMMONITICO INFERIORE (BAIOCIANO - CALLOVIANO) NEI MONTI LESSINI SETTENTRIONALI (VERONA)

Author

P. A. CLARI, P. MARINI, M. PASTORINI, and G. PAVIA

Subjects
Biostratigraphy, Sedimentology, Nodular limestones, Middle Jurassic, Venetian Alps, Italy., Geology, QE1-996.5, Paleontology, QE701-760
Abstract

The aim of this paper is the description, from both the biostratigraphical and sedimen• tological point of view, Of the lower member of the Rosso Ammonitico Veronese, one of the most known red, nodular, pelagic limestones of the mediterranean Jurassic. The R.A.V. is a condensed sequence Of red, mostly nodular, limestones, Often rich in internal molds Of ammonites, which is areally restricted to the "Trento Ridge", a structural high isolated in the early Jurassic by the rifting Of a Triassic, large epicontinental carbonate—platform. It spans in age from late Bajocian to Tithonian and is separated from the underlying shallow—water carbonates Of Liassic and Aalenian age by a sharp break in sedimentation, underlined by a mineralized hard ground, which lasted for all early and middle Bajocian. Two members may bc recognized in the R.A.V.: a lower (Rosso Ammonitico Inferiore) and an upper one (Rosso Ammonitico Superiore) separated by a stratigraphic gap. The lower member, ranging in age from late Bajocian to middle Callovian, is well developed only in the southern part of the 'Trento Ridge" (i. e. in the Lessini Veronesi area) and has a variable thickness which reaches a maximum of 8 meters.

Published
2020

4. Analysis of Cooling and Heating Degree Days over Mexico in Present and Future Climate

Author

Arturo Corrales-Suastegui, Osias Ruiz-Alvarez, José Abraham Torres-Alavez, and Edgar G. Pavia

Subjects
CDD, HDD, Mexico, Regional Climate Model, climate change, RegCM4, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999
Abstract

One simple way to estimate the relationship between air temperature and the energy needed for heating and cooling is to use the concept of degree day. Cooling degree days (CDD) and heating degree days (HDD) are indicators of the energy required to reach comfort levels and are related directly to energy demands. Therefore, using a novel approach, we examine the current conditions and future projections in degree days over Mexico using observations (Livneh and CPC), ERA5 reanalysis, and simulations from the Regional Climate Model (RegCM4). The RegCM4 experiments were driven by different General Circulation Models for two Representative Concentration Pathways scenarios. We consider three 20-year periods as “present conditions” (1995–2014), “near-future conditions” (2041–2060), and “far-future conditions” (2080–2099). The results suggest that in the future, under the lowest radiative forcing scenario there will be a smaller increase (decrease) in CDD (HDD) for the far-future, as compared to the near-future. This could represent the model’s response to the peak of radiative forcing at mid-century and its subsequent decline. For the highest radiative forcing scenario, we found a greater increase (decrease) in CDD (HDD) for the far-future, which could be explained by the response of the RegCM4 to the warming increase projected for 2100.

Published
2021
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9. The mid‐summer drought over Mexico and Central America in the 21st century

Author

Ramon Fuentes-Franco, Arturo Corrales-Suastegui, and Edgar G. Pavia

Subjects
Wet season, Atmospheric Science, Geography, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climatology, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, Precipitation, 020701 environmental engineering, Annual cycle, 01 natural sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The southern Mexico and Central America (SMCA) region shows a dominant well-defined precipitation annual cycle. The rainy season usually begins in May and ends in October, with a relatively dry per ...

Published
2019
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11. Seasonal precipitation forecast over Mexico based on a hybrid statistical-dynamical approach

Author

Edgar G. Pavia, Federico Graef, Ramon Fuentes-Franco, Erika Coppola, and Filippo Giorgi

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climatology, Quantitative precipitation forecast, Environmental science, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Hybrid model, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Seasonal precipitation forecast over Mexico based on a hybrid statistical-dynamical approach

Published
2018
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12. Analysis of Cooling and Heating Degree Days over Mexico in Present and Future Climate

Author

Osias Ruiz-Alvarez, Edgar G. Pavia, José Abraham Torres-Alavez, and Arturo Corrales-Suastegui

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Climate change, Representative Concentration Pathways, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), Radiative forcing, Future climate, Atmospheric sciences, Regional Climate Model, Degree day, climate change, Meteorology. Climatology, General Circulation Model, Environmental science, Climate model, CORDEX-CAM, QC851-999, HDD, RegCM4, Mexico, Heating degree day, CDD
Abstract

One simple way to estimate the relationship between air temperature and the energy needed for heating and cooling is to use the concept of degree day. Cooling degree days (CDD) and heating degree days (HDD) are indicators of the energy required to reach comfort levels and are related directly to energy demands. Therefore, using a novel approach, we examine the current conditions and future projections in degree days over Mexico using observations (Livneh and CPC), ERA5 reanalysis, and simulations from the Regional Climate Model (RegCM4). The RegCM4 experiments were driven by different General Circulation Models for two Representative Concentration Pathways scenarios. We consider three 20-year periods as “present conditions” (1995–2014), “near-future conditions” (2041–2060), and “far-future conditions” (2080–2099). The results suggest that in the future, under the lowest radiative forcing scenario there will be a smaller increase (decrease) in CDD (HDD) for the far-future, as compared to the near-future. This could represent the model’s response to the peak of radiative forcing at mid-century and its subsequent decline. For the highest radiative forcing scenario, we found a greater increase (decrease) in CDD (HDD) for the far-future, which could be explained by the response of the RegCM4 to the warming increase projected for 2100.

Published
2021
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14. Recent<scp>ENSO–PDO</scp>precipitation relationships in the Mediterranean California border region

Author

Federico Graef, Edgar G. Pavia, and Ramon Fuentes-Franco

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 0208 environmental biotechnology, Multivariate ENSO index, Stratification (water), 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 020801 environmental engineering, El Niño Southern Oscillation, Climatology, Environmental science, Precipitation, Pacific decadal oscillation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The Mediterranean California Border Region (MCBR) rainfall's relationship with El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) is reexamined for the period 1951–2014. When stratifying data by ENSO events we found that strong events of either sign yield the highest ENSO–rainfall correlation; but when the stratification was done by rainfall the wet seasons yield the highest ENSO–rainfall correlation. Most strong ENSO events have the same sign as PDO; but the ENSO–rainfall correlation for all ENSO–PDO same-sign events is almost undistinguishable from the full-record's correlation. Timewise stratification shows that 30-year climatological values (MCBR precipitation, PDO and ENSO) and ENSO–rainfall correlations have decreased in recent years.

Published
2016
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15. Ticagrelor in patients with diabetes and stable coronary artery disease with a history of previous percutaneous coronary intervention (THEMIS-PCI): a phase 3, placebo-controlled, randomised trial

Author

Deepak L Bhatt, Philippe Gabriel Steg, Shamir R Mehta, Lawrence A Leiter, Tabassome Simon, Kim Fox, Claes Held, Marielle Andersson, Anders Himmelmann, Wilhelm Ridderstråle, Jersey Chen, Yang Song, Rafael Diaz, Shinya Goto, Stefan K James, Kausik K Ray, Alexander N Parkhomenko, Mikhail N Kosiborod, Darren K McGuire, Robert A Harrington, Vladimir Santos, Ashit Jain, Irina Lendel, Michael Russo, W H Haught, Manuel Bouza, Harinder Gogia, Supratim Banerjee, George Kichura, Louis Kantaros, Francisco Padron, Rakesh Passi, Jay Stone, Michael Pursley, Michael D'Urso, Timothy Gardner, James Bennett, Khaled Nour, Satinder Saini, Wenwu Zhang, Dharam Kumbhani, Dustin Thomas, Dominick Angiolillo, Barry Bertolet, Amaury Roman-Miranda, Robert Black, Ramin Manshadi, Carlos Vaca, Antonio Blanco, Mark Napoli, David Brabham, Ayim Akyea-Djamson, Pratik Desai, Sudhir Prasada, Ajit Khaira, Leslie Forgosh, Ira Lieber, Guillermo Umpierrez, Dinesh Singal, Juan Londono, Neil Fraser, Jose Ruiz, Damaris Vega, Lilia Rodriguez, Christopher Brown, Faizullah Syed, Guarav Aggarwala, William Eaves, Michael Foster, Dinesh Gupta, David Avino, Wail Asfour, Glen Tonnessen, Xue-Qiao Zhao, Narendra Singh, Andrew Brockmyre, Norman Lepor, Nicolas Shammas, David Blick, Steven Hearne, John Prodafikas, Edgar Carell, Mark Izzo, Amin Karim, Bosh Zakhary, Mahmoud Atieh, Steven Leichter, Charles Meadows, David Hotchkiss, Mazen Abu-Fadel, Alan Wiseman, Jeffrey Bander, Mahesh Shah, Subhash Banerjee, Ricky Ganim, Karen Sopko, Misal Khan, Ramon Lloret, Troy Weirick, Rajendra Mehta, Udho Thadani, Anuj Bhargava, Mikhail Kosiborod, Jaynier Moya, Cezar Staniloae, Yamirka D Guerra, Anil Chhabra, Douglas Kosmicki, Wassim Shaheen, Akber Mohammed, J'Cinda Bitters, Jan Pattanayak, Julian Javier, Sunny Srivastava, Roland Phillips, Jessie Al-Amin, Michael Lillestol, Patrick Simpson, Lydie Hazan, Amit Amin, Gopi Shah, Denes Korpas, Bruce Platt, Jim Dickert, Orlando Puente, Louis Hiotis, Timothy Doyle, Raj Rajan, Alan Meholick, Christian Gring, Elie Hage-Korban, Robert Feldman, Harry Colfer, Samuel Butman, Malcolm Foster, Terence Hart, Randall Huling, Shervin Eshaghian, Ofsman Quintana, Deanna Cheung, Franklin Handel, Mara Rodriguez, David Suh, Paul Gordon, Gregg Pressman, Michael Bauer, William French, Mark Barettella, Sridhar Chatrathi, Damodhar Suresh, Ronald Goldberg, Mark Huth, Liwa Younis, Aref Rahman, Richard Mascolo, Michelle Welch, Randeep Suneja, Stephen Smith, Scott Shurmur, John Agaiby, Ahmad Jingo, Janice Johnston, Mary Beth, Anthony Vlastaris, Susan Kemp, Hamid Taheri, Edward Pereira, Michael Deyoung, Zafir Hawa, Ray Smith, Thomas Galski, Samer Garas, M Reddy, Susheel Sharma, Joeseph Hargrove, Charles Treasure, Ronald Emerson, Tariq Haddad, Kathryn Rohr, Larry Levinson, Raul Gaona, Barry Uretsky, Hiralal Maheshwari, Denny Lee, Stephanie Kinnaman, Robert Singal, Jeffrey Geohas, Osvaldo Gigliotti, Ajit Raisinghani, Charanjit Khurana, Brent Hella, Michael Kelberman, Steven Voyce, Sanjay Singh, Eric Lo, Pradeep Singh, Ross Goodfellow, Stuart Fischer, Richard Lorraine, Traci Turner, Jeffrey Shanes, Robert Busch, Robert Broker, Michelle Zaniewski, Kevin Pounds, Giselle Debs-Perez, Stephen Ong, Brad Frandsen, Douglas Fullington, Naseem Jaffrani, Ahtaram Khan, Marcus Lee, Joe Pouzar, George Revtyak, Julian Gonzalez, Samer Nakhle, Abel Murillo, Douglas Young, Sashi Makam, Mushtaq Syed, Kevin Woolf, Paul Grena, Sarab Alfata, Sharan Mahal, David Hoffman, Tinoy Kizhakekuttu, Joseph Deering, Janak Bhavsar, Scott Mikesell, William Wilson, Vance Wilson, Salah El, Francis Spinale, Vinod Kannarkat, Sunder Rao, Lenita Hanson, John Bertsch, Elena Gonzalez-Ortiz, Norma Severino, John Willis, Joel Schock, Ladan Bakhtari, Raul Gazmuri, Saadat Ansari, Jason Hall, Arvind Mehta, Neal Shealy, Stuart Zarich, Deovrat Singh, Kishor Vora, Nabil Andrawis, Darron Molter, David Maron, Jose Cardona, Ronald D'Agostino, Tamjeed Arshad, Rodney Samaan, David Jones, Dale Presser, John Heath, Sandy Green, George Bittar, Sheldon Henry, David Korn, John Schmedtje, Venkatesh Nadar, Bruce Graham, Ajay Labroo, Leonardo Clavijo, Hal Roseman, Gilbert Ledesma, Robert Rosen, Isaac Dor, William Kirby, Jennefer Sutton, Frank Eder, Bruce Iteld, Jose Gomez-Cortes, Maurice Buchbinder, Joseph Kasper, Antonio Terrelonge, Gustavo Torres, Ted Jagielo, Jose Alvarez, Yehuda Handelsman, Mario Guillen, Randall Richwine, Lorena Lewy-Alterbaum, Clinton Corder, Moogali Arvind, David Bolshoun, Magdy Mikhail, Stephen Minton, Odilon Alvarado, J Abbott, Brett Cauthen, Ryan Welter, Randy Mintz, John Cox, Annette Quick, Melvin Weiss, Johnny Dy, James Zebrack, Glenn Gandelman, Vinayak Hegde, Marc Silver, Michele DeGregorio, William Lawson, Christopher Paa, Anna Bortnick, Merrill Krolick, Rodolfo Sotolongo, Jorge Cheirif, Priya Kumar, Preetham Jetty, Ambar Patel, Mariusz Kruk, Iwona Kobielusz-Gembala, Barbara Rewerska, Adam Madrzejewski, Krzysztof Milewski, Jerzy Cygler, Joanna Petryka-Mazurkiewicz, Waldemar Jastrzebski, Janusz Korecki, Wojciech Fil, Janusz Prokopczuk, Anna Bochenek, Marek Wujkowski, Robert Witek, Piotr Konczakowski, Pawel Miekus, Marcin Szczasny, Wlodzimierz Musial, Krzysztof Cymerman, Jacek Lampart, Jacek Mikosinski, Slawomir Szynal, Issa Fares, Grzegorz Opolski, Stanislaw Mazur, Beata Wozakowska-Kaplon, Renata Bijata-Bronisz, Lukasz Wierucki, Beata Losa, Grzegorz Drelich, Marek Konieczny, Pawel Starczewski, Lidia Pawlowicz, Pawel Jesionowski, Jaroslaw Jurowiecki, Jacek Gniot, Mariusz Czyzycki, Karol Stania, Izabela Kucharczyk-Bauman, Benita Busz-Papiez, Agnieszka Karczmarczyk, Wanda Sudnik, Alina Koszek, Piotr Kolodziej, Bartosz Skwarna, Nicolás Jaramillo, Maciej Jankowski, Wojciech Czochra, Leszek Kinasz, Beata Miklaszewicz, Teresa Stasinska, Wladyslaw Pluta, Marcin Basiak, Teresa Rusicka, Izabela Niedbal-Yahfouf, Grazyna Popenda, Romuald Korzeniak, Agnieszka Mirek, Rafal Mariankowski, Lukasz Wojnowski, Marek Korol, Jacek Baszak, Piotr Podolec, Wojciech Piesiewicz, Aleksander Zurakowski, Carlos Luengas, Marek Skura, Piotr Pilecki, Piotr Majchrzak, Ewa Krzyzagórska, Marcin Drozd, Barbara Kaczmarek, Teresa Sliwinska, Katarzyna Zelazowska, Rafal Sztembis, Katarzyna Landa, Lidia Matyszczak-Toniak, Krzysztof Strojek, Marek Piepiorka, Robert Malinowski, Maria Górska, Edyta Stolarczyk-Sowa, Leszek Romanowski, Elzbieta Zinka, Zygfryd Reszka, Joanna Skierkowska, Anna Uzunow, Ewa Laskowska-Derlaga, Ekaterina Puntus, Elena D Kosmacheva, Natalia Koziolova, Prokhor Pavlov, Tatiana Supryadkina, Yury Didenko, Philipp Kopylov, Andrei Kazakov, Sergei Aksentiev, Elena Vishneva, Alexey Repin, Olga Smolenskaya, Olga Mantserova, Oleg Khrustalev, Elena Privalova, Vladimir Konstantinov, Svetlana Boldueva, Andrey Ezhov, Alexander Chernyavsky, Gadel Kamalov, Albert Galyavich, Galina Zubeeva, Galina Nechaeva, Sergey Shustov, Nino Dzhaiani, Tatiana Treshkur, Nataliya Osokina, Alexey Panov, Elena Shutemova, Valeriy Makukhin, Tatiana Kropotina, Larisa Tsyba, Yuri Karpov, J M Sizova, Marina Ballyuzek, Nikolay Tarasov, Elena Demchenko, Olga Barbarash, Valentin Moiseev, Valentin Markov, Vadim Kuznetsov, Inna Viktorova, Igor Sergienko, Lyudmila Ermoshkina, Niyaz Khasanov, Tatiana Khlevchuk, Andrey Baglikov, Sergey Shalaev, Elena Zonova, Elena Reznik, Larisa Haisheva, Tatyana Morugova, Nikita Lomakin, Alexander Vishnevsky, Yuri Shvarts, Olga Magnitskaya, Marina Mikhailusova, Elena Pavlysh, Igor Libov, Anna Zateyschikova, Victor Kostenko, Anton Edin, Yaroslava Khovaeva, Konstantin Zakharov, Raisa Stryuk, Vladimir Khirmanov, Sergey Kanorskiy, Sergey Yakushin, Anna Barabashkina, Hongwei Li, Qiang Zhao, Jian Zhang, Jianhua Ma, Yong He, Ming Luo, Aidong Zhang, Ningru Zhang, Yingru Chai, Genshan Ma, Hao Wang, Zhigang Liu, Lanjie He, Zhifang Song, Xiaolin Dong, Liang Tao, Zhanquan Li, Xi Su, Xiangqing Kong, Heping Niu, Junbo Ge, Zhurong Luo, Wenjun Huang, Daoquan Peng, Zuyi Yuan, Maria Milanova, Doncho Tenev, Antoni Gogov, Dimitar Karageorgiev, Todor Kolchev, Nikolay Rusev, Nikolina Georgieva, Rumen Kondov, Veselin Rusinov, Ivo Petrov, Georgi Stanchev, Mariana Konteva, Adriana Dincheva, Zdravka Yaneva, Ralitsa Vatova, Katya Ilieva, Nikolai Runev, Borislav Kolomanov, Ivan Petrov, Nikolay Iliev, Snezhanka Tisheva, Boryana Chompalova, Maria Tokmakova, Dimitar Raev, Kolyo Byanov, Dimitar Markov, Lenko Mihov, Atanas Mihov, Nora Milcheva, Milen Minchev, Mihail Mollov, Borislav Borisov, Tihomir Tihchev, Venelin Karakolev, Bojidar Dimov, Svetoslav Georgiev, Lachezar Smilov, Bon K Koo, Taehoon Ahn, Soon J Hong, Junghan Yoon, Seok K Oh, Myung H Jeong, Doo-Il Kim, Kiyuk Chang, Weon Kim, Joo-Yong Hahn, Kwang S Cha, Jung-Hee Lee, Si-Wan Choi, Chang-Wook Nam, In-Ho Chae, Yong H Park, Seung-Jea Tahk, Won-Yong Shin, Jei-Keon Chae, Byung J Kim, Jang-Whan Bae, Woo J Park, Seung W Rha, Young J Choi, Jin-Yong Hwang, Hun S Park, Luciano Baracioli, Fabio Guimaraes, Eduardo Vasconcellos, José Saraiva, Adamastor Pereira, Queulla Santos, Paulo Rossi, Lilia Maia, Miguel Madeira, Marcio Pereira, Roberto Botelho, Gilmar Reis, Freddy Eliaschewitz, Joao Borges, Carlos Nascimento, Jose A Fortes, Weimar de Souza, Pedro Pimentel, Miguel Hissa, Marcos Franchetti, Dalton Precoma, Costantino Ortiz, Mauro Hernandes, Wladmir Saporito, Fabio R dos Santos, Adrian Kormann, Fernando Neuenschwander, Oscar Dutra, Nelson Rassi, Luiz Tanajura, Juliana Souza, Delcio S Junior, Paulo Leaes, Adriana Forte, Teresa C Bonansea, Jose Marin, Bruno Machado, Maria J Cerqueira, Frederico Silva, Yorghos Michalaros, Euler Manenti, Cintia Cercato, Estevao Figueiredo, Ming-En Liu, Yi-Chih Wang, Tsung-Ming Lee, Chih Fang, Yen-Wen Wu, Kwo-Chang Ueng, Huey-Herng Sheu, Wen T Lai, I-Chang Hsieh, Zhih-Cherng Chen, Mu-Jang Lee, Chern Chiang, Kou-Gi Shyu, Chien-Hsun Hsia, Guang-Yuan Mar, Shih-Hung Chan, Chih-Cheng Wu, Wei-Kung Tseng, Kuan-Cheng Chang, Hung-I Yeh, Ji-Hung Wang, Charles Hou, Inna Sorokina, Maryna Dolzhenko, Olha Horoshko, Oleksandr Karpenko, Leonid Rudenko, Igor Vakaliuk, Anna Kulyk, Olena Levchenko, Oleksandr Prokhorov, Dmytro Reshotko, Mykhaylo Sorokivskyy, Nataliia Velichko, Valentyn Maslovskyi, Zinaida Teliatnikova, Sergiy Dotsenko, Olena Krakhmalova, Igor Kraiz, Viktoria Zharinova, Larysa Bula, Igor Kaydashev, Valeriy Molodtsov, Lesya Rasputina, Viktoriya Pidlisna, Olena Lysunets, Anatoliy Kravchenko, Liubomyr Glushko, Tetyana Khomazyuk, Yevgeniya Svyshchenko, Oleksandr Parkhomenko, Boris Mankovsky, Orest Abrahamovych, Andriy Yagensky, Mykola Stanislavchuk, Larisa Vasilyeva, Liubov Sokolova, Oleg Sychov, Vira Tseluyko, Igor Kyrychenko, Mykola Rishko, Sergiy Furkalo, Richard Gallo, Olivier Bertrand, Shamir Mehta, Christian Constance, Bruce Sussex, Remo Zadra, Simon Kouz, Raja Chehayeb, Amritanshu Pandey, Danielle Dion, Gordon Bailey, Laurie Hill, Krishnan Ramanathan, Micha Dorsch, Alykhan Nanji, Mohan Babapulle, Martine Montigny, Gilbert Gosselin, Payam Dehghani, Dennis Rupka, Michel Le May, Francis Pichette, Francois St-Maurice, Patrick Teefy, Samer Mansour, Saleem Kassam, Stephen Cheung, Anthony D Siega, Dennis O'Keefe, Eric Sabbah, Alan Bell, Guy Chouinard, Brian Wong, Mark Miller, Daniel Gaudet, Pierre Lachance, Iqbal Bata, Robert Petrella, Denis Gossard, Richard Dumas, Douglas Ing, Hagop Boyrazian, Ricardo Bessoudo, Thao T Huynh, Randy Hart, Jasmin Belle-Isle, Dinkar Shukla, Allan Kelly, Giuseppe Mazza, James Cha, Sam Henein, Andre Frechette, Saul Vizel, Joanne F Liutkus, Michael O'Mahony, Frank Halperin, Jacobus Kooy, John Graham, Allan Bailey, Ronald Wojcik, Igor Wilderman, Tibor Turi, Ákos Motyovszki, Béla Merkely, Csaba Király, Péter Andrássy, Zsolt Sárszegi, Tibor Fülöp, Zsolt Zilahi, István Édes, Andras Papp, Gábor Müller, Anna Czigány, Szilárd Zólyomi, László Korányi, János Takács, Ferenc Juhász, Bela Benczur, Sándor Kancz, András Földi, András C Nagy, Judit Bakai, István Greschik, László Püski, László Nagy, Róbert Kirschner, Roman Kuchar, Petr Hajek, Ladislav Busak, Daniel Michalik, Ivo Matyasek, Ivana Marusincova, Dusan Kucera, Ondrej Jerabek, Michaela Honkova, Vratislav Dedek, Ivan Rihacek, Pavel Kos, Josef Slaby, Martina Machkova, Eva Zidkova, Lubomir Elbl, Hana Grunfeldova, Jiri Carda, Vladimir Mrozek, Jiri Maly, Richard Milkovic, Jan Malecha, Hana Skalicka, Ivo Oral, Eva Krcova, Libor Lisa, Jan Belohlavek, Roman Miklik, Ondrej Cermak, Jana Bednarova, Zdenek Peroutka, Jindrich Spinar, Andreas Wilke, Karl-Friedrich Appel, Jens Taggeselle, Andreas Förster, Nicole Toursarkissian, Ekkehard Schmidt, Jochen Bott, Ayham Al-Zoebi, Dirk Hennig, Sabine Fischer, Norbert Schön, Joachim Sauter, Gregor Simonis, Ruth Nischik, Werner Rieker, Isabelle Schenkenberger, Thomas Behnke, Gerhard Klausmann, Michael Jeserich, Dietmar Trenk, Ingo Weigmann, Hannes Reuter, Reinhard Rummel, Candy von Münchhausen, Charlotte von Engelhardt, Eishun Horibe, Taro Shibasaki, Tomohiko Sato, Tsunekazu Kakuta, Ichiro Michishita, Michinao Tan, Ryoji Ishiki, Takahiko Aoyama, Shinichi Higashiue, Yawara Niijima, Akira Idogaki, Toru Hasegawa, Arihiro Kiyosue, Yoshiaki Tomobuchi, Katsunori Kawamitsu, Satsuki Kawasaki, Yoshiki Hata, Kazuki Fukui, Kozaburo Seki, Takashi Takenaka, Mitsuru Abe, Noriaki Utsu, Atsuyuki Oono, Kazuhisa Mitsuo, Atsushi Sueyoshi, Atsushi Hirohata, Mitsuru Tsujimoto, Osamu Ueda, Shinichi Takase, Masahiro Suzuki, Satoru Sakuragi, Fumi Yamamoto, Noritaka Fujimoto, Shigeo Kakinoki, Tatsushi Sugiura, Hiroshi Sugino, Toshihiro Nakamura, Toshiaki Kadokami, Hiroki Uehara, Masahiro Ono, Koichi Yokoya, Akihiro Koike, Sei Komatsu, Masahiro Sonoda, Hideki Ueno, Tomofumi Doi, Yuichiro Takagi, Kazuteru Fujimoto, Yutaka Eki, Munenori Okubo, Kenichiro Sasaki, Martijn van Eck, Eelko Ronner, Salem The, Ruud van de Wal, Pieter Nierop, Cornelis de Nooijer, Henri Werner, Iris Westendorp, Coen van der Zwaan, Hendrikus Crijns, Jan H Cornel, Sipke Strikwerda, Robert Bos, Edwin de Melker, Adrianus Kuijper, Hans Louwerenburg, Jacobus Plomp, Jan-Melle Dantzig, Francisco Prins, Henricus van Kesteren, Frank Willems, Giovanni Amoroso, Gabriela Carnero, Ernesto Duronto, Diego Besada, Carolina Chacon, Pedro Zangroniz, Silvana Solis, Alberto Liberman, Virginia Sernia, Andres Alvarisqueta, Laura Maffei, Oscar G Vilamajo, Celso García, Maximiliano Sicer, Juan Muntaner, Anselmo Bordonava, Juan Albisu, Alejandra Zanini, Lucas Rista, Miguel Hominal, José N Estrada, Aldo Prado, Diego M Gosparini, Beatriz Schiavi, Armando G Castillo, José G Ruíz, Guillermo R Martinez, Víctor G López, Enrique L Rosas, Gabriel R Lopez, Elias G Cantu, Manuel de los Ríos Ibarra, Francisco P Padilla, Jose P Carrasco, Luis V Carrillo, Joel D García, Alfredo N Askar, Carlos A Salinas, Marco A Gamba, Carlos G Sanchez, Arnulfo G Cantú, Raul V Sánchez, Jaime C Madrigal, Rafael H Urbano, Andrés Í Romo, José R González Juanatey, Paolo Racugno, Angel C Fillat, José M de la Torre Hernández, Juan A Peláez, Jorge B Cortada, Pablo G Pavia, Manuel J Navarro, Roberto M Asenjo, Francisco F Díaz, Eduard B Peligero, Fernando A Manterola, Antonio F Ortiz, Juan D Mediavilla García, Francisco M Ortuño, Tomás R Vera, Alfonso S González, Jaime A Viñas, Francisco J Fernández Portales, Petra S Mayordomo, Francisco B Ojeda, Antonio R Domínguez, Rosa S González, Diego B Guerrero, Juan M Ruiz Nodar, Xavier G Marimon, José G Margáez, Roberto M Aguilera, José F Díaz Fernández, José L Zamorano Gómez, Vicente B González, Bruno G del Blanco, Ignacio P Pérez, Mercé R Moreno, Ainhoa R Ereño, José A García Lledó, Juan Prieto, Alex Villablanca, Carlos Raffo, Christian Pincetti, Carlos Conejeros, Oscar Roman, Manuel Rodriguez, Paola Varleta, Cindy Goldberg, Jorge Sandoval, German Arriagada, Lucio Leon, Sergio Potthoff, Jorge Cobos, Christian Figueroa, Ellen Makotoko, Nyda Fourie, Lesley Burgess, Hendrik Nortje, Rust Theron, Perumal Pillai, Naresh Ranjith, Julien Trokis, Soobramoney Pillay, Jeevren Reddy, Theema Nunkoo, Cornelia Kapp, Dorothea Urbach, Lawrence Distiller, Adrian Horak, Louis van Zyl, Kathleen Coetzee, Zelda Punt, Junaid Bayat, Saleem Dawood, Ismail Mitha, Trevenesan Padayachee, Farzana Hoosen, Anthony Dalby, null Prabhavathi, Prakash Gowdaiah, Vimal Mehta, Milan Chag, Milind Gadkari, Kannaiyan Ramamurthee, Asit Das, Jitendra S Sawhney, Suvro Banerjee, Prachee Sathe, Srilakshmi Adhyapak, Tuan Nguyen, Vinh Pham, Huan Do, Anh Nguyen, Hien Nguyen, Binh Truong, Shahnaz Jamil-Copley, Chim Lang, Alastair Pell, Azfar Zaman, Robert Storey, Neil Swanson, Simon Smith, David Sharman, Denise Braganza, Peter Hammond, Andrew Moriarty, Stephen Bain, Maurice Pye, Andrew Sharp, Mark Blagden, Harpal Randeva, Timothy Myhill, Girish Viswanathan, Philip Keeling, Piers Clifford, Manish Saxena, Kristopher Lyons, John McMurray, Feeroz Jaafar, Clare Murphy, Simon Cartwright, Kamal Abouglila, Lubomir Antalik, Peter Krajci, Miroslav Urban, Frantisek Fazekas, Daniel Pella, Daniel Koleny, Tatiana Vykoukalova, Vladimir Macek, Daniela Vinanska, Livia Jamriskova, Slavomir Such, Peter Fulop, Stefan Farsky, Viliam Bugan, Jaroslava Strbova, Karol Micko, Juraj Palka Jr, Vladimir Sivak, Dalby Kristensen, Jens Refsgaard, Lene Holmvang, Ulrik Dixen, Henrik Nielsen, Kenneth Egstrup, Lisette O Jensen, Roman Sykulski, Ole Rasmussen, Alin Andries, Anders Luckow, Gitte Nielsen, Torben Sørensen, Chaiyasith Wongvipaporn, Noppadol Chamnarnphol, Suphot Srimahachota, Nakarin Sansanayudh, Srun Kuanprasert, Damras Tresukosol, Bancha Sookananchai, Mehmet Kanadasi, Turkay Ozcan, Murathan Kucuk, Zeki Ongen, Ertugrul Okuyan, Alev Arat, Sadik Acikel, Ahmet Yalcin, Umit Guray, Ceyhun Ceyhan, Necla Ozer, Sakir Arslan, Oskar Angerås, Nina Johnston, Ann-Charlotte Weiderman, Stellan Bandh, Ole Hansen, Hans Larnefeldt, Dawid Kusiak, Carl-Johan Lindholm, Anders Hedman, David Erlinge, Dan Curiac, Pia Lundman, Roberto Zucconi-Mazzini, Layth Aladellie, Jens Jensen, Jan Verwerft, Mathias Vrolix, Dirk Faes, Harry Striekwold, Peter Sinnaeve, Patrick Timmermans, Antoine Guedes, Marc Delforge, Jan Nimmegeers, Francis Stammen, Ian Buysschaert, Etienne Hoffer, Geert Hollanders, Geert Vervoort, Patrick Coussement, Stefan de Maeseneire, Luc Janssens, Stein A Gravdal, Knut Risberg, Lars Gullestad, Ola D Hofseth, Dennis Nilsen, Knut T Lappegård, Christian van den Heuvel, Charlotte Gibbs, Alamdar Khusrawi, Satish Arora, Tadeusz Tomala, Thorbjørn Kjærnli, Jan Berg-Johansen, Robert Hagemeier, Gunnar Skjelvan, David Colquhoun, John Amerena, Claire Morbey, Christopher Hammett, Anthony Dart, Ronald Lehman, Andrew Hamilton, Matthew Worthley, Peter Purnell, Alan Whelan, Richard MacIsaac, Ktut Arya, Sultan Linjawi, Joseph Proietto, Lakshman Prasad, Aldo Rodriguez, Armando Godoy, Victor Rodriguez, Percy Berrospi, Carlos Chavez, Sandra Negron, Javier Heredia, Felix Medina, Helard Manrique, Walter Cabrera, Fernando Cordova, Trinidad Quinteros, Jaime M Haro, Susana Regalado, Javier Guitton, Hugo Arbanil, Michel Pansieri, Eric Decoulx, Pascal Goube, Axel de Labriolle, Jean N Labeque, Gregoire Range, Yves Cottin, Gilles Montalescot, Guillaume Cayla, Nicolas Danchin, Denis Angoulvant, Emile Ferrario, Meyer Elbaz, Olivier Dubreuil, Philippe G Steg, Caroline Fontaine, Emmanuel Sorbets, Hafiz Omer, Shukri Al-Saif, Hussam Al-Faleh, Abdullah Al-Shehri, Halia Alshehri, Rasha Bazari, Pak Hei, Man Ying, Michael Chan, Michelle Wong, Ronald Ma, Shing C Siu, Chiu C Tsang, Maurizio Ferrario, Emilio Assanelli, Michele Senni, Piermarco Piatti, Paolo Calabrò, Stefano Urbinati, Massimo Michisanti, Ferdinando Varbella, Salvatore de Cosmo, Roberto Trevisan, Sandro Bellotti, Giuseppe Di Pasquale, Angelo S Bongo, Massimo Uguccioni, Edoardo Mannucci, Ciro Mauro, Mauro Ragonese, Claudio Fresco, Maurizio Turturo, Rossella Marcucci, Manuel J Lievano Triana, Camilo Arana, Jose Accini, Rodrigo Botero, Marlena Muzyk-Osikowicz, Fredy T Dada, Gregorio S Vallejo, Fernando Manzur, Daniel Isaza, Dora Molina, Juan G Mesa, Alvaro Quintero, Kai Nyman, Jyrki Mäkelä, Jorma Strand, Sakari Nieminen, Jyrki Taurio, Matti Kuusela, Timo Valle, Mikko Pietilä, Sakari Kekki, Timo Strandberg, Marc Klutstein, Gabriel Greenberg, Yoseph Rozenman, Ehud Chorin, Ariel Roguin, Basil Lewis, Amir Bashkin, Edgar Tan, Jose P Prado, Arthur Ferrolino, Noe Babilonia, Benny Barbas, Generoso Matiga, Raul M Coching, Heinz Drexel, Helmut Brath, Christoph Schnack, Ursula Hanusch, Evelyn Fließer-Görzer, Bernhard Paulweber, Christoph Ebenbichler, Rudolf Prager, Kurt Huber, Michael Wolzt, Johann Auer, Rudolf Berger, Gerit-Holger Schernthaner, Gabriela Stanciulescu, Mihai Creteanu, Marilena Spiridon, Viorica Dobreanu, Dragos Vinereanu, Laura C Iosipescu, Octavian Istratoaie, Ioan Coman, Constantin Militaru, Mircea Cinteza, Peter R Sinnaeve, José C Nicolau, José F Kerr Saraiva, Ramón Corbalán, Petr Widimský, Steen D Kristensen, Juha Hartikainen, Harald Darius, Hung F Tse, Robert G Kiss, Prem Pais, Eli Lev, Leonardo de Luca, Gabriel A Ramos López, Frederic Kontny, Noe A Babilonia, Dmitry A Zateyshchikov, Mikhail Ruda, Omer Elamin, František Kovář, Anthony J Dalby, Héctor Bueno, Chern-En Chiang, Alexander Parkhomenko, Tuan Q Nguyen, Maria Leonsson-Zachrisson, Herrada, Anthony, Brigham & Women’s Hospital [Boston] (BWH), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), AP-HP - Hôpital Bichat - Claude Bernard [Paris], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Laboratoire de Recherche Vasculaire Translationnelle (LVTS (UMR_S_1148 / U1148)), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Royal Brompton Hospital, McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute [Toronto], St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Service de Pharmacologie médicale = service de pharmacologie - Dosage de médicaments [CHU Saint-Antoine], CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Sorbonne Université (SU), National Heart and Lung Institute [London] (NHLI), Imperial College London-Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala Universitet [Uppsala], AstraZeneca, Tokai University, Uppsala University, Imperial College London, Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri [Kansas City] (UMKC), University of Missouri System, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center [Dallas], Stanford University, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes), Université de Montpellier (UM), Bhatt, D, Steg, P, Mehta, S, Leiter, L, Simon, T, Fox, K, Held, C, Andersson, M, Himmelmann, A, Ridderstrale, W, Chen, J, Song, Y, Diaz, R, Goto, S, James, S, Ray, K, Parkhomenko, A, Kosiborod, M, Mcguire, D, Harrington, R, Santos, V, Jain, A, Lendel, I, Russo, M, Haught, W, Bouza, M, Gogia, H, Banerjee, S, Kichura, G, Kantaros, L, Padron, F, Passi, R, Stone, J, Pursley, M, D'Urso, M, Gardner, T, Bennett, J, Nour, K, Saini, S, Zhang, W, Kumbhani, D, Thomas, D, Angiolillo, D, Bertolet, B, Roman-Miranda, A, Black, R, Manshadi, R, Vaca, C, Blanco, A, Napoli, M, Brabham, D, Akyea-Djamson, A, Desai, P, Prasada, S, Khaira, A, Forgosh, L, Lieber, I, Umpierrez, G, Singal, D, Londono, J, Fraser, N, Ruiz, J, Vega, D, Rodriguez, L, Brown, C, Syed, F, Aggarwala, G, Eaves, W, Foster, M, Gupta, D, Avino, D, Asfour, W, Tonnessen, G, Zhao, X, Singh, N, Brockmyre, A, Lepor, N, Shammas, N, Blick, D, Hearne, S, Prodafikas, J, Carell, E, Izzo, M, Karim, A, Zakhary, B, Atieh, M, Leichter, S, Meadows, C, Hotchkiss, D, Abu-Fadel, M, Wiseman, A, Bander, J, Shah, M, Ganim, R, Sopko, K, Khan, M, Lloret, R, Weirick, T, Mehta, R, Thadani, U, Bhargava, A, Moya, J, Staniloae, C, Guerra, Y, Chhabra, A, Kosmicki, D, Shaheen, W, Mohammed, A, Bitters, J, Pattanayak, J, Javier, J, Srivastava, S, Phillips, R, Al-Amin, J, Lillestol, M, Simpson, P, Hazan, L, Amin, A, Shah, G, Korpas, D, Platt, B, Dickert, J, Puente, O, Hiotis, L, Doyle, T, Rajan, R, Meholick, A, Gring, C, Hage-Korban, E, Feldman, R, Colfer, H, Butman, S, Hart, T, Huling, R, Eshaghian, S, Quintana, O, Cheung, D, Handel, F, Rodriguez, M, Suh, D, Gordon, P, Pressman, G, Bauer, M, French, W, Barettella, M, Chatrathi, S, Suresh, D, Goldberg, R, Huth, M, Younis, L, Rahman, A, Mascolo, R, Welch, M, Suneja, R, Smith, S, Shurmur, S, Agaiby, J, Jingo, A, Johnston, J, Beth, M, Vlastaris, A, Kemp, S, Taheri, H, Pereira, E, Deyoung, M, Hawa, Z, Smith, R, Galski, T, Garas, S, Reddy, M, Sharma, S, Hargrove, J, Treasure, C, Emerson, R, Haddad, T, Rohr, K, Levinson, L, Gaona, R, Uretsky, B, Maheshwari, H, Lee, D, Kinnaman, S, Singal, R, Geohas, J, Gigliotti, O, Raisinghani, A, Khurana, C, Hella, B, Kelberman, M, Voyce, S, Singh, S, Lo, E, Singh, P, Goodfellow, R, Fischer, S, Lorraine, R, Turner, T, Shanes, J, Busch, R, Broker, R, Zaniewski, M, Pounds, K, Debs-Perez, G, Ong, S, Frandsen, B, Fullington, D, Jaffrani, N, Khan, A, Lee, M, Pouzar, J, Revtyak, G, Gonzalez, J, Nakhle, S, Murillo, A, Young, D, Makam, S, Syed, M, Woolf, K, Grena, P, Alfata, S, Mahal, S, Hoffman, D, Kizhakekuttu, T, Deering, J, Bhavsar, J, Mikesell, S, Wilson, W, Wilson, V, El, S, Spinale, F, Kannarkat, V, Rao, S, Hanson, L, Bertsch, J, Gonzalez-Ortiz, E, Severino, N, Willis, J, Schock, J, Bakhtari, L, Gazmuri, R, Ansari, S, Hall, J, Mehta, A, Shealy, N, Zarich, S, Singh, D, Vora, K, Andrawis, N, Molter, D, Maron, D, Cardona, J, D'Agostino, R, Arshad, T, Samaan, R, Jones, D, Presser, D, Heath, J, Green, S, Bittar, G, Henry, S, Korn, D, Schmedtje, J, Nadar, V, Graham, B, Labroo, A, Clavijo, L, Roseman, H, Ledesma, G, Rosen, R, Dor, I, Kirby, W, Sutton, J, Eder, F, Iteld, B, Gomez-Cortes, J, Buchbinder, M, Kasper, J, Terrelonge, A, Torres, G, Jagielo, T, Alvarez, J, Handelsman, Y, Guillen, M, Richwine, R, Lewy-Alterbaum, L, Corder, C, Arvind, M, Bolshoun, D, Mikhail, M, Minton, S, Alvarado, O, Abbott, J, Cauthen, B, Welter, R, Mintz, R, Cox, J, Quick, A, Weiss, M, Dy, J, Zebrack, J, Gandelman, G, Hegde, V, Silver, M, Degregorio, M, Lawson, W, Paa, C, Bortnick, A, Krolick, M, Sotolongo, R, Cheirif, J, Kumar, P, Jetty, P, Patel, A, Kruk, M, Kobielusz-Gembala, I, Rewerska, B, Madrzejewski, A, Milewski, K, Cygler, J, Petryka-Mazurkiewicz, J, Jastrzebski, W, Korecki, J, Fil, W, Prokopczuk, J, Bochenek, A, Wujkowski, M, Witek, R, Konczakowski, P, Miekus, P, Szczasny, M, Musial, W, Cymerman, K, Lampart, J, Mikosinski, J, Szynal, S, Fares, I, Opolski, G, Mazur, S, Wozakowska-Kaplon, B, Bijata-Bronisz, R, Wierucki, L, Losa, B, Drelich, G, Konieczny, M, Starczewski, P, Pawlowicz, L, Jesionowski, P, Jurowiecki, J, Gniot, J, Czyzycki, M, Stania, K, Kucharczyk-Bauman, I, Busz-Papiez, B, Karczmarczyk, A, Sudnik, W, Koszek, A, Kolodziej, P, Skwarna, B, Jaramillo, N, Jankowski, M, Czochra, W, Kinasz, L, Miklaszewicz, B, Stasinska, T, Pluta, W, Basiak, M, Rusicka, T, Niedbal-Yahfouf, I, Popenda, G, Korzeniak, R, Mirek, A, Mariankowski, R, Wojnowski, L, Korol, M, Baszak, J, Podolec, P, Piesiewicz, W, Zurakowski, A, Luengas, C, Skura, M, Pilecki, P, Majchrzak, P, Krzyzagorska, E, Drozd, M, Kaczmarek, B, Sliwinska, T, Zelazowska, K, Sztembis, R, Landa, K, Matyszczak-Toniak, L, Strojek, K, Piepiorka, M, Malinowski, R, Gorska, M, Stolarczyk-Sowa, E, Romanowski, L, Zinka, E, Reszka, Z, Skierkowska, J, Uzunow, A, Laskowska-Derlaga, E, Puntus, E, Kosmacheva, E, Koziolova, N, Pavlov, P, Supryadkina, T, Didenko, Y, Kopylov, P, Kazakov, A, Aksentiev, S, Vishneva, E, Repin, A, Smolenskaya, O, Mantserova, O, Khrustalev, O, Privalova, E, Konstantinov, V, Boldueva, S, Ezhov, A, Chernyavsky, A, Kamalov, G, Galyavich, A, Zubeeva, G, Nechaeva, G, Shustov, S, Dzhaiani, N, Treshkur, T, Osokina, N, Panov, A, Shutemova, E, Makukhin, V, Kropotina, T, Tsyba, L, Karpov, Y, Sizova, J, Ballyuzek, M, Tarasov, N, Demchenko, E, Barbarash, O, Moiseev, V, Markov, V, Kuznetsov, V, Viktorova, I, Sergienko, I, Ermoshkina, L, Khasanov, N, Khlevchuk, T, Baglikov, A, Shalaev, S, Zonova, E, Reznik, E, Haisheva, L, Morugova, T, Lomakin, N, Vishnevsky, A, Shvarts, Y, Magnitskaya, O, Mikhailusova, M, Pavlysh, E, Libov, I, Zateyschikova, A, Kostenko, V, Edin, A, Khovaeva, Y, Zakharov, K, Stryuk, R, Khirmanov, V, Kanorskiy, S, Yakushin, S, Barabashkina, A, Li, H, Zhao, Q, Zhang, J, Ma, J, He, Y, Luo, M, Zhang, A, Zhang, N, Chai, Y, Ma, G, Wang, H, Liu, Z, He, L, Song, Z, Dong, X, Tao, L, Li, Z, Su, X, Kong, X, Niu, H, Ge, J, Luo, Z, Huang, W, Peng, D, Yuan, Z, Milanova, M, Tenev, D, Gogov, A, Karageorgiev, D, Kolchev, T, Rusev, N, Georgieva, N, Kondov, R, Rusinov, V, Petrov, I, Stanchev, G, Konteva, M, Dincheva, A, Yaneva, Z, Vatova, R, Ilieva, K, Runev, N, Kolomanov, B, Iliev, N, Tisheva, S, Chompalova, B, Tokmakova, M, Raev, D, Byanov, K, Markov, D, Mihov, L, Mihov, A, Milcheva, N, Minchev, M, Mollov, M, Borisov, B, Tihchev, T, Karakolev, V, Dimov, B, Georgiev, S, Smilov, L, Koo, B, Ahn, T, Hong, S, Yoon, J, Oh, S, Jeong, M, Kim, D, Chang, K, Kim, W, Hahn, J, Cha, K, Lee, J, Choi, S, Nam, C, Chae, I, Park, Y, Tahk, S, Shin, W, Chae, J, Kim, B, Bae, J, Park, W, Rha, S, Choi, Y, Hwang, J, Park, H, Baracioli, L, Guimaraes, F, Vasconcellos, E, Saraiva, J, Pereira, A, Santos, Q, Rossi, P, Maia, L, Madeira, M, Pereira, M, Botelho, R, Reis, G, Eliaschewitz, F, Borges, J, Nascimento, C, Fortes, J, de Souza, W, Pimentel, P, Hissa, M, Franchetti, M, Precoma, D, Ortiz, C, Hernandes, M, Saporito, W, dos Santos, F, Kormann, A, Neuenschwander, F, Dutra, O, Rassi, N, Tanajura, L, Souza, J, Junior, D, Leaes, P, Forte, A, Bonansea, T, Marin, J, Machado, B, Cerqueira, M, Silva, F, Michalaros, Y, Manenti, E, Cercato, C, Figueiredo, E, Liu, M, Wang, Y, Lee, T, Fang, C, Wu, Y, Ueng, K, Sheu, H, Lai, W, Hsieh, I, Chen, Z, Chiang, C, Shyu, K, Hsia, C, Mar, G, Chan, S, Wu, C, Tseng, W, Yeh, H, Wang, J, Hou, C, Sorokina, I, Dolzhenko, M, Horoshko, O, Karpenko, O, Rudenko, L, Vakaliuk, I, Kulyk, A, Levchenko, O, Prokhorov, O, Reshotko, D, Sorokivskyy, M, Velichko, N, Maslovskyi, V, Teliatnikova, Z, Dotsenko, S, Krakhmalova, O, Kraiz, I, Zharinova, V, Bula, L, Kaydashev, I, Molodtsov, V, Rasputina, L, Pidlisna, V, Lysunets, O, Kravchenko, A, Glushko, L, Khomazyuk, T, Svyshchenko, Y, Parkhomenko, O, Mankovsky, B, Abrahamovych, O, Yagensky, A, Stanislavchuk, M, Vasilyeva, L, Sokolova, L, Sychov, O, Tseluyko, V, Kyrychenko, I, Rishko, M, Furkalo, S, Gallo, R, Bertrand, O, Constance, C, Sussex, B, Zadra, R, Kouz, S, Chehayeb, R, Pandey, A, Dion, D, Bailey, G, Hill, L, Ramanathan, K, Dorsch, M, Nanji, A, Babapulle, M, Montigny, M, Gosselin, G, Dehghani, P, Rupka, D, Le May, M, Pichette, F, St-Maurice, F, Teefy, P, Mansour, S, Kassam, S, Cheung, S, Siega, A, O'Keefe, D, Sabbah, E, Bell, A, Chouinard, G, Wong, B, Miller, M, Gaudet, D, Lachance, P, Bata, I, Petrella, R, Gossard, D, Dumas, R, Ing, D, Boyrazian, H, Bessoudo, R, Huynh, T, Hart, R, Belle-Isle, J, Shukla, D, Kelly, A, Mazza, G, Cha, J, Henein, S, Frechette, A, Vizel, S, Liutkus, J, O'Mahony, M, Halperin, F, Kooy, J, Graham, J, Bailey, A, Wojcik, R, Wilderman, I, Turi, T, Motyovszki, A, Merkely, B, Kiss, R, Kiraly, C, Andrassy, P, Sarszegi, Z, Fulop, T, Zilahi, Z, Edes, I, Papp, A, Muller, G, Czigany, A, Zolyomi, S, Koranyi, L, Takacs, J, Juhasz, F, Benczur, B, Kancz, S, Foldi, A, Nagy, A, Bakai, J, Greschik, I, Puski, L, Nagy, L, Kirschner, R, Kuchar, R, Hajek, P, Busak, L, Michalik, D, Matyasek, I, Marusincova, I, Kucera, D, Jerabek, O, Honkova, M, Dedek, V, Rihacek, I, Kos, P, Slaby, J, Machkova, M, Zidkova, E, Elbl, L, Grunfeldova, H, Carda, J, Mrozek, V, Maly, J, Milkovic, R, Malecha, J, Skalicka, H, Oral, I, Krcova, E, Lisa, L, Belohlavek, J, Miklik, R, Cermak, O, Bednarova, J, Peroutka, Z, Spinar, J, Wilke, A, Appel, K, Taggeselle, J, Forster, A, Toursarkissian, N, Schmidt, E, Bott, J, Al-Zoebi, A, Hennig, D, Schon, N, Sauter, J, Simonis, G, Nischik, R, Rieker, W, Schenkenberger, I, Behnke, T, Klausmann, G, Jeserich, M, Trenk, D, Weigmann, I, Reuter, H, Rummel, R, von Munchhausen, C, von Engelhardt, C, Horibe, E, Shibasaki, T, Sato, T, Kakuta, T, Michishita, I, Tan, M, Ishiki, R, Aoyama, T, Higashiue, S, Niijima, Y, Idogaki, A, Hasegawa, T, Kiyosue, A, Tomobuchi, Y, Kawamitsu, K, Kawasaki, S, Hata, Y, Fukui, K, Seki, K, Takenaka, T, Abe, M, Utsu, N, Oono, A, Mitsuo, K, Sueyoshi, A, Hirohata, A, Tsujimoto, M, Ueda, O, Takase, S, Suzuki, M, Sakuragi, S, Yamamoto, F, Fujimoto, N, Kakinoki, S, Sugiura, T, Sugino, H, Nakamura, T, Kadokami, T, Uehara, H, Ono, M, Yokoya, K, Koike, A, Komatsu, S, Sonoda, M, Ueno, H, Doi, T, Takagi, Y, Fujimoto, K, Eki, Y, Okubo, M, Sasaki, K, van Eck, M, Ronner, E, The, S, van de Wal, R, Nierop, P, de Nooijer, C, Werner, H, Westendorp, I, van der Zwaan, C, Crijns, H, Cornel, J, Strikwerda, S, Bos, R, de Melker, E, Kuijper, A, Louwerenburg, H, Plomp, J, Dantzig, J, Prins, F, van Kesteren, H, Willems, F, Amoroso, G, Carnero, G, Duronto, E, Besada, D, Chacon, C, Zangroniz, P, Solis, S, Liberman, A, Sernia, V, Alvarisqueta, A, Maffei, L, Vilamajo, O, Garcia, C, Sicer, M, Muntaner, J, Bordonava, A, Albisu, J, Zanini, A, Rista, L, Hominal, M, Estrada, J, Prado, A, Gosparini, D, Schiavi, B, Castillo, A, Martinez, G, Lopez, V, Rosas, E, Lopez, G, Cantu, E, de los Rios Ibarra, M, Padilla, F, Carrasco, J, Carrillo, L, Garcia, J, Askar, A, Salinas, C, Gamba, M, Sanchez, C, Cantu, A, Sanchez, R, Madrigal, J, Urbano, R, Romo, A, Gonzalez Juanatey, J, Racugno, P, Fillat, A, de la Torre Hernandez, J, Pelaez, J, Cortada, J, Pavia, P, Navarro, M, Asenjo, R, Diaz, F, Peligero, E, Manterola, F, Ortiz, A, Mediavilla Garcia, J, Ortuno, F, Vera, T, Gonzalez, A, Vinas, J, Fernandez Portales, F, Mayordomo, P, Ojeda, F, Dominguez, A, Gonzalez, R, Guerrero, D, Ruiz Nodar, J, Marimon, X, Margaez, J, Aguilera, R, Diaz Fernandez, J, Zamorano Gomez, J, Gonzalez, V, del Blanco, B, Perez, I, Moreno, M, Ereno, A, Garcia Lledo, J, Prieto, J, Villablanca, A, Raffo, C, Pincetti, C, Conejeros, C, Roman, O, Varleta, P, Goldberg, C, Sandoval, J, Arriagada, G, Corbalan, R, Leon, L, Potthoff, S, Cobos, J, Figueroa, C, Makotoko, E, Fourie, N, Burgess, L, Nortje, H, Theron, R, Pillai, P, Ranjith, N, Trokis, J, Pillay, S, Reddy, J, Nunkoo, T, Kapp, C, Urbach, D, Distiller, L, Horak, A, van Zyl, L, Coetzee, K, Punt, Z, Bayat, J, Dawood, S, Mitha, I, Padayachee, T, Hoosen, F, Dalby, A, Prabhavathi, Gowdaiah, P, Mehta, V, Chag, M, Gadkari, M, Ramamurthee, K, Das, A, Sawhney, J, Sathe, P, Adhyapak, S, Nguyen, T, Pham, V, Do, H, Nguyen, A, Nguyen, H, Truong, B, Jamil-Copley, S, Lang, C, Pell, A, Zaman, A, Storey, R, Swanson, N, Sharman, D, Braganza, D, Hammond, P, Moriarty, A, Bain, S, Pye, M, Sharp, A, Blagden, M, Randeva, H, Myhill, T, Viswanathan, G, Keeling, P, Clifford, P, Saxena, M, Lyons, K, Mcmurray, J, Jaafar, F, Murphy, C, Cartwright, S, Abouglila, K, Antalik, L, Krajci, P, Urban, M, Fazekas, F, Pella, D, Koleny, D, Vykoukalova, T, Macek, V, Vinanska, D, Jamriskova, L, Such, S, Fulop, P, Farsky, S, Bugan, V, Strbova, J, Micko, K, Palka Jr, J, Sivak, V, Kristensen, D, Refsgaard, J, Holmvang, L, Dixen, U, Nielsen, H, Egstrup, K, Jensen, L, Sykulski, R, Rasmussen, O, Andries, A, Luckow, A, Nielsen, G, Sorensen, T, Wongvipaporn, C, Chamnarnphol, N, Srimahachota, S, Sansanayudh, N, Kuanprasert, S, Tresukosol, D, Sookananchai, B, Kanadasi, M, Ozcan, T, Kucuk, M, Ongen, Z, Okuyan, E, Arat, A, Acikel, S, Yalcin, A, Guray, U, Ceyhan, C, Ozer, N, Arslan, S, Angeras, O, Johnston, N, Weiderman, A, Bandh, S, Hansen, O, Larnefeldt, H, Kusiak, D, Lindholm, C, Hedman, A, Erlinge, D, Curiac, D, Lundman, P, Zucconi-Mazzini, R, Aladellie, L, Jensen, J, Verwerft, J, Vrolix, M, Faes, D, Striekwold, H, Sinnaeve, P, Timmermans, P, Guedes, A, Delforge, M, Nimmegeers, J, Stammen, F, Buysschaert, I, Hoffer, E, Hollanders, G, Vervoort, G, Coussement, P, de Maeseneire, S, Janssens, L, Gravdal, S, Risberg, K, Gullestad, L, Hofseth, O, Nilsen, D, Lappegard, K, van den Heuvel, C, Gibbs, C, Khusrawi, A, Arora, S, Tomala, T, Kjaernli, T, Berg-Johansen, J, Hagemeier, R, Skjelvan, G, Colquhoun, D, Amerena, J, Morbey, C, Hammett, C, Dart, A, Lehman, R, Hamilton, A, Worthley, M, Purnell, P, Whelan, A, Macisaac, R, Arya, K, Linjawi, S, Proietto, J, Prasad, L, Rodriguez, A, Godoy, A, Rodriguez, V, Berrospi, P, Chavez, C, Negron, S, Heredia, J, Medina, F, Manrique, H, Cabrera, W, Cordova, F, Quinteros, T, Haro, J, Regalado, S, Guitton, J, Arbanil, H, Pansieri, M, Decoulx, E, Goube, P, de Labriolle, A, Labeque, J, Range, G, Cottin, Y, Montalescot, G, Cayla, G, Danchin, N, Angoulvant, D, Ferrario, E, Elbaz, M, Dubreuil, O, Fontaine, C, Sorbets, E, Omer, H, Al-Saif, S, Al-Faleh, H, Al-Shehri, A, El-Amin, O, Alshehri, H, Bazari, R, Hei, P, Ying, M, Chan, M, Wong, M, Ma, R, Siu, S, Tsang, C, Ferrario, M, Assanelli, E, Senni, M, Piatti, P, Calabro, P, Urbinati, S, Michisanti, M, Varbella, F, de Cosmo, S, Trevisan, R, Bellotti, S, Di Pasquale, G, Bongo, A, Uguccioni, M, Mannucci, E, Mauro, C, Ragonese, M, Fresco, C, Turturo, M, Marcucci, R, Lievano Triana, M, Arana, C, Accini, J, Botero, R, Muzyk-Osikowicz, M, Dada, F, Vallejo, G, Manzur, F, Isaza, D, Molina, D, Mesa, J, Quintero, A, Nyman, K, Makela, J, Strand, J, Nieminen, S, Taurio, J, Kuusela, M, Valle, T, Pietila, M, Kekki, S, Strandberg, T, Klutstein, M, Greenberg, G, Rozenman, Y, Chorin, E, Roguin, A, Lewis, B, Bashkin, A, Tan, E, Prado, J, Ferrolino, A, Babilonia, N, Barbas, B, Matiga, G, Coching, R, Drexel, H, Brath, H, Schnack, C, Hanusch, U, Fliesser-Gorzer, E, Paulweber, B, Ebenbichler, C, Prager, R, Huber, K, Wolzt, M, Auer, J, Berger, R, Schernthaner, G, Stanciulescu, G, Creteanu, M, Spiridon, M, Dobreanu, V, Vinereanu, D, Iosipescu, L, Istratoaie, O, Coman, I, Militaru, C, Cinteza, M, Nicolau, J, Kerr Saraiva, J, Widimsky, P, Kristensen, S, Hartikainen, J, Darius, H, Tse, H, Pais, P, Lev, E, de Luca, L, Ramos Lopez, G, Kontny, F, Zateyshchikov, D, Ruda, M, Elamin, O, Kovar, F, Bueno, H, Leonsson-Zachrisson, M, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Service de pharmacologie - Dosage de médicaments [CHU Saint-Antoine], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-CHU Saint-Antoine [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU), and Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust-Imperial College London

Subjects
Male, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors/therapeutic use, THEMIS Steering Committee and Investigators, medicine.medical_treatment, Vascular damage Radboud Institute for Health Sciences [Radboudumc 16], 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Coronary Angiography, Stroke/epidemiology, Coronary artery disease, DOUBLE-BLIND, 0302 clinical medicine, Hemorrhage/chemically induced, acetylsalicylic acid, antidiabetic agent, placebo, ticagrelor, Secondary Prevention, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Myocardial infarction, Coronary Artery Bypass, Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, OUTCOMES, Aspirin, [SDV.MHEP] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Clopidogrel, 3. Good health, Ticagrelor/therapeutic use, DRUG-ELUTING STENTS, CLOPIDOGREL, Cardiology, PLATELET INHIBITION, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Ticagrelor, TIMI, medicine.drug, Coronary Artery Disease/complications, medicine.medical_specialty, Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use, POOLED ANALYSIS, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Double-Blind Method, General & Internal Medicine, Internal medicine, Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology, Humans, Aged, Science & Technology, ANTIPLATELET THERAPY, business.industry, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications, ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION, RIVAROXABAN, Percutaneous coronary intervention, medicine.disease, ASPIRIN, Coronary Stenosis/diagnostic imaging, Aspirin/therapeutic use, Conventional PCI, business, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 215333.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) BACKGROUND: Patients with stable coronary artery disease and diabetes with previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), particularly those with previous stenting, are at high risk of ischaemic events. These patients are generally treated with aspirin. In this trial, we aimed to investigate if these patients would benefit from treatment with aspirin plus ticagrelor. METHODS: The Effect of Ticagrelor on Health Outcomes in diabEtes Mellitus patients Intervention Study (THEMIS) was a phase 3 randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, done in 1315 sites in 42 countries. Patients were eligible if 50 years or older, with type 2 diabetes, receiving anti-hyperglycaemic drugs for at least 6 months, with stable coronary artery disease, and one of three other mutually non-exclusive criteria: a history of previous PCI or of coronary artery bypass grafting, or documentation of angiographic stenosis of 50% or more in at least one coronary artery. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to either ticagrelor or placebo, by use of an interactive voice-response or web-response system. The THEMIS-PCI trial comprised a prespecified subgroup of patients with previous PCI. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (measured in the intention-to-treat population). FINDINGS: Between Feb 17, 2014, and May 24, 2016, 11 154 patients (58% of the overall THEMIS trial) with a history of previous PCI were enrolled in the THEMIS-PCI trial. Median follow-up was 3.3 years (IQR 2.8-3.8). In the previous PCI group, fewer patients receiving ticagrelor had a primary efficacy outcome event than in the placebo group (404 [7.3%] of 5558 vs 480 [8.6%] of 5596; HR 0.85 [95% CI 0.74-0.97], p=0.013). The same effect was not observed in patients without PCI (p=0.76, pinteraction=0.16). The proportion of patients with cardiovascular death was similar in both treatment groups (174 [3.1%] with ticagrelor vs 183 (3.3%) with placebo; HR 0.96 [95% CI 0.78-1.18], p=0.68), as well as all-cause death (282 [5.1%] vs 323 [5.8%]; 0.88 [0.75-1.03], p=0.11). TIMI major bleeding occurred in 111 (2.0%) of 5536 patients receiving ticagrelor and 62 (1.1%) of 5564 patients receiving placebo (HR 2.03 [95% CI 1.48-2.76], p

Published
2019
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16. Challenges for Sustained Observing and Forecasting Systems in the Mediterranean Sea

Author

Emma Heslop, Javier Ruiz, François Galgani, Pablo Lorente, Ferial Louanchi, Pierre Testor, Susana Pérez Rubio, Romain Escudier, Alejandro Orfila, Roberto Bozzano, Georg Umgiesser, George Petihakis, Marc Torner, Sara Pensieri, Patrick Raimbault, George Zodiatis, Mélanie Juza, Patrick Farcy, Baris Salihoglu, David March, Simona Simoncelli, Daniel J. Hayes, Simón Ruiz, Paolo Lazzari, Giorgia Verri, Francesco Trotta, Loic Petit De La Villeon, Emanuela Clementi, Benjamín Casas, Joaquín Tintoré, D. Obaton, Constantin Frangoulis, Marco Bajo, Miguel Charcos-Llorens, Gianandrea Mannarini, Antonio Sánchez-Román, Vlado Malačič, Patricia Reglero, Edgar G. Pavia, Elena Mauri, Juan Gabriel Fernández, Rosalia Santoleri, Paz Rotllan, Svitlana Liubartseva, Toste Tanhua, Sylvie Pouliquen, Laurent Coppola, Gianpiero Cossarini, Leonidas Perivoliotis, Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli, Cristian Munoz-Mas, Diego Álvarez-Berastegui, Laurent Mortier, Antonio Novellino, Isaac Gertman, Luis F. Ruiz-Orejón, Slim Gana, Jacopo Chiggiato, Gerasimos Korres, Aldo Drago, Pierre-Marie Poulain, Inmaculada Ruiz, Eva Aguiar, Marcos García Sotillo, Katrin Schroeder, Gianmaria Sannino, Anna Teruzzi, Jesús García Lafuente, Baptiste Mourre, Ivica Vilibić, Karina von Schuckmann, Lorinc Meszaros, Emma Reyes, Marco Zavatarelli, Lluís Gómez-Pujol, Simone Sammartino, George Kallos, Jaime Hernandez-Lasheras, Vanessa Cardin, Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul, Rosa Balbin, Karim Hilmi, Massimiliano Drudi, Devrim Tezcan, Alan Deidun, Pierre Garreau, Sarantis Sofianos, Alessandro Grandi, Barak Herut, Cristina Fossi, Stefano Salon, Ghada El Serafy, J. Pistoia, Begoña Pérez Gómez, Giovanni Coppini, Salvatore Marullo, Rafael Sardá, Mustafa Yücel, Fabrizio D'Ortenzio, Laura Prieto, Salud Deudero, Agustín Sánchez Arcilla, Rita Lecci, Georgios Sylaios, Ivan Federico, Ananda Pascual, Christian Ferrarin, Nadia Pinardi, Tintore, J., Pinardi, N., Alvarez-Fanjul, E., Aguiar, E., Alvarez-Berastegui, D., Bajo, M., Balbin, R., Bozzano, R., Nardelli, B. B., Cardin, V., Casas, B., Charcos-Llorens, M., Chiggiato, J., Clementi, E., Coppini, G., Coppola, L., Cossarini, G., Deidun, A., Deudero, S., D'Ortenzio, F., Drago, A., Drudi, M., El Serafy, G., Escudier, R., Farcy, P., Federico, I., Fernandez, J. G., Ferrarin, C., Fossi, C., Frangoulis, C., Galgani, F., Gana, S., Garcia Lafuente, J., Sotillo, M. G., Garreau, P., Gertman, I., Gomez-Pujol, L., Grandi, A., Hayes, D., Hernandez-Lasheras, J., Herut, B., Heslop, E., Hilmi, K., Juza, M., Kallos, G., Korres, G., Lecci, R., Lazzari, P., Lorente, P., Liubartseva, S., Louanchi, F., Malacic, V., Mannarini, G., March, D., Marullo, S., Mauri, E., Meszaros, L., Mourre, B., Mortier, L., Munoz-Mas, C., Novellino, A., Obaton, D., Orfila, A., Pascual, A., Pensieri, S., Perez Gomez, B., Perez Rubio, S., Perivoliotis, L., Petihakis, G., de la Villeon, L. P., Pistoia, J., Poulain, P. -M., Pouliquen, S., Prieto, L., Raimbault, P., Reglero, P., Reyes, E., Rotllan, P., Ruiz, S., Ruiz, J., Ruiz, I., Ruiz-Orejon, L. F., Salihoglu, B., Salon, S., Sammartino, S., Sanchez Arcilla, A., Sanchez-Roman, A., Sannino, G., Santoleri, R., Sarda, R., Schroeder, K., Simoncelli, S., Sofianos, S., Sylaios, G., Tanhua, T., Teruzzi, A., Testor, P., Tezcan, D., Torner, M., Trotta, F., Umgiesser, G., von Schuckmann, K., Verri, G., Vilibic, I., Yucel, M., Zavatarelli, M., Zodiatis, G., Institut Mediterrani d'Estudis Avancats (IMEDEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universidad de las Islas Baleares (UIB), University of Bologna/Università di Bologna, SOCIB Balearic Islands Coastal Ocean Observing and Forecasting System, Istituto di Scienze Marine [Bologna] (ISMAR), Istituto di Science Marine (ISMAR ), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Cyprus Oceanography Center, University of Cyprus [Nicosia] (UCY), Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Oceanogràfic de les Balears [Palma, Spain] (COB), Instituto Espagňol de Oceanografia (IEO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research [Kiel] (GEOMAR), University of Bologna, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), University of Cyprus (UCY), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Civil i Ambiental, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. LIM/UPC - Laboratori d'Enginyeria Marítima, Tintore J., Pinardi N., Alvarez-Fanjul E., Aguiar E., Alvarez-Berastegui D., Bajo M., Balbin R., Bozzano R., Nardelli B.B., Cardin V., Casas B., Charcos-Llorens M., Chiggiato J., Clementi E., Coppini G., Coppola L., Cossarini G., Deidun A., Deudero S., D'Ortenzio F., Drago A., Drudi M., El Serafy G., Escudier R., Farcy P., Federico I., Fernandez J.G., Ferrarin C., Fossi C., Frangoulis C., Galgani F., Gana S., Garcia Lafuente J., Sotillo M.G., Garreau P., Gertman I., Gomez-Pujol L., Grandi A., Hayes D., Hernandez-Lasheras J., Herut B., Heslop E., Hilmi K., Juza M., Kallos G., Korres G., Lecci R., Lazzari P., Lorente P., Liubartseva S., Louanchi F., Malacic V., Mannarini G., March D., Marullo S., Mauri E., Meszaros L., Mourre B., Mortier L., Munoz-Mas C., Novellino A., Obaton D., Orfila A., Pascual A., Pensieri S., Perez Gomez B., Perez Rubio S., Perivoliotis L., Petihakis G., de la Villeon L.P., Pistoia J., Poulain P.-M., Pouliquen S., Prieto L., Raimbault P., Reglero P., Reyes E., Rotllan P., Ruiz S., Ruiz J., Ruiz I., Ruiz-Orejon L.F., Salihoglu B., Salon S., Sammartino S., Sanchez Arcilla A., Sanchez-Roman A., Sannino G., Santoleri R., Sarda R., Schroeder K., Simoncelli S., Sofianos S., Sylaios G., Tanhua T., Teruzzi A., Testor P., Tezcan D., Torner M., Trotta F., Umgiesser G., von Schuckmann K., Verri G., Vilibic I., Yucel M., Zavatarelli M., and Zodiatis G.

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Science with and for society, Service (systems architecture), lcsh:QH1-199.5, Nature observation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate, SDG's, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Operations research -- Case studies, sustained observations, 11. Sustainability, observing and forecasting system, Observing and forecasting systems, lcsh:Science, Water Science and Technology, Global and Planetary Change, Enginyeria agroalimentària::Ciències de la terra i de la vida::Climatologia i meteorologia [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], SDG', observing and forecasting systems, ocean variability, FAIR data, climate, operational services, science with and for society, Prediction theory, Climatology -- Data processing, Environmental resource management, Seawater -- Mediterranean Region, operational service, Operational services, Variety (cybernetics), Mediterranean Sea--Climate, Ocean variability, Quantitative research -- Evaluation, Mediterrània, Mar -- Aspectes ambientals, Ocean observations, SDG’s, Best practice, Climate change, Ocean Engineering, lcsh:General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, Aquatic Science, Sustained observations, 12. Responsible consumption, 14. Life underwater, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Downstream (petroleum industry), Sustainable development, Ensemble forecasting, business.industry, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria hidràulica, marítima i sanitària::Ports i costes [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], 13. Climate action, lcsh:Q, observing and forecasting systems, sustained observations, ocean variability, FAIR data, climate, operational services, science with and for society, SDG’s, Business
Abstract

Este artículo contiene 30 páginas, 14 figuras., The Mediterranean community represented in this paper is the result of more than 30 years of EU and nationally funded coordination, which has led to key contributions in science concepts and operational initiatives. Together with the establishment of operational services, the community has coordinated with universities, research centers, research infrastructures and private companies to implement advanced multi-platform and integrated observing and forecasting systems that facilitate the advancement of operational services, scientific achievements and mission-oriented innovation. Thus, the community can respond to societal challenges and stakeholders needs, developing a variety of fit-for-purpose services such as the Copernicus Marine Service. The combination of state-of-the-art observations and forecasting provides new opportunities for downstreamservices in response to the needs of the heavily populatedMediterranean coastal areas and to climate change. The challenge over the next decade is to sustain ocean observations within the research community, to monitor the variability at small scales, e.g., the mesoscale/submesoscale, to resolve the sub-basin/seasonal and inter-annual variability in the circulation, and thus establish the decadal variability, understand and correct the model-associated biases and to enhance model-data integration and ensemble forecasting for uncertainty estimation. Better knowledge and understanding of the level ofMediterranean variability will enable a subsequent evaluation of the impacts and mitigation of the effect of human activities and climate change on the biodiversity and the ecosystem, which will support environmental assessments and decisions. Further challenges include extending the science-based added-value products into societal relevant downstream services and engaging with communities to build initiatives that will contribute to the 2030 Agenda and more specifically to SDG14 and the UN’s Decade of Ocean Science for sustainable development, by this contributing to bridge the science-policy gap. The Mediterranean observing and forecasting capacity was built on the basis of community best practices in monitoring and modeling, and can serve as a basis for the development of an integrated global ocean observing system.

Published
2019
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17. Inter-annual variability of precipitation over Southern Mexico and Central America and its relationship to sea surface temperature from a set of future projections from CMIP5 GCMs and RegCM4 CORDEX simulations

Author

Edgar G. Pavia, Ramon Fuentes-Franco, Filippo Giorgi, Federico Graef, G. T. Diro, and Erika Coppola

Subjects
Wet season, Atmospheric Science, Coupled model intercomparison project, Sea surface temperature, General Circulation Model, Anomaly (natural sciences), Climatology, Greenhouse gas, Environmental science, Climate model, Precipitation
Abstract

An ensemble of future climate projections performed with the regional climate model RegCM4 is used to assess changes in inter-annual variability of precipitation over Southern Mexico and Central America (SMECAM). Two different Global Climate Models (GCMs) from the coupled model intercomparison project phase 5 are used to provide boundary conditions for two different RegCM4 configurations. This results in four regional climate projections extending from 1970 to 2100 for the greenhouse gas representative concentration pathway RCP8.5. The precipitation variability over the SMECAM region and its dependence on the gradient between Atlantic and Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are verified by reproducing SST anomaly patterns during wettest and driest years similar to those seen in observational datasets. RegCM4 does a comparably better job than the driving GCMs. This strong relationship between precipitation and SST anomalies does not appear to change substantially under future climate conditions. For the rainy season, June to September, we find a future change in inter-annual variability of precipitation towards a much greater occurrence of very dry seasons over the SMECAM region, with this change being more pronounced in the regional than in the global model projections. A greater warming of the Tropical Northeastern Pacific (TNP) compared to the Tropical North Atlantic (TNA), which causes stronger wind fluxes from the TNA to the TNP through the Caribbean Low Level Jet, is identified as the main process responsible for these drier conditions.

Published
2014
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18. Assessment of RegCM4 simulated inter-annual variability and daily-scale statistics of temperature and precipitation over Mexico

Author

Filippo Giorgi, Federico Graef, Edgar G. Pavia, Ramon Fuentes-Franco, and Erika Coppola

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Percentile, Climatology, Statistics, Spatial ecology, Cyclone, Dry spell, Environmental science, Climate model, Precipitation, Tropical cyclone, Scale (map)
Abstract

The skill of a regional climate model (RegCM4) in capturing the mean patterns, interannual variability and extreme statistics of daily-scale temperature and precipitation events over Mexico is assessed through a comparison of observations and a 27-year long simulation driven by reanalyses of observations covering the Central America CORDEX domain. The analysis also includes the simulation of tropical cyclones. It is found that RegCM4 reproduces adequately the mean spatial patterns of seasonal precipitation and temperature, along with the associated interannual variability characteristics. The main model bias is an overestimation of precipitation in mountainous regions. The 5 and 95 percentiles of daily temperature, as well as the maximum dry spell length are realistically simulated. The simulated distribution of precipitation events as well as the 95 percentile of precipitation shows a wet bias in topographically complex regions. Based on a simple detection method, the model produces realistic tropical cyclone distributions even at its relatively coarse resolution (dx = 50 km), although the number of cyclone days is underestimated over the Pacific and somewhat overestimated over the Atlantic and Caribbean basins. Overall, it is assessed that the performance of RegCM4 over Mexico is of sufficient quality to study not only mean precipitation and temperature patterns, but also higher order climate statistics.

Published
2013
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19. New Approach to Ammonia Synthesis by Catalysis in Magnetic Field

Author

Poppy Puspitasari, Noorhana Yahya, Krzysztof K. K. Koziol, and G. Pavia

Subjects
Ammonia production, Ammonia, chemistry.chemical_compound, Materials science, chemistry, Electron diffraction, Analytical chemistry, Microreactor, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Kjeldahl method, Sol-gel, Catalysis
Abstract

Ammonia production is a capital-intensive industry as it requires high temperature (400-500oC) and also high pressure (150-300 bar) for its daily operations. An earnest effort was made to synthese ammonia gas using an in-house designed microreactor. The production of ammonia was carried out in a magnetic field reaction zone, with the reaction temperature of 30°C - 280°C and ambient operation pressure. Mn0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 nanoparticles, synthesized using the sol gel method, were used as the catalyst for the ammonia synthesis. XRD confirmed the single phase ferrites and FESEM images revealed nanofibre-like morphology when sintered at 700oC in argon gas. Electron diffraction was performed using HRTEM and obtained diffraction patterns confirmed the crystal structure of the catalyst. By using the Kjeldahl method it was found that the reaction carried out in 1 Tesla magnetic field gave approximately 46% ammonia yield. The proposed new method could be appealing for ammonia manufacturers due to highly economical implication which may offer urea producers a potential contender in the competitive market place.

Published
2012
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20. Nano beam diffraction and precession in an energy filtered CS corrected transmission electron microscope

Author

Harald Niebel, G. Pavia, and Gerd Benner

Subjects
Physics, Diffraction, Reflection high-energy electron diffraction, business.industry, Physics::Optics, General Chemistry, Fraunhofer diffraction, Condensed Matter Physics, symbols.namesake, Optics, symbols, Precession electron diffraction, General Materials Science, Diffraction topography, Selected area diffraction, business, Fresnel diffraction, Electron backscatter diffraction
Abstract

Nano beam diffraction is a prerequisite to collecting structural information from particles as small as 1 nm in diameter. We describe here a novel ray path, where the limiting illumination aperture is arranged higher up in the illumination system of a transmission electron microscope (TEM) so that it can be demagnified further. This results in a high flexibility concerning the illuminating field and electron beam convergence angle without any need for readjustments of pivot points and refocusing of the diffraction lens. We show that artifact-free diffraction patterns can be obtained with diffraction fields down to 20 nm in diameter under genuine parallel illumination conditions. The limitations of the nano beam diffraction mode by physical diffraction effects are discussed. Either the illumination field or the diffraction spots or both may show diffraction fringes as a result of these effects. Zero energy loss filtering of (precession) electron diffraction spot patterns increases their contrast and makes weak diffraction spots visible. A method to acquire (energy filtered precession) electron diffraction spot pattern in a spherical aberration (CS) corrected TEM has been developed and first results are presented. (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Published
2011
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21. Revealing Copper Contamination in Silicon after Low Temperature Treatments

Author

Roswitha Altmann, S. Grasso, Maria Luisa Polignano, Andreas Nutsch, Jacopo Brivio, Davide Codegoni, and G. Pavia

Subjects
Materials science, Silicon, chemistry, Metallurgy, chemistry.chemical_element, Copper contamination
Abstract

In this paper we address the problem of revealing copper contamination induced in the device region by the final part of the process. A method to reveal the effects of copper contamination is identified based on the recovery of MOS capacitors from deep depletion. In the presence of copper contamination carrier generation is dominated by surface generation, which is not surprising because copper is known to be prone to surface segregation. Copper segregation at the wafer surface was also confirmed by TOF-SIMS measurements. The measurements of surface generation velocity are non-destructive and the required structures can be easily integrated in device wafers. However, a recovery of the copper-related surface generation velocity with the time spent after the thermal treatment was observed. For this reason, it is important that the measurements are carried out in a short time after the thermal treatment responsible for copper segregation at the wafer surface.

Published
2009
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22. Annual and seasonal surface air temperature trends in Mexico

Author

Federico Graef, Edgar G. Pavia, and Jorge Reyes

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Climatology, Global warming, Trend surface analysis, Ocean current, Climate change, Environmental science, Global change, Atmospheric temperature, Pacific decadal oscillation, Teleconnection
Abstract

Maximum and minimum surface air temperatures (Tmax, Tmin) throughout Mexico were analysed to look for a regional sign of climate change. Temperature (T) records were divided into two periods: early (1940–1969) and recent (1970–2004); and the analysis was performed for the four seasons plus the annual average. For these 20 cases, and for each of ∼1400 selected stations, time series were constructed and their linear trends (m) were obtained. The statistical significance of m was tested by posing the null hypothesis m = 0, i.e. that there was no trend. The length of the time series (n) considered for this test was the n-effective (neff) that takes into account the fact that consecutive values of T have non-zero correlation. The null hypothesis was rejected in less than 25% of the stations in all cases. The principal findings are: (1) Mexico warmed up during the recent period, and this warming was more generalized in Tmax than in Tmin and in summer than in the other seasons; (2) Mexico cooled down during the early period, and this cooling was more generalized in winter than in the other seasons; (3) In neither of these two cases El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) seems to play any direct role; (4) In contrast to ENSO, the trends and phases of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) are consequent in both cases: a warming trend at the beginning of the 1970s and a warm PDO phase prevailing during the recent warming period; as well as a cooling trend at the beginning of the 1940s and a cold PDO phase prevailing during the early cooling period; and (5) north-western and central Mexico temperature trends often contrast with those of the rest of the country. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society

Published
2009
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23. Investigation of interfacial layer development between thin Al2O3 films grown using atomic layer deposition and Si(100), Ge(100), or GaAs(100)

Author

G. Pavia, Giovanna Scarel, Luca Lamagna, and Marco Fanciulli

Subjects
Materials science, Silicon, business.industry, Layer by layer, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Germanium, Surfaces and Interfaces, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Atomic layer deposition, chemistry, Transmission electron microscopy, Atomic layer epitaxy, Optoelectronics, Microelectronics, business, Layer (electronics)
Abstract

The uncontrolled formation of an interfacial layer between high-κ oxides and semiconductors is a major concern in advanced microelectronics not only for Si-based devices but also for those exploiting the higher mobility of Ge and GaAs. Using transmission electron microscopy, the authors investigate the interfacial layer formed between as-grown thin Al2O3 films, deposited using atomic layer deposition, and oxide free Si(100), Ge(100), and GaAs(100). In particular, they compare the effects of two different oxygen sources (H2O and O3) on interfacial layer formation during the growth process. They show that no interfacial layer can be distinguished unambiguously between the Al2O3 films, grown using TMA and H2O or O3, and all the semiconductor substrates.

Published
2009
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24. The evolution of the ion implantation damage in device processing

Author

F. Cazzaniga, G. Pavia, A. G. Mauri, F. Sammiceli, M. Mariani, M. L. Polignano, G. Spoldi, I. Mica, and V. Bontempo

Subjects
Materials science, Silicon, business.industry, Annealing (metallurgy), chemistry.chemical_element, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Ion implantation, chemistry, Shallow trench isolation, Trench, Forensic engineering, Optoelectronics, Wafer, Electrical measurements, Kinetic Monte Carlo, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract

In this article the phenomenology related to the mechanisms of defect generation in Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) processes is discussed, and the role of the structure pattern is investigated. Defect formation is studied by plan and cross TEM analyses of wafers with different boron doses and after annealing at various temperatures. In addition, to obtain a wider statistics our analysis was extended by electrical measurements of defect-sensitive structures. It is shown that a modification of the STI flow suppresses the main mechanism of mechanical stress accumulation, hence stress-induced defects are eliminated. However, this approach is found to be critical from the point of view of the implantation damage recovery, specifically for what concerns the implantations carried out before the trench etch. This result can be explained by the role of the silicon surface in reducing the point defect excess generated in the implantation. As a consequence, in this example the presence of the STI structure is beneficial, in that it assists in annealing implantation-related defects. An attempt is also presented to model the evolution of implantation-induced defects by a Kinetic Monte Carlo code. The calculation results are promising, though the capabilities of the model are limited by the computation time.

Published
2008
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25. A Morphological, Chemical and Electrical Study of HfSiON Films for Inter Poly Dielectric Applications in Flash Memories

Author

Jan Willem Maes, Claudia Scozzari, Mauro Alessandri, Massimo Caniatti, Gabriella Ghidini, Alessandro Sebastiani, S. Grasso, Rossella Piagge, G. Pavia, Enrica Ravizza, Francesca Sammiceli, Annalisa Del Vitto, Christophe F. Pomarede, Simona Spadoni, and Claudia Wiemer

Subjects
Flash (photography), Materials science, business.industry, Electronic engineering, Optoelectronics, Dielectric, business
Abstract

Due to the continuous scaling down of equivalent oxide thickness requested for inter-poly dielectric material in the next technology nodes, the Oxide-Nitride-Oxide structure is not able anymore to guarantee charge retention because of high leakage current. An alternative stack with higher dielectric constant is needed in order to have lower EOT together with higher physical thickness which fulfils retention requirements. With this purpose we have studied nitrided Hf-silicates (k=15÷20) grown by Atomic Layer Deposition at 350ºC starting from HfCl4, SiCl4 and H2O. The attention has been focused on how the thermal stability of these materials is improved when nitrogen is inserted in the film by NH3 annealing. Their chemical properties have been studied by Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry and X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy, while their morphological evolution has been followed by means of X-Ray Reflectivity, X-Ray Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy.

Published
2007
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26. Structural and physical analysis on MOCVD Ti–Si–N films

Author

P. Besana, Enrico Varesi, G. Pavia, Yu. Yu. Lebedinskii, Alberto Modelli, Andrei Zenkevich, and A. Giussani

Subjects
Materials science, Silicon, Annealing (metallurgy), Oxide, chemistry.chemical_element, Mineralogy, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, X-ray reflectivity, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, General Materials Science, Grain boundary, Thin film, Tin
Abstract

Thin TiSiN flat films deposited by MOCVD have been analysed in order to evaluate their microstructure and physical properties. TEM, XRR and RBS techniques have been utilised as complementary analyses to evaluate thickness, density and composition. The main composition is Ti : N : Si = 0.9 : 1.1 : 0.14 with carbon and oxygen up to 5% as a result of organic residuals and oxidation. The analysis shows a layered structure which well correlates with deposition steps. TiN nanocrystals embedded in a SiN x -rich amorphous matrix result confined into each TiSiN deposited layer. The silane soak produces a low concentration silicon inclusion, mainly stabilising the grain boundaries and not affecting the TiN crystalline morphology. AES profiles show that the TiSiN film consists of Ti–N rich layers, separated by C and Si rich “interface” layers which are the result of the process sequence. Densification and crystallisation of the film were observed after high temperature annealing in vacuum, resulting in an electrical resistivity decrease. PECVD deposition of an oxide layer on TiSiN causes a strong oxidation and resistivity increase of the film.

Published
2007
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27. PDO–ENSO Effects in the Climate of Mexico

Author

Edgar G. Pavia, Jorge Reyes, and Federico Graef

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, La Niña, El Niño Southern Oscillation, El Niño, Climatology, Southern oscillation, Environmental science, Precipitation, Atmospheric temperature, Pacific decadal oscillation
Abstract

The role of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) in El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)-related Mexican climate anomalies during winter and summer is investigated. The precipitation and mean temperature data of approximately 1000 stations throughout Mexico are considered. After sorting ENSO events by warm phase (El Niño) and cold phase (La Niña) and prevailing PDO phase: warm or high (HiPDO) and cold or low (LoPDO), the authors found the following: 1) For precipitation, El Niño favors wet conditions during summers of LoPDO and during winters of HiPDO. 2) For mean temperature, cooler conditions are favored during La Niña summers and during El Niño winters, regardless of the PDO phase; however, warmer conditions are favored by the HiPDO during El Niño summers.

Published
2006
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28. High-k Materials in Flash Memories

Author

Sabina Spiga, Giorgia M. Lopez, Alberto Modelli, Marco Fanciulli, Claudia Wiemer, Alessandro Sebastiani, Rossella Piagge, Massimo Caniatti, Vincenzo Fiorentini, Enrica Ravizza, Enrico Bellandi, G. Pavia, Mauro Alessandri, Gabriella Ghidini, Emiliano Cadelano, and S. Alberici

Subjects
Flash (photography), Materials science, business.industry, Optoelectronics, business, High-κ dielectric
Abstract

The scaling down of Flash memories can be pursued using the conventional stacked gate architecture only with major changes of the active dielectrics, mainly the inter-poly dielectric (IPD).The required 4-6 nm EOT thickness for the IPD cannot be achieved by the conventional ONO (Oxide-Nitride-Oxide) technology which starts failing in the 10-12 nm range in terms of charge retention properties. Therefore high-k materials are currently investigated for IPD formation in future Flash memories. It is worth noticing that the requirements for IPD are very different from those of the gate dielectrics used in logics. Alumina and alumina based materials (like hafnium aluminates) are among the possible candidates. Promising and tunable electrical and structural properties are achieved for these materials by varying the high-k stack chemical compositions and post- deposition thermal treatments. Different material combinations have been selected as potential solutions for the replacement of the conventional ONO (Oxide-Nitride-Oxide) stack.

Published
2006
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29. Metrology issues in thin ONO stacks measurements by spectroscopic ellipsometry and X-ray reflectivity

Author

M. Alessandri, Sangam Banerjee, E. Bellandi, G. Pavia, S. Ferrari, S. Spadoni, C. Coccorese, Rossella Piagge, and A. C. Elbaz

Subjects
Electron density, Metals and Alloys, Oxide, Analytical chemistry, Surfaces and Interfaces, Dielectric, Nitride, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Metrology, X-ray reflectivity, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Ellipsometry, Materials Chemistry, Thin film
Abstract

We performed X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) analysis of several ONO stacks with different deposition conditions. TEM was also used as reference technique. In the energy range from 1.5 to 6.5 eV, SE analysis shows a correlation between bottom and top oxide thickness. The small electron density difference between Si and SiO2 makes the SiO2/Si interface determination difficult to estimate by XRR. By etch profiling we observed a relatively large extension of the oxide/nitride interfaces. Comparing the results of both techniques, we have observed major differences in thickness estimation. Most of these differences can be attributed to an estimation and weighting of the interfaces among the different techniques are considered in this paper.

Published
2004
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30. Combining grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and X-ray reflectivity for the evaluation of the structural evolution of HfO2 thin films with annealing

Author

Claudia Wiemer, Luca Lutterotti, Marco Fanciulli, G. Pavia, and S. Ferrari

Subjects
Materials science, Rietveld refinement, Gate dielectric, Metals and Alloys, Analytical chemistry, Surfaces and Interfaces, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Amorphous solid, X-ray reflectivity, Crystallography, Atomic layer deposition, Materials Chemistry, Surface roughness, Thin film, High-κ dielectric
Abstract

a c Abstract Metal oxides of high dielectric constant are candidates to substitute SiO as gate dielectric in complementary metal-oxide- 2 semiconductor technology. In this contribution we present the application of X-ray techniques to the study of thermal stability of 5-, 10- and 20-nm-thick HfO deposited by atomic layer deposition. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction spectra are refined by 2 Rietveld analysis. X-Ray reflectivity (XRR) data are fitted in order to evaluate the thickness, the surface roughness and the interface stability upon thermal processing between 300 and 1050 8C. The electronic density values obtained from the scattering coefficients of the crystallographic phase are compared to the values related to the critical angle of the XRR spectra. The thickness and the electronic density of the as grown layer are slightly affected by the thermal treatment. The surface and interfacial roughness are also very stable. The crystallographic ordering evolves starting from the amorphous structure of the as-deposited film towards the polycrystalline monoclinic HfO films obtained by annealing at high temperatures. The results are discussed and 2

Published
2004
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31. Effects of annealing temperature and surface preparation on the formation of cobalt silicide interconnects

Author

S. Marangon, Marco Fanciulli, Claudia Wiemer, Emiliano Bonera, G. Tallarida, G. Mastracchio, E. Ricci, G. Pavia, Wiemer, C, Tallarida, G, Bonera, E, Ricci, E, Fanciulli, M, Mastracchio, G, Pavia, G, and Marangon, S

Subjects
inorganic chemicals, Materials science, Silicon, Annealing (metallurgy), technology, industry, and agriculture, chemistry.chemical_element, Surface finish, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, X-ray reflectivity, chemistry.chemical_compound, Crystallography, CoSi2, ulsi, chemistry, Sputtering, Silicide, Surface roughness, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Composite material, Cobalt
Abstract

Cobalt silicide films have been prepared by rapid thermal annealing of cobalt layers sputter deposited on silicon substrates. We report on the evolution of silicide phases, surface and interface roughness as a function of the annealing temperature and silicon surface preparation. The characterizations are carried out by atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray reflectivity, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The cleaning procedure of the silicon substrate affects the interface roughness and the silicide thickness, whereas little effects are found on the surface. On the other hand, surface roughness increases with annealing temperature. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2003
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32. Tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Pliocene to Lower Pleistocene succession of the Apricena-Lesina-Poggio Imperiale quarrying district (western Gargano, southern Italy)

Author

G. PAVIA, c. BERTOK, L. MARTIRE, F. MASINI, E. RUGGIERO TADDEI, M. Z.U.N.I.N.O., CIAMPO, GIULIANO, DI DONATO, VALENTINO, SANTANGELO, NICOLETTA, G., Pavia, C., Bertok, Ciampo, Giuliano, DI DONATO, Valentino, L., Martire, F., Masini, Santangelo, Nicoletta, E., RUGGIERO TADDEI, and M. Z. U. N. I. N., O.

Subjects
Ecobiostratigraphy, Pliocene, Synsedimentary faulting, Pirro Nord, Facies analysi, Tsunami event, W Gargano
Abstract

The post-Miocene marine succession of the «Apricena horst» is described with the purpose to verify the chronostratigraphic constraints for the type-locality of the Pirro Nord Faunal Unit. The stratigraphic succession has been subdivided in four units bounded by ubiquitous unconformities with evidence of subaerial exposure. The two basal units (dated late Zanclean to at most early Piacenzian) are formally grouped in the Lago di Varano Fm. that on the whole consists of sediments ranging from lagoonal to circalittoral environments. Within the lowermost unit, a megabreccia is interpreted as the product of a tsunami event. The third unit, Gelasian in age, is informally cited as Calcari a Briozoi Fm. The last unit, the Early Pleistocene Serracapriola Fm., consists of siliciclastic deltaic sediments and represents the closure of the marine cycle. Conspicuous lateral facies and thickness changes, and the frequency of unconformities are the consequence of an intense synsedimentary tectonic activity developed in the frame of the southern Apulia foredeep closure. In the study area, such activity is documented by two E-W trending normal faults which, during Zanclean and at least the earliest Gelasian, controlled the Pliocene horst-graben system of the Apricena-Poggio Imperiale area.

Published
2010

33. Crystal defects and junction properties in the evolution of device fabrication technology

Author

Gian Pietro Carnevale, F. Cazzaniga, I. Mica, G. Pavia, M. Martinelli, P Ghezzi, M. L. Polignano, Emiliano Bonera, M. Brambilla, Mica, I, Polignano, M, Carnevale, G, Ghezzi, P, Brambilla, M, Cazzaniga, F, Martinelli, M, Pavia, G, and Bonera, E

Subjects
Materials science, Fabrication, Silicon, business.industry, Transistor, Recrystallization (metallurgy), Mineralogy, chemistry.chemical_element, Condensed Matter Physics, Crystal defect, junction propertie, Crystallographic defect, ULSI, law.invention, Ion implantation, chemistry, Electron diffraction, law, Transmission electron microscopy, Optoelectronics, General Materials Science, business
Abstract

In this paper, the correlation between dislocation density and transistor leakage current is demonstrated. The stress evolution and the generation of defects are studied as a function of the process step, and experimental evidence is given of the role of structure geometry in determining the stress level and hence defect formation. Finally, the role of high-dose implantations and the related silicon amorphization and recrystallization is investigated.

Published
2002
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34. The Recent Rainfall Climatology of the Mediterranean Californias

Author

Edgar G. Pavia and Federico Graef

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Atmospheric Science, Histogram, Climatology, Environmental science, Probability density function, Precipitation, Arithmetic mean, Weibull distribution
Abstract

In this work, recent (1948‐2001) rainfall data in a southwestern California station (San Diego) and a northwestern Baja California station (Ensenada) within a region called Mediterranean California, around 33 8N, 1178W, are studied. Cumulative annual means are used as indicators of climatological variability; but the entire datasets are analyzed by modeling the histogram of each set as a Weibull distribution probability density function, f . The climatology of both stations, defined simply as the arithmetic average, is compared with their theoretical mean; that is, the first moment of f . It is assumed that this comparison would be indicative of the reliability of the available rainfall climatologies. If these assumptions hold, in particular if the data is indeed Weibull distributed, it can be concluded that the climatological annual mean precipitation in this region is slightly overestimated at this time.

Published
2002
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35. In-situ time-resolved reflectivity: a technique useful to investigate solid-state transformations

Author

G. Queirolo, G Pavia, Federico Corni, Rita Tonini, A Pontiroli, and R. Zonca

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Laser, law.invention, Photodiode, X-ray reflectivity, Wavelength, Optics, Mechanics of Materials, law, Time-Resolved Reflectivity, solid-state transformations, techniques, Microelectronics, General Materials Science, Thin film, business, Refractive index, Intensity (heat transfer)
Abstract

Solid-state transformations occurring in thin films can be studied by directing a laser beam on to the sample surface and measuring the reflected intensity by means of a photodiode. The technique, called Time-Resolved Reflectivity, is an in-situ technique very fast and simple. Under proper conditions, it allows the entire evolution of a transformation to be followed while it occurs during a thermal treatment, allowing the kinetics of the process to be studied. In this work we present a method and some criteria to extract physical information on layered samples interesting for the microelectronic industry. The surface reflectivity depends on the refractive indices (wavelength dependent) of the materials employed and on the thicknesses of the layers. The results extracted from the raw reflectivity data (obtained with a conventional He–Ne 632.8 nm laser) by means of few simple assumptions, are discussed and compared to those obtained with more conventional, but in most cases, destructive and ex-situ techniques.

Published
2002
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36. Strain induced by Ti salicidation in sub-quarter-micron CMOS devices, as measured by TEM/CBED

Author

G. F. Mastracchio, Roberto Balboni, A. Benedetti, A. G. Cullis, Stefano Frabboni, Aldo Armigliato, and G. Pavia

Subjects
convergent beam electron diffraction, salicidation, Microscope, Materials science, Silicon, General Physics and Astronomy, Mineralogy, chemistry.chemical_element, shallow trenches, law.invention, strain, law, transmission electron microscopy, Ohmic contact, business.industry, Zone axis, Surfaces and Interfaces, General Chemistry, Condensed Matter Physics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, CMOS, Electron diffraction, chemistry, Transmission electron microscopy, Optoelectronics, business, Tin
Abstract

The use of TiSi 2 layers as ohmic contacts in complementary MOS (CMOS) devices is expected to introduce large distortions in the underlying silicon which may degrade the device performances. In this work, the TEM technique known as convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) has been employed to map the strain distributions across 〈1 1 0〉 cross-sectional specimens of sub-quarter-micron CMOS structures. Different experimental set-ups in terms of energy filtering, liquid nitrogen cooling and zone axis have been explored and compared to each other by using three differently equipped microscopes. The strain induced on silicon by TiSi 2 layers has then been investigated, quantified and compared with that due to the presence of an oxide isolation trench. Also, the effects of depositing a TiN capping layer on TiSi 2 have been analysed. Our results show that its presence results in a more tensile strain without altering the strain distribution trend.

Published
2002
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37. AFM measurement of the grain size in polycrystalline titanium silicides

Author

G. Pavia, F. Cazzaniga, Sabina Spiga, A. Sabbadini, and G. Queirolo

Subjects
Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Silicon, Nucleation, chemistry.chemical_element, Substrate (electronics), Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Grain size, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, Crystallography, chemistry, Phase (matter), Silicide, Grain boundary, Crystallite, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Abstract

In titanium silicide, the transition from the high (C49) to the low resistivity phase (C54) is difficult in small areas. This has been attributed in the literature to the lack of the nucleation sites for phase transition in small areas [1] . The mean grain size is directly related to the nucleation point density and its evaluation is important in obtaining data on nucleation mechanism of a new crystalline phase. TEM and SEM cross sections show that a silicon ridge is formed on the silicon substrate at the silicide grain boundaries, due to the equilibrium between the forces related to the grain–grain and to the grain–silicon interface energies [2] , [3] . AFM measurements have been performed on the interface between silicon and silicide after the removal of the silicide film. The grain boundaries of the silicide were imaged using the silicon ridges, allowing us to obtain unambiguous and statistically relevant data on the grain size.

Published
2001
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38. Impact of plasma treatment time on MOCVD-TiN properties and on the electrical performance of deep contacts

Author

G. Casati, G. Queirolo, F. Cazzaniga, G. Pavia, S. Alberici, A. Sabbadini, V. Cusi, and C. Bresolin

Subjects
business.industry, Contact resistance, Nucleation, chemistry.chemical_element, Plasma, equipment and supplies, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Barrier layer, Optics, chemistry, Metallizing, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Thin film, Composite material, business, Tin, Layer (electronics)
Abstract

MOCVD-TiN deposition from TDMAT precursor consists of two steps: a deposition and a plasma treatment in hydrogen. The effects of different plasma treatment times are tested on high aspect ratio contacts, finding an increase in the number of high resistance contacts for short plasma treatments. Moreover, the W nucleation layer thickness on MOCVD-TiN is impacted by the plasma time: for a short treatment a thin nucleation layer is found. Various investigations are performed on different MOCVD-TiN layers, comparing samples exposed to the air and samples in-situ capped by Ti to prevent oxygen contamination. It is shown that the plasma treatment influences the film morphology.

Published
2001
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39. Precise electrical evaluation of active oxides thickness and comparison with TEM measurements

Author

F. Pellizzer and G. Pavia

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Extraction (chemistry), Electrical Evaluation, Oxide, Nanotechnology, Quantum Hall effect, Condensed Matter Physics, Capacitance, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Transmission electron microscopy, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Optoelectronics, business, Voltage
Abstract

In this paper we propose a new model to describe the quantum effects at the SiO2/Si interface of metal-oxide–semiconductor (MOS) devices. Using this model we developed a method to extract the thickness of thin oxides (in the range of 3–20 nm) from capacitance (C) as a function of voltage (V) measurements, C(V). The results of our extraction are in good agreement with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements, within the accuracy of both techniques, while classical electrical methods are inadequate for a precise evaluation of the oxide thickness. Moreover this new method is suitable for in-line monitoring of oxide thickness in advanced MOS processes.

Published
2001
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40. Secondary Forecast Models—The ENSO Example

Author

Edgar G. Pavia

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, El Niño Southern Oscillation, Meteorology, Computer science, Quantitative precipitation forecast, Southern oscillation, Forecast skill, Statistical model, Precipitation, Forecast verification
Abstract

In this note, a procedure to construct predictors is suggested that could take advantage of the increasing predictive skill of ENSO models. These so-called secondary forecast models (SFM) attempt to produce a forecast for a particular object application based on independent forecasts of ENSO. Although their predictive skill may be modest, these models can provide an alternate and objective forecast to the entirely subjective schemes more widely used. An example of the application of SFM to the forecast of the seasonal precipitation of a typical station of the Mediterranean Californias shows promising results.

Published
2000
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41. Stability of elliptical horizontally inhomogeneous rodons

Author

Edgar G. Pavia and René Pinet

Subjects
Physics, Mechanics of Materials, Homogeneous, Mechanical Engineering, Mechanics, Condensed Matter Physics, Homogenization (chemistry), Instability, Stability theorem, Vortex
Abstract

The stability of one-layer vortices with inhomogeneous horizontal density distributions is examined both analytically and numerically. Attention is focused on elliptical vortices for which the formal stability theorem proved by Ochoa, Sheinbaum & Pavia (1988) does not apply. Our method closely follows that of Ripa (1987) developed for the homogeneous case; and indeed they yield the same results when inhomogenities vanish. It is shown that a criterion from the formal analysis – the necessity of a radial increase in density for instability – does not extend to elliptical vortices. In addition, a detailed examination of the evolution of the inhomogeneous density fields, provided by numerical simulations, shows that homogenization, axisymmetrization and loss of mass to the surroundings are the main effects of instability.

Published
2000
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42. A study of the growth of Lu[sub 2]O[sub 3] on Si(001) by synchrotron radiation photoemission and transmission electron microscopy

Author

Maddalena Pedio, Marco Malvestuto, Stefano Nannarone, Federico Boscherini, Giovanna Scarel, Marco Fanciulli, G. Pavia, M. Malvestuto, M. Pedio S. Nannarone, G. Pavia, G. Scarel, M. Fanciulli, and F. Boscherini

Subjects
Materials science, Silicon, business.industry, Band gap, CORE-LEVEL, Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Synchrotron radiation, chemistry.chemical_element, surface physics, Dielectric, Electronic structure, ATOMIC-LAYER DEPOSITION, Capacitance, chemistry, Transmission electron microscopy, EPITAXIAL-GROWTH, SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, Optoelectronics, MICROELECTRONICS, BAND OFFSETS, PRASEODYMIUM OXIDE, business, INTERFACES, Quantum tunnelling
Abstract

Rare-earth oxides are among the materials which are presently studied as possible replacements of amorphous silicon dioxide as gate insulators in nanometric Si devices; in fact, they generally exhibit high values of the dielectric constant ('high kappa'), a necessary requirement to obtain a high capacitance with layer thickness greater than the value below which tunneling currents become unacceptably high. Lu2O3 is one of the rare-earth oxides which may have the required properties in view of its quite high values of kappa and forbidden band gap. Since the envisaged dielectric layers are only a few nanometers thick, a description and a physical understanding of the atomic and electronic structure of the interface are of great importance. In this paper, we report a study by synchrotron radiation photoemission and transmission electron microscopy of the growth of Lu2O3 on Si(001). Thanks to the high spectral and spatial resolution, we provide clear evidence of a rather complex structure in which all silicon suboxides and SiO2 are present at the same time, along with a silicatelike phase and Lu2O3 itself; moreover, some grains and both crystalline and amorphous portions are present. In the photoemission experiment, the contribution of the Si surface to the core level line shapes has been taken into account; in the electron microscopy measurements, we present line scans on the nanometer scale of O, Si, and Lu concentrations and a Fourier transform discussion of the structure of the crystalline portions of the overlayer. The valence band discontinuity, which is measured in situ and is relative to the structurally well characterized interface, is found to be 3.16 +/- 0.16 eV. These findings are discussed in relation to the suitability of Lu2O3 as a high-kappa dielectric and in the context of available theoretical predictions of thermodynamic stability versus the formation of silicon oxide, silicates, and silicides and of the band discontinuity problem. (c) 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Published
2007

45. Analysis of Non-Uniform Contamination Profiles by Lifetime Data

Author

Domenico Caputo, Maria Luisa Polignano, Federica Zanderigo, and G. Pavia

Subjects
Materials science, Silicon, chemistry, business.industry, Optoelectronics, chemistry.chemical_element, General Materials Science, Carrier lifetime, Contamination, Condensed Matter Physics, business, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics
Published
1998
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46. ENSO modulates rainfall in the Mediterranean Californias

Author

Edgar G. Pavia and Antoine Badan

Subjects
Mediterranean climate, Wet season, Geophysics, El Niño Southern Oscillation, Climatology, Correlation analysis, Southern oscillation, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science
Abstract

A remarkable correlation is found between the total annual rainfall at Ensenada and the annual signal of the Southern Oscillation Index by suitably averaging their corresponding monthly series and dephasing the indices by four months. The result confirms the suspected dominant influence of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the interannual weather fluctuations of mid-latitude mediterranean climates and shows that their strongest relationship lies close to the annual signal. Since a particularly strong El Nino developed in the Pacific, rainfall in the Ensenada to San Diego area has exceeded twice its long term average during the 1997–98 season. Similarly, as this event fades out, the 1998–99 rain season should be sligthly below normal, i.e. rainfall should be somewhat below half that of the previous year.

Published
1998
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47. Unnatural β-L-Enantiomers of Nucleoside Analogues as Potent Anti-Hepatitis B Virus Agents

Author

Jean Louis Imbach, Gilles Gosselin, A. Faraj, Jean-François Griffon, V. Boudou, G. Pavia, Jean-Pierre Sommadossi, and Claire Pierra

Subjects
Hepatitis B virus, Biochemistry, Stereochemistry, Chemistry, Genetics, medicine, Enantiomer, medicine.disease_cause, Nucleoside, Virus
Abstract

Several 2′- or 3′-substituted 2′,3′-dideoxy-β-L-nucleosides bearing adenine as the base were stereospecifically synthesized and their antiviral properties examined. Two of them, namely 2′-azido- and 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxy-β-L-adenosine (2′-N3-−β-L-ddA and 3′-N3-−β-L-ddA) were found to have some anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity in cell culture.

Published
1998
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48. Collision of anticyclonic, lens-like eddies with a meridonial western boundary

Author

Edgar G. Pavia, L. Zavala Sansón, Federico Graef, and Fluids and Flows

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Meteorology, Soil Science, Zonal and meridional, Geometry, Aquatic Science, Oceanography, Latitude, Physics::Fluid Dynamics, Geochemistry and Petrology, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy, Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Earth-Surface Processes, Water Science and Technology, Physics, Angular frequency, Ecology, Mass distribution, Paleontology, Forestry, Radius, Geophysics, Eddy, Space and Planetary Science, Anticyclone, Physics::Space Physics, Center of mass, SDG 7 – Betaalbare en schone energie
Abstract

The collision of anticyclonic, lens-like eddies with a meridional western boundary is investigated as a function of two independent, nondimensional numbers: ß = ß0 R/f o and e = ¿/f o, where f 0 and ß0 are the Coriolis parameter and its rate of change with latitude, respectively, both evaluated at the reference latitude. R is the eddy's radius, and ¿ is its angular frequency. The numerical experiments show that in all cases there is a southward expulsion of mass proportional to both ß and e. which is estimated during the eddy-boundary interaction. The eddies are invariably deformed with the initial collision, but afterward, they reacquire a new circular shape. There is a meridional translation of the eddy along the boundary which depends exclusively on the initial ratio r = e/ß. If r > 1, the eddy goes southward, but if r

Published
1998
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49. New Unnatural L-Nucleoside Enantiomers:From Their Stereospecific Synthesis to Their Biological Activities

Author

V. Boudou, Claire Pierra, A. Faraj, Jean Louis Imbach, Jean-François Griffon, Raymond F. Schinazi, Gilles Gosselin, Anne-Marie Aubertin, G. Pavia, and Jean-Pierre Sommadossi

Subjects
Purine, chemistry.chemical_compound, Stereospecificity, chemistry, Pyrimidine, Stereochemistry, Genetics, Enantiomer, Biochemistry, Nucleoside, Derivative (chemistry), Immunodeficiency virus, Virus
Abstract

Several purine and pyrimidine β-L-dideoxynucleosides were stereospecifically synthesized and their antiviral properties examined. Two of them, namely β-L-2′,3′-dideoxyadenosine (β-L-ddA) and its 2′,3′-didehydro derivative (β-L-d4A) were found to have significant anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activities in cell culture.

Published
1997
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50. Quaternary chronostratigraphy and the establishment of related standards

Author

M. B. Cita, Ernesto Abbate, Domenico Rio, Rodolfo Sprovieri, L Simone, G Cassinis, Ip Silva, L Pampaloni, M Parotto, M Gaetani, S Cresta, Ma Conti, G Pavia, Davide Castradori, Catalano R, G. B. Vai, G Orombelli, E., Abbate, G., Cassini, D., Castradori, R., Catalano, M. B., Cita, M. A., Conti, S., Cresta, M., Gaetani, L., Pampaloni, G., Orombelli, M., Parotto, G., Pavia, I. P., Silva, D., Rio, Simone, Lucia, R., Sprovieri, and G. B., Vai

Subjects
Quaternary, Paleontology, chronostratigraphy, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Chronostratigraphy, Geology
Abstract

This paper represents a contribution by the Italian Commission on Stratigraphy to the ongoing discussion on the establishment of chronostratigraphic standards in the Quaternary. We will argue that the Quaternary, in general, is no exception when discussing the principles and procedures for the establishment of chronostratigraphic standards. The consolidated approach to use (open) marine sediments outcropping onland to harbour the golden-spike for the base of chronostratigraphic units is to be upheld even in the Quaternary. Plenty of significant sections are present, among other places, in Southern Italy, which has always been recognised as the type-area for the marine Quaternary since the early nineteenth century. We will also review the present situation of official or semi-official chronostratigraphic units and boundaries in the Quaternary with a view at contributing pragmatically to establish the best way forward for the ICS Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy in the next few years.

Published
2002

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