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Introduction: Emerging research has highlighted COVID-19's profound impact on the nervous system, with ongoing debate regarding its severity and the emergence of peripheral neurological disorders. This study delves into the correlation between COVID-19 severity and electromyographic abnormalities in hospitalized patients, aiming to elucidate the nature and extent of neuromuscular dysfunction associated with the disease. Methods: In a retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study, we analyzed data from 170 patients treated at the North Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit between July 2020 and April 2021. Post-COVID-19 patients underwent comprehensive motor and sensory nerve conduction studies. Spearman's correlation and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to examine the relationship between disease severity and electromyographic findings. Results: Of the 170 patients in the study, 71.17% were male and 28.82% female, with an average age of 48 years; the subgroup of patients with severe clinical classification predominated at 68.23%. Spearman's correlation yielded values higher than 0.5 for all parameters analyzed concerning severity classification. A significant difference was found in the average of non-evoked motor and sensory nerves, motor nerves with latency, amplitude, and conduction velocity impairment, and affected muscles regarding critical classification. Conclusion: Our study showed a relationship between the severity of COVID-19 and an increase in non-evoked motor and sensory nerves, impaired motor nerve latency, amplitude, and velocity, and more affected muscles, particularly in critical cases. Resumen: Introducción: Investigaciones emergentes han destacado el profundo impacto del COVID-19 en el sistema nervioso, con un debate en curso sobre su gravedad y la aparición de trastornos neurológicos periféricos. Este estudio profundiza en la correlación entre la gravedad del COVID-19 y las anomalías electroneuromiográficas en pacientes hospitalizados, con el objetivo de dilucidar la naturaleza y el alcance de la disfunción neuromuscular asociada con la enfermedad. Métodos: En un estudio retrospectivo, transversal y observacional, analizamos datos de 170 pacientes atendidos en la Unidad de Medicina Física y Rehabilitación del Norte entre julio de 2020 y abril de 2021. Los pacientes posteriores a COVID-19 se sometieron a estudios completos de conducción nerviosa motora y sensorial. Las pruebas de correlación de Spearman y Kruskal-Wallis se utilizaron para examinar la relación entre la gravedad de la enfermedad y los hallazgos electroneuromiográficos. Resultados: De los 170 pacientes del estudio, 71.17% correspondieron al sexo masculino y 28.82% al femenino; con edad promedio de 48 años; predominando el subgrupo de pacientes con clasificación clínica grave con el 68.23%. Respecto a la correlación de Spearman se obtuvieron valores mayores a 0.5 en todos los parámetros analizados respecto a clasificación de severidad. Se encontró diferencia significativa en promedio de nervios motores y sensoriales no evocados, nervios motores con afectación en latencia, amplitud y velocidad de neuroconducción, y de músculos afectados respecto a clasificación crítica. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio mostró una relación entre la gravedad de la COVID-19 y el aumento de los nervios motores y sensoriales no evocados, el deterioro de la latencia, amplitud y velocidad de los nervios motores, y más músculos afectados, especialmente en casos críticos. Sin embargo, no se encuentra correlación directa entre la gravedad de la COVID-19 y los hallazgos electroneuromiográficos en los pacientes evaluados.

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a frequent normal phenomenon in children of any age. It is more common in infants, in whom the majority of episodes are short-lived and cause no other symptoms or complications, differentiating it from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The diagnosis and management of GER and GERD continue to be a challenge for the physician. Therefore, the aim of the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología was to adapt international documents to facilitate their adoption by primary care physicians, with the goal of standardizing quality of care and reducing the number of diagnostic tests performed and inappropriate medication use.The ADAPTE methodology was followed, and the recommendations were approved utilizing the Delphi strategy. The executive committee carried out the review of the guidelines, position papers, and international reviews that met the a priori quality criteria and possible applicability in a local context. The recommendations were taken from those sources and adapted, after which they were approved by the working group. The consensus consists of 25 statements and their supporting information on the diagnosis and treatment of GER and GERD in infants. The adapted document is the first systematic effort to provide an adequate consensus for use in Mexico, proposing a practical approach to and management of GER and GERD for healthcare providers. Resumen: El reflujo gastroesofágico (RGE), es un fenómeno frecuente y normal en niños de cualquier edad, siendo más común en lactantes, donde la mayoría de los episodios son breves y no causan otros síntomas ni complicaciones, lo que lo diferencia de la Enfermedad por Reflujo Gastroesofágico (ERGE). El diagnóstico y manejo del RGE y la ERGE siguen siendo un desafío para el médico; es por esto qué la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología tuvo como objetivo adaptar los documentos internacionales, para facilitar la adopción por parte de los profesionales de atención primaria, con la intención de estandarizar la calidad de la atención y reducir el número de pruebas diagnósticas y el uso inapropiado de medicamentos.La metodología que se siguió fue ADAPTE y para la aprobación de las recomendaciones se utilizó la estrategia Delphi. El comité ejecutivo realizó la revisión de guías, documentos de posición y revisiones internacionales, que cumplían a priori, los criterios de calidad y posible aplicabilidad al contexto local, de los cuales se extrajeron y adecuaron las recomendaciones que posteriormente fueron aprobadas por el grupo de desarrollo. El consenso contiene 25 enunciados junto con sus consideraciones de sustento, para el diagnóstico y tratamiento del RGE y de la ERGE en lactantes. El documento de adaptación representa el primer esfuerzo sistemático por adecuar un consenso para su uso en el contexto nacional, propone un enfoque y manejo prácticos de RGE y ERGE para los proveedores de atención médica.

Abstract Survival in multiple myeloma has improved significantly in recent years, especially in young patients. We reviewed the evolution of the survival of patients with MM in three groups based on age at MM diagnosis over three time periods between 1999 and 2020 at our 12 de Octubre Hospital institution (H12O). Then, to confirm our results, we used data from TriNetx, a global health research platform that includes patients from Europe to US. Finally, we analysed differences in the patterns of treatment between networks across the world. Kaplan‒Meier analysis was used to estimate survival probabilities, and between-group differences were tested using the log-rank test and hazard ratio. For patients from H12O, the median OS was 35.61, 55.59 and 68.67 months for the 1999–2009, 2010–2014 and 2015–2020 cohorts, respectively (p = 0.0001). Among all patients included in the EMEA network, the median OS was 20.32 months versus 34.75 months from 1999–2009 versus 2010–2014. The median OS from the 2010–2014 versus 2015–2020 time cohorts was 34.75 months versus 54.43 months, respectively. In relation to the US cohort, the median OS from before 2010 versus 2010–2014 was not reached in either time cohort and neither when comparing the 2010–2014 versus 2015–2019 time cohorts. Bortezomib is the most commonly used drug in the EMEA cohort, while lenalidomide is the most commonly used drug in the US cohort. This large-scale study based on real-world data confirms the previous finding that MM patients have increased their survival in the last two decades.

Pure and niobium doped bismuth titanate ceramics Bi4Ti3−xNbxO12(Nb−BiT) with x ranging from 0% to 2% are prepared by sol–gel method. Pellets are sintered by pressureless sintering (PLS) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). Raman spectroscopy indicates distortion in the structure due to the substitution of titanium by niobium. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) displays the Nb integration to the bismuth titanate ceramic structure. X-ray diffraction shows no secondary phases and offers clues about crystallographic texturing due to the SPS technique. The shape and size of the grains are strongly influenced by the niobium added to the system as reported by scanning electron microscopy. Ferroelectric hysteresis loops exhibit the effect of the niobium and the texturing on the ferroelectric behavior. Higher values of remanent polarization are reported for PLS samples. In comparison with PLS, higher values of the relative permittivity are reported for SPS samples due to the non-homogeneous incorporation of Nb. Resumen: El titanato de bismuto puro y dopado con niobio Bi4Ti3−xNbxO12(Nb−BiT), en un rango de x entre 0 a 2%, es obtenido por el método sol-gel. La densificación de las muestras cerámicas se desarrolla por medio de sinterizado tradicional y asistido por arcos eléctricos. La espectroscopia Raman reporta evidencia de la distorsión en la estructura debido a la sustitución de titanio por niobio. La espectroscopia de fotoelectrones emitidos por rayos X muestra la integración del niobio en la estructura cerámica de titanato de bismuto. La difracción de rayos X no muestra fases secundarias y ofrece pistas sobre la textura cristalográfica debido a la técnica de sinterizado asistido por arcos eléctricos. La forma y el tamaño de los granos están fuertemente influidos por el niobio agregado al sistema, según lo reportado por la microscopia electrónica de barrido. Los lazos de histéresis ferroeléctrica exhiben el efecto del niobio y la textura sobre el comportamiento ferroeléctrico. Se reportan valores más altos de polarización remanente para muestras obtenidas por sinterizado tradicional. En comparación con el sinterizado tradicional, las muestras obtenidas por sinterizado asistido por arcos eléctricos muestran los valores más altos de la permitividad relativa debido a la distribución no homogénea de la incorporación del niobio.

ABSTRACTBinary sulfides were deposited by sequential thermal evaporation with the stacking order glass/CuS/SnS/ZnS and subsequently subjected to a sulfurization-crystallization process, considering two thermal treatment time intervals, 5 and 20 min. The objective of implementing different annealing durations was to identify the best conditions to form CZTS films in the pure kesterite phase. After being subjected to the annealing, the films show structural characteristics of the kesterite phase. However, XRD data showed that prolonged annealing causes degradation of the kesterite phase, leading to the formation of traces of CuS and Cu5Sn2S7. The films annealed for shorter duration, in this case 5 min, present a denser and more uniform surface morphology, better degree of preferential orientation, small Urbach energy of 0.302 eV, and higher photosensitivity. The band gap of the films was 1.46 eV and 1.53 eV for annealing durations 5 and 20 min, respectively.

Introduction Disorganized attachment has been described as an important risk factor for developing serious mental disorders in childhood, adolescence and adulthood, such as borderline personality disorder, psychoses, afective disorders, and a higher suicide risk, for instance. Bonding disorders (BD) in parents are related to insecure and disorganized attachment in children. BD can be early diagnosed at 4 to 6 weeks after birth. Objectives Determine if there is a significant difference between the results of the prevalence of affective disorders, disorganized attachment, and suicidal risk five years after the birth of the offspring of parents with and without attachment disorders detected in the first year postpartum during the covid-19 pandemic. Methods Describe a pilot project of an analytical prospective study following a cohort of parents from the cohort SAMPECO/PEMHSCO (Perinatal Mental Health in Spain during the Covid-19 pandemic). The cohort is planned to be divided into two groups: with bonding disorders an without bonding disorders, which was established using the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (Brockington, 2006). Follow the offspring of both groups for 5 years and compare the results of disorganized attachment, affective disorders and suicide risk. Results The cohort SAMPECO/PEMHSCO was recruited between March 2021 and June 2022. There was measured postpartum depression in mothers and fathers using the EPDS and bonding disorders in parents using the PBQ validated to the Spaniard population. More than 1500 families were involved at the beginning and around 450 families finished the follow-up six months after birth. Around 500 families were lost because of non-right contact information. Conclusions The covid-19 pandemic has seriously affected the mental health of the general population. Consequently, there is a higher demand for mental health assistance by public and private sanity sectors. Currently, the youth population is suffering very much from the consequences of isolation and other social factors, and many families who had babies in this period haven’t had enough support to breed and look after both their babies and themselves. Some papers suggest that the prevalence of perinatal mental disorders in parents has increased since the covid-19 pandemic because of several factors. Paradoxically, despite the high preventive potential of early intervention in the perinatal period, there are not yet exist well-equipped perinatal mental health units to solve this problem. It is urgent to boost the development of Perinatal Mental Health Services to prevent a major worsening of the situation and to prevent the increasing rate of severe mental disorders in children, adolescents and adults. Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Abstract We calculate the ratios R τ/P ≡ Γ (τ → Pν τ [γ]) /Γ (P → μν μ [γ]) (P = π, K) at one loop following a large-N C expansion where Chiral Perturbation Theory is enlarged by including the lightest resonances and respecting the short-distance behavior dictated by QCD. We find δR τ/π = (0.18 ± 0.57)% and δR τ/K = (0.97 ± 0.58)%, where the uncertainties are induced fundamentally by the counterterms. We test the lepton universality, obtaining |g τ /g μ | π = 0.9964 ± 0.0038 and |g τ /g μ | K = 0.9857 ± 0.0078, and analyze the CKM unitarity, getting results at 2.1σ and 1.5σ from unitarity via |V us /V ud | and |V us |, respectively. We also update the search for non-standard interactions in τ decays. As a by-product, we report the theoretical radiative corrections to the τ → Pν τ [γ] decay rates: δ τπ = −(0.24 ± 0.56)% and δ τK = −(0.15 ± 0.57)%.

Resumen: Antecedentes y objetivos: Existe una gran variabilidad en los contenidos de los programas y cursos de capacitación artroscópica para cirujanos ortopédicos durante su etapa de formación. Cabe destacar que no hay consenso en cuál es la metodología más efectiva ni como debería realizarse la evaluación cualitativa de los mismos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio con el objetivo de evaluar qué influencia tiene la realización de un curso cadavérico práctico para el desarrollo de habilidades artroscópicas en residentes de quinto año. Material y métodos: Se realizó curso práctico de artroscopia de rodilla en cadáveres, donde participaron 48 alumnos. Previo al comienzo y tras la finalización del curso se llevó a cabo una evaluación práctica, donde se recogieron en un cuestionario específico diferentes aspectos técnicos al realizar una artroscopia de rodilla, así como la destreza y el tiempo de ejecución. Resultados: Se obtuvo una mejoría estadísticamente significativa, evolucionando de una puntuación inicial de 11,7 a 17,1 (para un máximo de 20) puntos tras la evaluación final. La mejoría en cada uno de los parámetros de manera aislada también fue significativa: la identificación de estructuras anatómicas durante el recorrido artroscópico básico (p = 0,001), la palpación de estructuras específicas (p = 0,032) y el tiempo necesario para completar el recorrido artroscópico (p = 0,015). Conclusiones: La realización de un curso práctico de artroscopia de rodilla en cadáver permitió mejorar significativamente las habilidades técnicas de los cirujanos en formación. Abstract: Background and objectives: There currently is a considerable variability in the content of training programs and courses for orthopaedic surgeons in training. Besides this, there is still no consensus regarding which is the most effective methodology for improving learning of the technique or for its qualitative evaluation. A study was carried out to assess the influence of carrying out a cadaveric practical course on the acquisition of arthroscopic technical skills in fifth-year residents. Material and methods: A knee arthroscopy cadaveric course was performed in which 48 students participated. Different technical aspects during a knee arthroscopy, as well as the residents skill and the execution time were evaluated before and after the course using a specific questionnaire. Results: There was a significant statistic improvement between the initial and final evaluation, increasing from 11,7 till 17,1 (maximum 20) points. Also, a significant improvement in all the parameters analysed was observed; the identification of anatomic structures (p = 0.001), the palpation of specific structures (p = 0.032), and the time necessary for the arthroscopic knee check (p = 0.015). Conclusions: A knee arthroscopy cadaveric course improves significantly the technical skills of surgeons in training.

There has been a recent increase in the consumption of cow's milk substitutes, specifically plant-based beverages, which have erroneously been named “plant milks”. Plant-based beverages do not have a standard of identity, and so their nutritional composition can vary from one brand to another, even within the same category. The aim of the present narrative review was to produce a technical opinion to serve as a frame of reference for sustaining the recommendation of soy plant-based beverages. Nutrition and gastroenterology experts that belong to the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología jointly commented on and analyzed themes on plant-based beverages, and on soy drinks in particular, including their nutritional characteristics, consumption in children, and potential growth and development alterations, as well as soy drink consumption in adults and its association with gastrointestinal alterations and other conditions. Plant-based beverages, including those made from soy, are not a replacement for breastmilk or breastmilk substitutes. Soy beverages are considered safe and can enrich the varied diet of its consumers, as long as they are considered an additional liquid portion of the diet. They can be ingested by adults and children above two years of age that present with cow's milk protein allergy or lactose intolerance. Resumen: Recientemente ha habido un aumento en el consumo de sustitutos de la leche de vaca, específicamente bebidas de origen vegetal, a las cuales de forma equivocada se les ha dado el nombre de «leches vegetales». Las bebidas vegetales no tienen un estándar de identidad, por lo que su composición nutricional puede variar de marca en marca, inclusive dentro de la misma categoría. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa fue generar una opinión técnica que sirva como marco de referencia para sustentar la recomendación sobre el consumo de bebida vegetal de soya. Expertos en nutrición y en gastroenterología de la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología comentaron y analizaron de forma conjunta temas acerca de las bebidas vegetales, específicamente de la bebida vegetal de soya, sus características nutrimentales, su consumo en el niño y potenciales alteraciones en el crecimiento y desarrollo, así como del consumo de la bebida de soya en el adulto, y asociaciones con alteraciones del aparato digestivo y otras condiciones. Las bebidas vegetales, incluida la bebida vegetal de soya no son un sustituto de la leche materna ni de los sucedáneos de la leche materna. Las bebidas vegetales de soya son consideradas seguras y pueden enriquecer la dieta variada de los consumidores, siempre y cuando se considere como una más de las porciones líquidas de la dieta. Pueden ser ingeridas por pacientes adultos y niños mayores de dos años con alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca o intolerancia a la lactosa.

Resumen: Recientemente ha habido un aumento en el consumo de sustitutos de la leche de vaca, específicamente bebidas de origen vegetal, a las cuales de forma equivocada se les ha dado el nombre de «leches vegetales». Las bebidas vegetales no tienen un estándar de identidad, por lo que su composición nutricional puede variar de marca en marca, inclusive dentro de la misma categoría. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa fue generar una opinión técnica que sirva como marco de referencia para sustentar la recomendación sobre el consumo de bebida vegetal de soya. Expertos en nutrición y en gastroenterología de la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología comentaron y analizaron de forma conjunta temas acerca de las bebidas vegetales, específicamente de la bebida vegetal de soya, sus características nutrimentales, su consumo en el niño y potenciales alteraciones en el crecimiento y desarrollo, así como del consumo de la bebida de soya en el adulto, y asociaciones con alteraciones del aparato digestivo y otras condiciones. Las bebidas vegetales, incluida la bebida vegetal de soya no son un sustituto de la leche materna ni de los sucedáneos de la leche materna. Las bebidas vegetales de soya son consideradas seguras y pueden enriquecer la dieta variada de los consumidores, siempre y cuando se considere como una más de las porciones líquidas de la dieta. Pueden ser ingeridas por pacientes adultos y niños mayores de dos años con alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca o intolerancia a la lactosa. Abstract: There has been a recent increase in the consumption of cow's milk substitutes, specifically plant-based beverages, which have erroneously been named “plant milks”. Plant-based beverages do not have a standard of identity, and so their nutritional composition can vary from one brand to another, even within the same category. The aim of the present narrative review was to produce a technical opinion to serve as a frame of reference for sustaining the recommendation of soy plant-based beverages. Nutrition and gastroenterology experts that belong to the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología jointly commented on and analyzed themes on plant-based beverages, and on soy drinks in particular, including their nutritional characteristics, consumption in children, and potential growth and development alterations, as well as soy drink consumption in adults and its association with gastrointestinal alterations and other conditions. Plant-based beverages, including those made from soy, are not a replacement for breastmilk or breastmilk substitutes. Soy beverages are considered safe and can enrich the varied diet of its consumers, as long as they are considered an additional liquid portion of the diet. They can be ingested by adults and children above two years of age that present with cow's milk protein allergy or lactose intolerance.

Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: La dieta libre de gluten (DLG) es indispensable para los pacientes con enfermedad celíaca (EC). Sin embargo, también se ha descrito que esta dieta aumenta el riesgo de síndrome metabólico (SM). La evidencia respecto a los efectos metabólicos de una DLG en pacientes con sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca (SGNC) y en sujetos asintomáticos se desconoce. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos metabólicos de una DLG durante 6 meses en pacientes con EC, SGNC y controles asintomáticos. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo en donde de forma basal y a los 6 meses se evaluaron los componentes del SM como obesidad, esteatosis hepática, hiperglucemia e hipertensión arterial. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 66 sujetos (22 EC, 22 SGNC y 22 controles asintomáticos). De forma basal el 10% de los pacientes con EC tuvo obesidad, SM, hipertensión y esteatosis hepática. Después de 6 meses el 20% de los pacientes desarrolló SM y obesidad (p = 0.125). En los pacientes con SGNC la obesidad después de la DLG aumentó en un 5%, mientras que el 20% tuvo esteatosis hepática de novo. En el caso de los controles la DLG disminuyó la prevalencia de obesidad en un 10% (30% vs. 20%, p = 0.5) sin afectar los otros componentes del SM. Conclusiones: Los beneficios y riesgos metabólicos de una DLG deben considerarse cuando se prescriben este tipo de dietas en las diferentes poblaciones que optan por este tipo de intervención. Abstract: Introduction and objectives: It is essential for patients with celiac disease (CD) to be on a gluten-free diet (GFD) but said diet has also been reported to increase the risk for metabolic syndrome. There is no evidence on the metabolic effects of a GFD in patients with nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) or in asymptomatic subjects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the metabolic effects of a GFD over a 6-month period in patients with CD, patients with NCGS, and in asymptomatic controls (ACs). Materials and methods: A prospective study was conducted that evaluated metabolic syndrome and its components of obesity, high blood pressure, hepatic steatosis, and hyperglycemia at the baseline and at 6 months. Results: A total of 66 subjects (22 CD, 22 NCGS, and 22 AC) were included in the study. At the baseline, 10% of the patients with CD presented with obesity, high blood pressure, hepatic steatosis, and metabolic syndrome. After 6 months, obesity and metabolic syndrome increased by 20% (p = 0.125). In the patients with NCGS, obesity increased by 5% after the GFD and 20% of those patients presented with de novo hepatic steatosis. The prevalence of obesity decreased by 10% in the controls after the GFD (30 vs 20%, p = 0.5) and none of the other components of metabolic syndrome were affected. Conclusions: The metabolic benefits and risks of a GFD should be considered when prescribing said diet in the different populations that opt for that type of intervention. Palabras clave: Enfermedad celíaca, Gluten, Sensibilidad, Obesidad, Síndrome metabólico, Keywords: Celiac disease, Gluten, Sensitivity, Obesity, Metabolic syndrome

Introduction and objectives: It is essential for patients with celiac disease (CD) to be on a gluten-free diet (GFD) but said diet has also been reported to increase the risk for metabolic syndrome. There is no evidence on the metabolic effects of a GFD in patients with nonceliac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) or in asymptomatic subjects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the metabolic effects of a GFD over a 6-month period in patients with CD, patients with NCGS, and in asymptomatic controls (ACs). Materials and methods: A prospective study was conducted that evaluated metabolic syndrome and its components of obesity, high blood pressure, hepatic steatosis, and hyperglycemia at the baseline and at 6 months. Results: A total of 66 subjects (22 CD, 22 NCGS, and 22 AC) were included in the study. At the baseline, 10% of the patients with CD presented with obesity, high blood pressure, hepatic steatosis, and metabolic syndrome. After 6 months, obesity and metabolic syndrome increased by 20% (p = 0.125). In the patients with NCGS, obesity increased by 5% after the GFD and 20% of those patients presented with de novo hepatic steatosis. The prevalence of obesity decreased by 10% in the controls after the GFD (30 vs 20%, p = 0.5) and none of the other components of metabolic syndrome were affected. Conclusions: The metabolic benefits and risks of a GFD should be considered when prescribing said diet in the different populations that opt for that type of intervention. Resumen: Introducción y objetivos: La dieta libre de gluten (DLG) es indispensable para los pacientes con enfermedad celíaca (EC). Sin embargo, también se ha descrito que esta dieta aumenta el riesgo de síndrome metabólico (SM). La evidencia respecto a los efectos metabólicos de una DLG en pacientes con sensibilidad al gluten no celíaca (SGNC) y en sujetos asintomáticos se desconoce. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos metabólicos de una DLG durante 6 meses en pacientes con EC, SGNC y controles asintomáticos. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo en donde de forma basal y a los 6 meses se evaluaron los componentes del SM como obesidad, esteatosis hepática, hiperglucemia e hipertensión arterial. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 66 sujetos (22 EC, 22 SGNC y 22 controles asintomáticos). De forma basal el 10% de los pacientes con EC tuvo obesidad, SM, hipertensión y esteatosis hepática. Después de 6 meses el 20% de los pacientes desarrolló SM y obesidad (p = 0.125). En los pacientes con SGNC la obesidad después de la DLG aumentó en un 5%, mientras que el 20% tuvo esteatosis hepática de novo. En el caso de los controles la DLG disminuyó la prevalencia de obesidad en un 10% (30% vs. 20%, p = 0.5) sin afectar los otros componentes del SM. Conclusiones: Los beneficios y riesgos metabólicos de una DLG deben considerarse cuando se prescriben este tipo de dietas en las diferentes poblaciones que optan por este tipo de intervención.

Background/Aims. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the neoplasms with the highest incidence and mortality rate in men worldwide. Advanced stages of the disease are usually very aggressive, and most are treated with chemotherapeutic drugs that generally cause side effects in these patients. However, additional therapeutic targets such as the IL6R/STAT-3 axis and TIGIT have been proposed, mainly due to their relevance in the development of PCa and regulation of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Here, we evaluate the effect of inhibitors directed against these therapeutic targets primarily via an analysis of NK cell function versus prostate cancer cells. Methods. We analyzed the secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in 22Rv1, LNCaP, and DU145 cells. In these cells, we also evaluated the expression of NK ligands, IL6R, STAT-3, and phosporylated STAT-3. In NK-92 cells, we evaluated the effects of Stattic (Stt) and tocilizumab (Tcz) on NK receptors. In addition, we assessed if the disruption of the IL6R/STAT-3 pathway and blockade of TIGIT potentiated the cytotoxicity of NK-92 cells versus DU145 cells. Results. DU145 abundantly secretes M-CSF, VEGF, IL-6, CXCL8, and TGF-β. Furthermore, the expression of CD155 was found to increase in accordance with aggressiveness and metastatic status in the prostate cancer cells. Stt and Tcz induce a decrease in STAT-3 phosphorylation in the DU145 cells and, in turn, induce an increase of NKp46 and a decrease of TIGIT expression in NK-92 cells. Finally, the disruption of the IL6R/STAT-3 axis in prostate cancer cells and the blocking of TIGIT on NK-92 were observed to increase the cytotoxicity of NK-92 cells against DU145 cells through an increase in sFasL, granzyme A, granzyme B, and granulysin. Conclusions. Our results reveal that the combined use of inhibitors directed against the IL6R/STAT-3 axis and TIGIT enhances the functional activity of NK cells against castration-resistant prostate cancer cells.

Sn@Pt core-shell nanocatalysts, supported on Vulcan XC-72 and home-developed nitrogen-doped graphene (Sn@Pt/C and Sn@Pt/NG, respectively), were evaluated for the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) in acid electrolyte. The nanocatalysts were synthesized by the bromide anion exchange (BAE) method. TEM characterization confirmed the nanosize nature of Sn@Pt/C and Sn@Pt/NG, with an average particle size of 2.1 and 2.3 nm, respectively. Sn@Pt/C delivered a similar mass limiting current density (jl, m) of the HOR compared to Sn@Pt/NG, which was higher than those of Pt/C and Pt/NG (ca. 2 and 2.3-fold increase, respectively). Moreover, the Sn@Pt/C and Sn@Pt/NG core-shell nanocatalysts demonstrated a higher specific activity related to Pt/C and Pt/NG. Mass and specific Tafel slopes further demonstrated the improved catalytic activity of Sn@Pt/C for the HOR, followed by Sn@Pt/NG. The application of the nanocatalysts was proposed for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC).

First-principle calculations have been performed to explore the initial stages of the zinc blende-like germanium carbide epitaxial growth on the gallium nitride (001)-(2 × 2) surface. First, we studied the Ge/C monolayer adsorption and incorporation at high symmetry sites. Results show that the adsorptions at the top and hcp1 sites are the most stable structures of C and Ge, respectively. Different terminated surfaces were used on the GeC epitaxial growth. According to the surface formation energies, only the first two bilayers are stable; therefore, the GeC epitaxial growth is favorable only under N-rich conditions on a Ge-terminated surface and with Ge bilayers terminated. In addition, it is demonstrated that GeC bilayers on the C-terminated surfaces are unstable and preclude the epitaxial growth. Electronic properties have been investigated by calculating the density of states (DOS) and the projected density of states (PDOS) of the most favorable structures.

Resumen: Esta revisión de la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología sobre edulcorantes no calóricos (ENC) se realizó con el fin de analizar y responder a través de una amplia revisión bibliográfica, algunas de las preguntas y preocupaciones más frecuentes sobre la ingestión de ENC en pacientes con alteraciones gastrointestinales. Un grupo de gastroenterólogos, expertos en nutrición, toxicología, microbiología y endocrinología, revisó y analizó la literatura publicada en este tópico. El grupo de trabajo generó conclusiones basadas en la evidencia científica publicada para emitir una opinión respecto a su ingestión. En este sentido, la evidencia existente hasta el día de hoy no confirma el potencial carcinogénico de los ENC; sin embargo, los estudios evaluados mostraron que la sacarina podría tener un efecto proinflamatorio y los polioles pueden causar síntomas y manifestaciones gastrointestinales dependiendo del tipo y dosis del compuesto. La ingestión de xilitol, eritritol, sucralosa, aspartame, acesulfame K y sacarina podrían incrementar la secreción de hormonas gastrointestinales reguladoras de la motilidad intestinal. Los glucósidos de esteviol podrían tener un efecto favorable en el porcentaje de grasa hepática. Se debe tener precaución en la recomendación de la ingestión de aspartame en pacientes con hepatopatía crónica debido a que disminuye la relación entre aminoácidos de cadena ramificada y aromáticos. Además, la ingestión de ENC podría modificar la composición de la microbiota intestinal y esto tener efectos sobre los síntomas y manifestaciones gastrointestinales. Es importante que se continúe realizando estudios de causalidad en humanos para poder establecer recomendaciones sobre la ingestión de ENC. Abstract: The present review of noncaloric sweeteners (NCSs) by the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología was carried out to analyze and answer some of the most frequent questions and concerns about NCS consumption in patients with gastrointestinal disorders, through a thorough review of the medical literature. A group of gastroenterologists and experts on nutrition, toxicology, microbiology, and endocrinology reviewed and analyzed the published literature on the topic. The working group formulated conclusions, based on the scientific evidence published, to give an opinion with respect to NCS ingestion. Current evidence does not confirm the carcinogenic potential of NCSs. However, the studies analyzed showed that saccharin could have a proinflammatory effect and that polyols can cause gastrointestinal symptoms and manifestations, depending on the dose and type of compound. The ingestion of xylitol, erythritol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame K, and saccharin could increase the secretion of the gastrointestinal hormones that regulate intestinal motility, and stevia and its derivatives could have a favorable effect on the percentage of liver fat. Caution should be taken in recommending aspartame consumption in patients with chronic liver disease because it reduces the ratio of branched-chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids. In addition, NCS ingestion could modify the composition of the intestinal microbiota, having an effect on gastrointestinal symptoms and manifestations. It is important to continue conducting causality studies on humans to be able to establish recommendations on NSC consumption. Palabras clave: Edulcorantes no calóricos, Inflamación, Microbiota, Síntomas gastrointestinales, Cirrosis, Keywords: Noncaloric sweeteners, Inflammation, Microbiota, Gastrointestinal symptoms, Cirrhosis

The present review of noncaloric sweeteners (NCSs) by the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología was carried out to analyze and answer some of the most frequent questions and concerns about NCS consumption in patients with gastrointestinal disorders, through a thorough review of the medical literature. A group of gastroenterologists and experts on nutrition, toxicology, microbiology, and endocrinology reviewed and analyzed the published literature on the topic. The working group formulated conclusions, based on the scientific evidence published, to give an opinion with respect to NCS ingestion. Current evidence does not confirm the carcinogenic potential of NCSs. However, the studies analyzed showed that saccharin could have a proinflammatory effect and that polyols can cause gastrointestinal symptoms and manifestations, depending on the dose and type of compound. The ingestion of xylitol, erythritol, sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame K, and saccharin could increase the secretion of the gastrointestinal hormones that regulate intestinal motility, and stevia and its derivatives could have a favorable effect on the percentage of liver fat. Caution should be taken in recommending aspartame consumption in patients with chronic liver disease because it reduces the ratio of branched-chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids. In addition, NCS ingestion could modify the composition of the intestinal microbiota, having an effect on gastrointestinal symptoms and manifestations. It is important to continue conducting causality studies on humans to be able to establish recommendations on NSC consumption. Resumen: Esta revisión de la Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología sobre edulcorantes no calóricos (ENC) se realizó con el fin de analizar y responder a través de una amplia revisión bibliográfica, algunas de las preguntas y preocupaciones más frecuentes sobre la ingestión de ENC en pacientes con alteraciones gastrointestinales. Un grupo de gastroenterólogos, expertos en nutrición, toxicología, microbiología y endocrinología, revisó y analizó la literatura publicada en este tópico. El grupo de trabajo generó conclusiones basadas en la evidencia científica publicada para emitir una opinión respecto a su ingestión. En este sentido, la evidencia existente hasta el día de hoy no confirma el potencial carcinogénico de los ENC; sin embargo, los estudios evaluados mostraron que la sacarina podría tener un efecto proinflamatorio y los polioles pueden causar síntomas y manifestaciones gastrointestinales dependiendo del tipo y dosis del compuesto. La ingestión de xilitol, eritritol, sucralosa, aspartame, acesulfame K y sacarina podrían incrementar la secreción de hormonas gastrointestinales reguladoras de la motilidad intestinal. Los glucósidos de esteviol podrían tener un efecto favorable en el porcentaje de grasa hepática. Se debe tener precaución en la recomendación de la ingestión de aspartame en pacientes con hepatopatía crónica debido a que disminuye la relación entre aminoácidos de cadena ramificada y aromáticos. Además, la ingestión de ENC podría modificar la composición de la microbiota intestinal y esto tener efectos sobre los síntomas y manifestaciones gastrointestinales. Es importante que se continúe realizando estudios de causalidad en humanos para poder establecer recomendaciones sobre la ingestión de ENC. Keywords: Noncaloric sweeteners, Inflammation, Microbiota, Gastrointestinal symptoms, Cirrhosis, Palabras clave: Edulcorantes no calóricos, Inflamación, Microbiota, Síntomas gastrointestinales, Cirrosis

Introducción: La tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP) es un padecimiento que se presenta con frecuencia de manera silenciosa, el 50 % o más de los casos no se diagnostica. Se define como la oclusión total o parcial de la circulación pulmonar, ocasionada por un coágulo sanguíneo proveniente de la circulación venosa sistémica, incluidas las cavidades derechas y que, de acuerdo a su magnitud, puede o no originar síntomas. Está considerada como una urgencia cardiovascular y constituye una de las principales causas de morbimortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados. Objetivo: Desarrollar un Estudio de caso basado en el Proceso de Atención de Enfermería en la persona postoperada de Tromboendarterectomía Pulmonar Bilateral en Unidad de cuidados intensivos postquirúrgica de un Instituto Nacional de Tercer Nivel de la Ciudad de México. Método: Estudio de caso basado en las etapas del proceso enfermero, se utilizó una Guía de valoración de las 14 necesidades de Virginia Henderson, jerarquización de Diagnósticos enfermeros, se ofreció una atención integral enfocada en cuidados especializados para cubrir las necesidades más afectadas en la persona. Conclusiones: La aplicación del proceso de atención enfermero con base en la valoración de las 14 necesidades de Virginia Henderson, identificó que las necesidades más afectadas fueron; Oxigenación/Circulación y Evitar peligros, con la jerarquización se determinó que es imprescindible el conocimiento de enfermería en intervenciones especificas en el proceso postoperatorio de Tromboendarterectomía como: la detección del riesgo de alteraciones del ritmo cardiaco, valoración e intervenciones en insuficiencia respiratoria aguda, la propensión a eventos trombóticos secundarios a afección genética, para el logro de la recuperación de la salud de manera exitosa.

Abstract We have revisited the computations of the flavor violating leptonic decays of the $$\tau $$ τ and $$\mu $$ μ leptons into three lighter charged leptons in the Standard Model with massive neutrinos. We were driven by a claimed unnaturally large branching ratio predicted for the $$\tau ^-\rightarrow \mu ^- \ell ^+ \ell ^-$$ τ-→μ-ℓ+ℓ- ($$\ell =\mu , e$$ ℓ=μ,e ) decays (Pham, Eur Phys J C 8:513 1999), which was at odds with the corresponding predictions for the $$\mu ^-\rightarrow e^- e^-e^+$$ μ-→e-e-e+ processes (Petcov, Sov J Nucl Phys 25:340 1977). In contrast with the prediction in [17], our results are strongly suppressed and in good agreement with the approximation made in Ref. [15], where masses and momenta of the external particles were neglected in order to deal with the loop integrals. However -as a result of keeping external momenta and masses in the computation of the dominant penguin and box diagrams- we even find slightly smaller branching fractions. Therefore, we confirm that any future observation of such processes would be an unambiguous manifestation of new physics beyond the Standard Model.

Lane detection is a problem that has attracted in the last years the attention of the computer vision community. Most of approaches used until now to face this problem combine conventional image processing, image analysis and pattern classification techniques. In this paper, we propose a methodology based on so-called Ellipsoidal Neural Networks with Dendritic Processing (ENNDPs) as a new approach to provide a solution to this important problem. The functioning and performance of the proposed methodology is validated with a real video taken by a camera mounted on a car circulating on urban highway of Mexico City.

Abstract We obtain analytical expressions, both in terms of parametric integrals and Passarino–Veltman scalar functions, for the one-loop contributions to the anomalous weak magnetic dipole moment (AWMDM) of a charged lepton in the framework of the simplest little Higgs model (SLHM). Our results are general and can be useful to compute the weak properties of a charged lepton in other extensions of the standard model (SM). As a by-product we obtain generic contributions to the anomalous magnetic dipole moment (AMDM), which agree with previous results. We then study numerically the potential contributions from this model to the $$\tau $$ τ lepton AMDM and AWMDM for values of the parameter space consistent with current experimental data. It is found that they depend mainly on the energy scale f at which the global symmetry is broken and the $$t_{\beta }$$ t β parameter, whereas there is little sensitivity to a mild change in the values of other parameters of the model. While the $$\tau $$ τ AMDM is of the order of $$10^{-9}$$ 10 - 9 , the real (imaginary) part of its AWMDM is of the order of $$10^{-9}$$ 10 - 9 ( $$10^{-10}$$ 10 - 10 ). These values seem to be out of the reach of the expected experimental sensitivity of future experiments.

In the first paragraph of section 4, the sentence “Without loss of generality, we assume the CP-conserving scenario” is incorrect.

La industria de la construcción es considerada como una de las industrias con menores rendimientos, frecuentes retrasos y reprogramaciones. Debido a esto y para evitar pérdidas de tiempo, costos e inconvenientes en la ejecución, se utiliza la construcción virtual, que permite analizar previamente las secuencias constructivas y las posibles interferencias entre las diferentes actividades a través de un escenario en tiempo real según la programación prevista. Este artículo muestra la implementación de tecnología BIM en una urbanización de viviendas modulares en Venezuela. Se realizaron 4 simulaciones 4D, dos iniciales debido a la planificación original y su oportuna mejora, y dos posteriores correspondiente a reprogramaciones por retrasos reales en la ejecución por falta de suministro de concreto. Los principales resultados fueron: problemas de lógica de programación, interferencias entre actividades, secuencias irreales, entre otras en los primeros modelos. En cuanto a los modelos de las reprogramaciones dieron como resultados tiempos muy parecidos a la realidad; esto quiere decir que los modelos sirven tanto en situaciones ideales como en situaciones de incertidumbre. Las soluciones de modelado de información para la edificación introducen una nueva forma de trabajar, basada en la creación y el uso de información coherente y coordinada, lo que permite una toma de decisiones más rápida, una mejor documentación y la posibilidad de predecir los inconvenientes que pudieran presentarse, incluso antes de comenzar la obra. The construction industry is considered as one of the industries with lower yields, frequent delays and reprogramming. Due to this and to avoid losses of time, costs and inconveniences in the execution, the virtual construction is used, that allows to analyze previously the constructive sequences and the possible interferences between the different activities through a real time scenary according to the programmed schedule . This article shows the implementation of BIM technology in a modular housing development in Venezuela. Four 4D simulations were carried out, two initially due to the original planning and its timely improvement, and two subsequent corresponding to reprogramming due to actual delays in execution due to lack of concrete supply. The main results were: problems of programming logic, interferences between activities, unreal sequences, among others in the first models. As for the models of the reprogramming gave resulting times very similar to reality. This means that the models work both in ideal situations and in situations of uncertainty. Building information modeling solutions introduce a new way of working, based on the creation and use of coherent and coordinated information, wich allows for faster decision making, better documentation and the possibility of predicting the drawbacks Even before the work began.

Higgs-flavon fields appear as a part of the Froggatt–Nielsen (FN) mechanism, which attempts to explain the hierarchy of Yukawa couplings. We explore the possibility that the 750 GeV diphoton resonance recently reported at the LHC13 could be identified with a low-scale Higgs-flavon field HF and find the region of the parameter space consistent with CMS and ATLAS data. It is found that the extra vector-like fermions of the ultraviolet completion of the FN mechanism are necessary in order to reproduce the observed signal. We consider a standard model (SM) extension that contains two Higgs doublets (a standard one and an inert one) and one complex FN singlet. The inert doublet includes a stable neutral boson, which provides a viable dark matter candidate, while the mixing of the standard doublet and the FN singlet induces flavor violation in the Higgs sector at the tree-level. Constraints on the parameters of the model are derived from the LHC Higgs data, which include the search for the lepton flavor violating decay of the SM Higgs boson h→μ¯τ. It is also found that in some region of the parameter space the model may give rise to a large branching ratio for the HF→hh decay, of the order of 0.1, which could be searched for at the LHC.

This work presents a new and useful method to dimension wind turbines and control systems and to optimize their mechanical design. This method allows determining the principal curves for characterizing a small capacity wind turbine designed with a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). For the wind turbine characterization it was considered the losses in the process of energy transformation in the wind rotor, electric generator and in the bridge rectifier. The equivalent electric model of the synchronous generator was used to determine the electric parameter performance. The work of the wind rotor was considered in its maximum power curve and the PMSG performance in the linear region of its magnetization curve. This leads to develop a new methodology for the complete wind turbine characterization from the nominal parameters of the wind rotor and the electric generator. This method also allows obtaining the power curves and the parameters of voltage, current and efficiency around the wind speed domain and angular speed in the wind rotor. The method was tested for small-capacity wind turbine (1 kW and 10 kW) performances and the numerical and experimental results are described.

Realizamos un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal, retrospectivo de los últimos 10 años, en la Unidad de quemados del Hospital Universitario "Arnaldo Milián Castro" de Santa Clara, en Villa Clara, Cuba, con el objetivo de caracterizar el comportamiento del aislamiento de Staphylococcus aureus en heridas por quemaduras de pacientes ingresados. Se realizó con 1065 muestras tomadas por método cualitativo de hisopado, entre enero del 2002 y diciembre del 2011. Las variables utilizadas fueron: mes y año de realización, resultado del aislamiento, grupo de microorganismos y especies aisladas, series temporales y tasa pronóstico. Staphylococcus aureus resultó ser el microorganismos Gram positivo mas frecuentemente aislado (68,3%), representando entre el 7 y el 31,8% de las muestras realizadas cada año, con tasas de incidencias oscilando entre el 6,3 y 37,2 por cada 100 pacientes ingresados. Las tasas de incidencia mensuales se mantuvieron predominantemente en zonas de alerta y de seguridad durante los años 2011 y también en el seguimiento en 2012, sin que se produjeran picos epidémicos, mostrando una ligera tendencia al decremento con respecto al comportamiento de los 3 últimos años. Comprobamos después que la tasa de aislamiento para el siguiente año, 2012 fue de 9,5 por cada 100 ingresos, dentro de los límites del intervalo pronosticado según los estudios recogidos hasta 2011 (0 y 46,7 por cada 100 ingresos).

A new technique for reconstructing the geometry of well-mixed regions (pseudocaverns for Newtonian fluids) in unbaffled vessels agitated with radial discharge impellers eccentrically placed has been developed for obtaining their three dimensional geometry. The mixer frame rotates at low speed allowing the video system to capture a sequence of pictures of the flow patterns by using the laser induced fluorescence technique. The recorded video sequence was used to isolate the contours of the pseudocaverns for reconstructing the three dimensional structure of the well-mixed regions within the tank.

Se midió la orientación de un total de 871 diaclasas distribuidas en 14 afloramientos situados en la región del Estado Trujillo. Los datos fueron evaluados estadísticamente según dos métodos: de Distribución Unimodal de Polos y de Mardia, pudiéndose determinar que los rumbos preferenciales de los dos planos del Sistema Ortogonal casi Vertical de las Diaclasas se ubican en los rangos de: N131ºE a N58ºE y N115ºE a N147ºE para el Método de Mardia y N32ºE a N60ºE y N119ºE a N145ºE según el Método de Distribución Unimodal de Polos. La orientación de los planos de las Diaclasas permite asegurar que la dirección de los Esfuerzo Neotectónicos principales en el Estado Trujillo son: N177ºE y N87ºE según el Método de Mardia; y N178ºE y N88ºE y N88ºE según el Método de Distribución Unimodal de Polos. Coincidiendo con la orientación de los Esfuerzos Neotectónicos determinados para la Isla de Cura í§ao y en consecuencia permitiendo concluir que la región del Estado Trujillo estudiada, pertenece a la Provincia Neotectónica del Caribe.

Monolithic mesoporous silica glasses were synthesized. The presence of Cu2+ and Fe3+ cations during the synthesis of sol-gel precursors leads to different morphologies and pore sizes. The materials are characterized via IR and Raman scattering spectra to detect surface groups and -Si-O-Si- rings (i.e., 3–6 Si atoms) and morphology is examined through electron microscopy. N2 sorption isotherms reveal details of the mesoporous structure of the materials, which are endowed with significantly large surface areas and pore volumes. Vapor percolation occurs in these samples because of a void arrangement consisting of pore bulges delimited by narrower necks. The optical characterization shows the luminescence spectrum and thermoluminescent behavior subjected to successive exposures of beta particles.

Density functional theory studies are reported to analyze the interaction between hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and graphene. The electron-ion interactions have been modeled using ultrasoft pseudopotentials and the exchange-correlation energies have been approximated by the method of the generalized gradient approximation in the parameterization of Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof. Three graphene structures, one intrinsic and two with defects (vacancy and sustitution), and four H2S concentrations have been studied. The optimal geometries, binding energies, density of states (DOS) and charge density were obtained. In order to study the adsorption process three high symmetry sites were considered, namely, top, bridge, and center. The preferential adsorption structure corresponds to the center site in a physical way. The DOS of graphene-H2S systems shows a metallic behavior which coincides with the behavior of the isolated graphene. The geometrical structure of the graphene and the hydrogen sulfide remains unchanged.

En este trabajo se presenta un nuevo modelo del Sistema Acuífero de la Cuenca de México, el cual está constituido por cuatro cuerpos con características y funcionamiento hidráulico diferentes. El superior lo forma un acuitardo con valores promedio de 70 m de espesor y en el que el flujo es esencialmente vertical. Bajo esta formación se localiza el acuífero granular con 800 m de espesor medio, en cuyos 300 m superiores se lleva a cabo la extracción del agua subterránea. Subyaciendo estas formaciones se encuentra un acuífero volcánico de 2 00.0 m de espesor medio, el que está limitado inferiormente por rocas carbonatadas sedimentarias de espesor y características desconocidos. Este sistema se modeló en tres dimensiones con cuatro capas y 1 344 celdas por capa, simulándose el acuitardo a través de la formulación integro diferencial de Herrera. Los resultados preliminares indican que para tiempos medios del orden de quince años, la alimentación desde el cuerpo carbonatado sedimentario no es significante en el comportamiento de los cuerpos superiores. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.1989.28.2.1033