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Salmonella Typhi has been an important human-restricted pathogen from time immemorial, and unfortunately, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has induced the emergence of multidrug resistance in S. Typhi. Bacteriophage therapy may be a possible alternative in countering antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, this study was planned to assess the efficacy of bacteriophages in treating acute and chronic S. Typhimurium infection in the mouse as a surrogate model. We isolated bacteriophages against S. Typhimurium and selected three different bacteriophages for the in vivo experiments. The lethal dose of S. Typhimurium was decided for Swiss albino mice, and acute infection was developed. Further, bacteriophage therapy by daily intraperitoneal injection of phage cocktail was given for 14 days. While the chronic carrier state of S. Typhimurium in Swiss albino mice was developed by inoculating intraperitoneally sequential 10-fold increasing doses of the bacterium. On the successful establishment of carrier state, oral feeding of phage cocktail at a high count was given, which completely cured the carrier state within 7 days of feeding. These experiments confirmed that the phage cocktail could eradicate the S. Typhimurium from the mice in both types of infections, that is acute and chronic.

Unsteady adiabatic and isothermal flow behind an exponential spherical or cylindrical shock wave in a perfectly conducting mixture of micro size small solid particles and non-ideal gas under the influence of azimuthal magnetic field is investigated. The moving piston drives the shock wave. The azimuthal magnetic field in the ambient medium is assumed to be varying according to an exponential laws. In our study, micro size solid particles are take to be pseudo-fluid with the supposition that the equilibrium conditions for flow are maintained in the entire flow- field region, and the heat conduction and the viscous-stress of the conducting mixture are negligible. In both the isothermal and adiabatic cases, similarity solutions are obtained by taking into consideration the magnetic field and compressibility. The effects on the shock wave propagation and on the flow variables by the ratio of the density of micro size solid particles to the initial density of the gas G a as well as by the non-idealness parameter δ of the gas in the conducting mixture, by the mass concentration λ p of micro size solid particles in the conducting mixture and by the adiabatic exponent γ are worked out in detail. A relationship between the solutions in the cases of isothermal and adiabatic flows is made. It is found that the due to the thought of zero temperature gradient the flow variables fluid velocity, density and magnetic field and shock strength decrease. Also, it is important to note down that the shock wave strength enhances with an increase in G a or due to change in geometry from cylindrical to spherical; whereas it decreases with an increase in the non-idealness parameter δ or the strength of ambient magnetic field M A − 2 or the adiabatic exponent γ .

Silk fibroin (SF) is a natural protein largely used in the textile industry with applications in bio-medicine, catalysis as well as in sensing materials. SF is a fiber material which is bio-compatible, biodegradable, and possesses high tensile strength. The incorporation of nanosized particles into SF allows the development of a variety of composites with tailored properties and functions. Silk and its composites are being explored for a wide range of sensing applications like strain, proximity, humidity, glucose, pH and hazardous/toxic gases. Most studies aim at improving the mechanical strength of SF by preparing hybrids with metal-based nanoparticles, polymers and 2D materials. Studies have been conducted by introducing semiconducting metal oxides into SF to tailor its properties like conductivity for use as a gas sensing material, where SF acts as a conductive path as well as a substrate for the incorporated nanoparticles. We have reviewed gas and humidity sensing properties of silk, silk with 0D (i.e., metal oxide), 2D (e.g., graphene, MXenes) composites. The nanostructured metal oxides are generally used in sensing applications, which use its semiconducting properties to show variation in the measured properties (e.g., resistivity, impedance) due to analyte gas adsorption on its surface. For example, vanadium oxides (i.e., V2O5) have been shown as candidates for sensing nitrogen containing gases and doped vanadium oxides for sensing CO gas. In this review article we provide latest and important results in the gas and humidity sensing of SF and its composites.

Haritakyadi Yoga is used to treat Urinary tract infections, as mentioned in the Ayurvedic literature. In the present study, Haritakyadi Yoga formulation has been screened for antibacterial activity against selected bacterial species. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts was performed by the broth dilution method. The Kirby-Bauer agar disc diffusion method studied the zone of inhibition at 2 and 4 mg/ml concentrations in DMSO solution. Nitrofurantoin drugs (5 µg/ml) were used as a reference control for the antibacterial study. The zone of inhibition study revealed concentration dependant nature of the extract with better effectiveness against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative bacteria. The Haritakyadi Yoga formulation and individual components exhibited antibacterial activity against different bacterial strains responsible for Urinary tract infection.

Despite attention models’ (AM) success in diverse domains, their application in failure detection and predictive maintenance (FDPM) field is limited. The existing literature of complex rotating machinery (RM) systems with multiple sensors pose the following challenges in applying AM and transformer networks: i) lack of proper fault-specific embedding representation for a long sequence of vibration data, ii) inability to provide adaptive weightage to sensor segments based on its fault sensitivity in the sensor fusion, and iii) failure in incorporating symptomatic fault features in fault decision-making. Hence, we propose an FDPM framework to address such inadaptability issues in diagnosing structural rotor faults (SRF), which is the root cause of most RM issues. The proposed framework facilitates the use of symptomatic fault features by extracting the distinctive frequency components (DFC) from the vibration spectrum. A combined feature representation is generated by bagging the DFC and time-domain features to endorse the most discriminative capability within fewer dimensions. Subsequently, a multi-sensor fusion is proposed to create the embedding representation using attention, assisted with fault pattern-based ranking to ensure the relative importance of fused sensor vectors and their fault sensitivity. With this reduced dimension-embedding, the transformers with multi-head self-attention capture the different aspects of dependencies even from short-length sequences, thereby lessening the execution time. Two recurrent transformers are also utilized to capture the local dependency, and their performance is compared with general transformers on the Meggitt and MaFaulDa datasets. The results demonstrate state-of-the-art performance in SRF diagnosis with more than 99.0% accuracy on both datasets.

This paper presents the development of mathematical model to obtain the approximate analytical solutions for isothermal flows behind the strong shock (blast) wave in a van der Waals gas and small solid particles mixture. The small solid particles are continuously distributed in the mixture and the equilibrium conditions for flow are maintained. To derive the analytical solutions, the physical variables such as density, pressure, and velocity are expanded using perturbation method in power series. The solutions are derived in analytical form for first approximation, and for second order approximation the set of differential equations are also obtained. The effects of an increase in the problem parameters value on the physical variables are investigated for first order approximation. A comparison is also, made between the solution of cylindrical shock and spherical shock. It is found that the fluid density and fluid pressure become zero near the point or axis of symmetry in spherical or cylindrical symmetry, respectively, and therefore a vacuum is created near the point or axis of symmetry which is in tremendous conformity with the physical condition in laboratory to generate the shock wave.

Rotating machinery (RM) fault diagnosis based on artificial intelligence (AI) is an esteemed industrial IoT application and an inevitable constituent of the Industry 4.0 revolution. Notably, the existing research in this area exhibits the following limitations: i) the time-series characterization or system dynamics considerations of vibration input are not strictly followed in the diagnostic procedure, ii) fault-specific component usage is not encouraged in existing decision-making strategies, and iii) single classifier based decision-making commonly compromises in utilizing all features of input data. Structural rotor fault (SRF) is the most vital but least attended defect, which is the root cause of most RM issues. We develop a framework that uses two parallel decision-making strategies, i.e., the convolutional neural network (CNN) with fuzzy recurrence plot (FRP) as input and a long short-term memory (LSTM) network taking distinctive frequency components (DFC) stream as input. Moreover, a DFC-based ranking and image combining scheme is proposed to select the most informative sensor signals from the segmented raw vibration signals and generate a 3D-FRP, and 2D flattened FRP (F-FRP). These multi-sensor FRPs characterize the system dynamics and preserve the time-series properties of the vibration input. The DFC stream simultaneously catered to LSTM facilitates symptom parameters-based decision-making. The parallel decision scores are fused by fuzzy integral (FI) based fusion depending on the confidence of the sources. The model performs exceptionally well over the state-of-the-art methods and achieves around 99.0% accuracy with the Meggitt testbed dataset and the MaFaulDa dataset.

The approximate analytical solutions are obtained for adiabatic and isothermal flows behind a cylindrical shock wave in a dusty gas. A mixture of perfect gas and micro size small inert solid particles is taken as the dusty gas. The inert solid particles are distributed continuously in the mixture. It is considered that the equilibrium flow conditions are maintained. The flow variables are expanded in power series to obtain the solution of the problem. The analytical solutions are obtained for the first order approximation in both the adiabatic and isothermal cases. Also, the system of ordinary differential equations for second order approximations to the solution is obtained. The influence of an increase in the ratio of the density of the inert solid particles to the initial density of the perfect gas, the rotational parameter and the mass concentration of inert solid particles in the mixture are discussed on the flow variables for first approximation. Our first approximation to the solution corresponds to the Taylor’s solution for the creation of a blast wave by a strong explosion. A comparison is also made between the solutions for isothermal and adiabatic flows. It is investigated that the density and pressure near the line of symmetry in the case of isothermal flow become zero and hence a vacuum is formed at the axis of symmetry when the flow is isothermal. Also, it is found that an increase in the value of rotational parameter or the mass concentration of solid particles in the mixture has a decaying effect on shock wave. The present work may be used to verify the correctness of the solution obtained by self-similarity and numerical methods.

This paper concerns with the similarity solutions using Lie group theoretic method for one-dimensional unsteady isothermal flow behind the shock wave in the mixture of non-ideal gas and small solid particles in rotating medium. Group theoretic technique brings the different possible cases of potential solutions with the power law, particular case of power law and exponential law shock paths with the different choices of constants present in the generators of the Lie group of transformations. Similarity solutions for non-ideal dusty gas (a mixture of non-ideal gas and small solid dust particles) exist if the density of the ambient medium is constant. Solutions are obtained for both exponential law and power law shock paths. The effects of the variation of the physical parameters on the flow variables distribution behind the shock wave front, and on the shock are discussed. The shock strength increases with an increase in the ratio of the specific heat of the solid particles to the specific heat of the gas at constant volume [Formula: see text], the initial azimuthal velocity variation index [Formula: see text], and the ratio of the density of solid particles to the initial density of the gas [Formula: see text]. The shock wave decays with an increase in the value of gas non-idealness parameter [Formula: see text].

The effect of magnetic field, the ratio of the density of solid particles to the initial density of the gas, non-idealness of the gas, mass concentration of micro size solid particles, adiabatic exponent, and the heat transfer parameters effect on one-dimensional shock wave propagation in a dusty gas with conductive and radiative heat fluxes in the presence of azimuthal or axial magnetic field in rotating medium have been investigated for cylindrical geometry. By using the similarity method a system of ordinary differential equations are derived from the system of governing equations of motion. The dusty gas is taken to be perfectly conducting mixture of non-ideal gas and small inert solid particles of micro size, in which solid particles are continuously distributed. It is understood that variable energy input is constantly supplied by the moving piston and the equilibrium flow conditions are maintained in the whole flow-field region. The results of numerical integration for the system of ordinary differential equations show that the magnetic field, mass concentration of solid particles, the ratio of the solid particles density to the gas initial density, non-idealness of the gas, adiabatic exponent and the heat transfer parameters have strong influence on the shock wave and on the flow variables. It is found that the presence of magnetic field, an increase in conductive and radiative heat transfer parameters and non-idealness of the gas have decaying effect on the shock wave; whereas the ratio of the solid particles density to the gas initial density or the adiabatic exponent have effect to increase the shock strength.

In this paper, the approximate analytical solution for the propagation of a blast (shock) wave in a rotating perfect gas in the case of cylindrical geometry is studied. The axial and azimuthal components of fluid velocity are taken into consideration, and these flow variables in the undisturbed medium are assumed to be varying according to the power laws with distance from the symmetry axis. The shock wave is considered to be strong one for the ratio $${\left(C/{W}_{S}\right)}^{2}$$ to be a small quantity, where $$C$$ is the sound velocity in undisturbed fluid and $${W}_{S}$$ is the shock wave velocity. The initial density in the undisturbed medium is taken to be constant to obtain the similarity solution. To obtain the approximate analytical solution, the flow variables are expanded in power series in power of $${\left(C/{W}_{S}\right)}^{2}.$$ The first- and second-order approximations to solutions are discussed with the help of power series expansion. The analytical solutions are constructed for the first-order approximation. The distribution of the flow variables for the first-order approximation in the flow-field region behind the blast wave is shown in graphs. A comparison is also made between the solutions obtained for non-rotating and rotating medium. It is shown that the constant quantity $${J}_{0}$$ in the flow field region behind the shock front increases in rotating medium in comparison with its value in non-rotating medium; but an increase in adiabatic exponent causes a decrease in it. Further, it is concluded that shock strength increases with adiabatic exponent and decreases due to the consideration of the rotating medium.

Sustainability in flow condition by maintaining the pour point and cloud point in storage and transportation of crude oil is always a challengeable task for petroleum industry. Thus solvent dewaxing is an effective process used in oil refinery for monitoring before the transportation of crude oil in pipelines with an efficient and selective blended chemical. The present work describes the solvent dewaxing process through by analysis of basic fundamental interactions with computations of different acoustic parameters in presence of a high frequency ultrasonic wave. Experiments were performed to investigate the molecular interaction in rheological properties of waxy crude oil by blended solvent over a temperature range of 293 K to 323 K. The wax yield efficiency in the crude oil indicates that the performance of solvents blends depends on its mole fraction, compatibility of blends and on temperature of treatment. Addition of sonicated solvent blends in the ratio of 10:1, 15:1 and 20:1 improves flow conditions in crude oil pipe lines and increases its pour point. The sonication study was also designed by artificial neural network (ANN) model using R-Software which has been developed for ultrasonic velocity and other related parameters. The proposed ANN model for dewaxing of crude oil with blended solvent in different operating conditions provides comparable results with average absolute deviation (AAD) less than 0.5%.

The approximate analytical solution for the propagation of gas ionizing cylindrical blast (shock) wave in a rotational axisymmetric non-ideal gas with azimuthal or axial magnetic field is investigated. The axial and azimuthal components of fluid velocity are taken into consideration and these flow variables, magnetic field in the ambient medium are assumed to be varying according to the power laws with distance from the axis of symmetry. The shock is supposed to be strong one for the ratio C 0 V s 2 ${\left(\frac{{C}_{0}}{{V}_{s}}\right)}^{2}$ to be a negligible small quantity, where C 0 is the sound velocity in undisturbed fluid and V S is the shock velocity. In the undisturbed medium the density is assumed to be constant to obtain the similarity solution. The flow variables in power series of C 0 V s 2 ${\left(\frac{{C}_{0}}{{V}_{s}}\right)}^{2}$ are expanded to obtain the approximate analytical solutions. The first order and second order approximations to the solutions are discussed with the help of power series expansion. For the first order approximation the analytical solutions are derived. In the flow-field region behind the blast wave the distribution of the flow variables in the case of first order approximation is shown in graphs. It is observed that in the flow field region the quantity J 0 increases with an increase in the value of gas non-idealness parameter or Alfven-Mach number or rotational parameter. Hence, the non-idealness of the gas and the presence of rotation or magnetic field have decaying effect on shock wave.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based rotating machinery fault diagnosis has extreme importance in the industrial automation and control systems since rotating machinery constitutes approximately 40% of the overall machinery in the industry. However, the majority of AI-based solutions in rotor faults diagnosis are in an experimental stage due to: 1) inadequate and unrealistic faulty data; 2) lack of opportunities to utilize domain-specific fault features; and 3) limitations in employing deep learning and advanced learning strategies. Moreover, structural rotor fault (SRF) is one of the critical but least addressed faults in rotor faults diagnosis even though it is the root cause of the majority of rotating machinery issues. Hence, we develop an SRF diagnosis framework, which addresses the issues of industrial data acquisition by creating a subsampled data set incorporating distinctive frequency components (DFC). The data scarcity and imbalance problems are handled through an augmentation method using soft-dynamic time warping (soft-DTW), enhanced by fault information content (FIC)-based weighing scheme. At the fault classification phase, we proposed an early classification (EC) approach for SRF that predicts the faults with an acceptable tradeoff between earliness and accuracy. In this line, first, a sequential deep learning classifier is developed by considering accuracy only as an objective. Then, early decision policy is defined by taking accuracy and earliness into account. The model demonstrated exceptional performance over state-of-the-art methods in SRF diagnosis and achieved 99.5% accuracy with 14% earliness on the Meggitt testbed data set and 98.32% accuracy with 55.68% earliness on the MaFaulDa data set.

The propagation of an ionizing cylindrical shock wave in rotational axisymmetric non-ideal gas under isothermal flow condition with an azimuthal magnetic field is investigated. The electrical conductivity is assumed to be negligible in the medium ahead of the shock wave, which after the passage of the shock wave becomes infinitely large. The magnetic pressure, azimuthal fluid velocity, and axial fluid velocity are assumed to be varying according to the power law with distance from the axis of symmetry in the undisturbed medium. The zeroth and first-order approximations are discussed by the aid of the power series method. Solutions for the zeroth-order approximation are constructed in analytical form. Distributions of hydrodynamical quantities are discussed. The effect of flow parameters, namely, shock wave Cowling number c∗, adiabatic exponent γ, rotational parameter L, and gas non-idealness parameter [Formula: see text] are studied on the flow variables. Due to the consideration of a rotating medium or due to the presence of magnetic field, the total energy of the disturbance increases, while with an increase in adiabatic exponent γ the total energy of the disturbance decreases. Density and pressure vanish near the axis of symmetry, thus forming a vacuum there.

An exact solution of the problem on the propagation of a cylindrical shock wave in a rotating perfect gas with an axial magnetic field in the case of an isothermal flow is obtained. The initial density, magnetic field strength, and the initial angular velocity in the ambient medium are assumed to vary according to the power law. An exact similarity solution obtained by the McVittie method for an isothermal flow in a rotating gas is first reported. Similarity transformations are used to transform a system of partial differential equations into a system of ordinary differential equations, and then the product solution of McVittie is used to obtain the exact solution. The effects of the values of the gas specific heat ratio, rotational parameter, and of the strength of the initial magnetic field are discussed. It is shown that the shock velocity increases and the shock strength decreases with increase in the values of these parameters. The effect of variation in the value of the initial density index is also studied. The obtained solutions show that the radial fluid velocity, density, pressure, and the magnetic field strength tend to zero as the axis of symmetry is approached.

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based rotor fault diagnosis (RFD) poses a variety of challenges to the prognostics and health management (PHM) of the Industry 4.0 revolution. Rotor faults have drawn more attention from the AI research community in terms of utilizing fault-specific characteristics in its feature engineering, compared to any other rotating machinery faults. While the rotor faults, specifically structural rotor faults (SRF), have proven to be the root cause of most of the rotating machinery issues, the research in this field largely revolves around bearing and gear faults. Within this scenario, this paper is the first of its kind to attempt to review and define the role of AI in RFD and provides an all-encompassing review of rotor faults for the researchers and academics. In addition, this study is unique in three ways: (i) it emphasizes the use of fault-specific characteristic features with AI, (ii) it is grounded in fault-wise analysis rather than component-wise analysis with appropriate fault categorization, and (iii) it portrays the current research and analysis in accordance with different phases of an AI-based RFD framework. Finally, the section on future research directions is aimed at bridging the gap between a laboratory-based solution and a real-world industrial solution for RFD.

Flexible Silicone tubes possess superior qualities such as higher corrosion resistance, purity, strength, and inertness compared to other flexible tubes. Hence, these tubes own broad applicability in medical applications as well as other industrial applications. An unsteady flow through the flexible tube can induce severe internal excitation, which results in the flow-induced vibrations. Such vibrations at resonance can cause severe damage to the structure. Concerning the flexible tubes used in sophisticated medical applications, it is imperative to eliminate the structural vibrations, as far as possible. The present study examines the dynamics of the silicone tube under internal excitation due to pulsatile flow. It includes the investigation of the effect of pre-stretch and mean flow velocity on the dynamic behaviour of flexible tube by conducting parametric studies using the operational modal analysis technique. The influence of the mean flow velocity in the flexible tube is a proportional variation in the magnitude of vibration concerning fluid flow rate. An advance in pre-stretch causes a decrease in sagging, and the tube tends to retrieve its original circular cylindrical shape. Owing to this, when the tube is excited due to internal pulsation, the difference between the magnitude of vibration in the horizontal and vertical plane at resonance condition reduces, and the natural frequencies at different planes nearly become equal at higher pre-stretch, where sagging is negligible. The study reveals that for flexible tubes, the tube vibration always stabilizes in an arbitrary plane under excitation due to pulsation. This investigation exhibits that impact hammer excitation is better than constrained external excitation to find the fundamental frequencies of the flexible tube conveying fluid.

Similarity solution for the propagation of a spherical shock wave in a self-gravitating perfect gas with an azimuthal magnetic field in the case of isothermal flow is investigated. The density and azimuthal magnetic field strength in the ambient medium are assumed to vary and obey power laws. An exact similarity solution obtained using the McVittie method in the case of isothermal flow is reported for the first time. The obtained solutions show that the radial fluid velocity, density, pressure, magnetic field strength, and the mass tend to zero as the point of symmetry is approached. The effects of the changes in the values of the adiabatic exponent γ and the exponent w in the variation of an initial density are considered in detail. It is shown that the magnetic field strength and mass increase with γ, whereas an increase in w exerts the reverse effect on these flow variables.

Background: The number of patients undergoing combined orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery is increasing. Hence, this study aimed to examine the impact of combined orthodontic and orthognathic treatment procedures on the life quality of patients with skeletal malocclusion. Materials and methods: 15 patients who had to undergo combined orthodontic and orthognathic treatment procedures were subjected to 22-item Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire customised for the study. The questions were grouped into 4 domains – aesthethic, awareness, pschyological and social domains. They were assessed in three time lines - rst when they are explained and made aware of the treatment plan (T0), T1 when the orthodontic treatment is almost complete, and the patient is made ready for orthognathic surgery, then 6 months after the completion of the combined orthodontic-orthognathic surgery (T2). Results: Out of 15 patients, 9 were females and 6 were males between the age of 18-25 years. As the treatment progressed changes were noted in the patient's attitude. During T1 signicant change was observed in functional outcome – chewing. At T2 signicant changes were observe in esthetic, functional, social and psychological components (p

Similarity solutions for the propagation of a spherical shock wave generated by a moving piston in a nonideal gas under the influence of a gravitational field and azimuthal magnetic field with monochromatic radiation are obtained. The gravitational field is due to a central mass at the origin, i.e., the Roche model is valid. The gravitational effect of the gas itself is neglected in comparison with the attraction of the central mass at the origin. We considered that the radiation flux moves through an electrically conducting nonideal gas with constant intensity and energy is absorbed only behind the shock which moves in the direction opposite to the radiation flux. The results are discussed and compared with ones for a perfect gas, as well as for the cases of the influence of the gravitational field and of the absence of this field. The effect of the variations of the Alfven–Mach number, gravitational parameter, adiabatic exponent, and of the parameter of gas nonidealness are discussed in details.

The success of technological revolution by development of many high-tech electronic devices causes a basic communication problem called electromagnetic interference (EMI).Thus reduction of such EMI is now a challenging issues for technocrafts. Synthesis of high cost ceramic material for such EMI reduction, is tedious one for which it needs an alternative material like rice husk for synthesis of such shielding material. At X-band frequency the material have good attenuation coefficient of EMI which is found to be increases with increase of frequencies. The dielectric values of the synthesized dielectric material with epoxy resin shows that the fabricated material have good microwave absorption property rather reflection.

A woodpecker can drum the surface of a tree at a rate of 18 to 22 times per second with a deceleration of 1200 g without experiencing any blackout or brain damage. A woodpecker is able to do this because of its unique head structure (beak, hyoid, spongy bone and skull bone with cerebrospinal fluid). A novel woodpecker beak inspired shock absorbing structure comprising of different layers like steel, foam, aluminium and a core containing beads was fabricated. It is then subjected to free vibration analysis considering the beam as cantilever structure. The logarithmic decay curve for each component was plotted using software integrated with the vibration test apparatus. Values for damping were found out for each layer as well as combination of different layers. Damping values obtained were then compared. The increased damping properties can find applications in developing impact shock resisting structures and hybrid shock absorber design.

Due to awareness and benefits of goat rearing in developing economies, goats' significance is increasing. Unfortunately, these ruminants are threatened via multiple bacterial pathogens such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). In goat kids and lambs, EPEC causes gastrointestinal disease leading to substantial economic losses for farmers and may also pose a threat to public health via the spread of zoonotic diseases. Management of infection is primarily based on antibiotics, but the need for new therapeutic measures as an alternative to antibiotics is becoming vital because of the advent of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The prevalence of EPEC was established using bfpA gene, uspA gene and Stx1 gene, followed by phylogenetic analysis using Stx1 gene. The lytic activity of the isolated putative coliphages was tested on multi-drug resistant strains of EPEC. It was observed that a PCR based approach is more effective and rapid as compared to phenotypic tests of Escherichia coli virulence. It was also established that the isolated bacteriophages exhibited potent antibacterial efficacy in vitro, with some of the isolates (16%) detected as T4 and T4-like phages based on gp23 gene. Hence, bacteriophages as therapeutic agents may be explored as an alternative to antibiotics in managing public, livestock and environmental health in this era of AMR.