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Die ärztliche Dokumentation ist wesentlicher Bestandteil der stationären Diagnostik und Therapie. Wie strukturierte digitale Entlassberichte mit einer vollständig digitalen Workflow-Steuerung und ohne großen Ressourceneinsatz erstellt werden können, zeigt ein Beispiel des Klinikums rechts der Isar (MRI).

Modern patient-centered and cost-efficient care concepts in hospitals require the mapping of multidisciplinary process chains into clinical pathways. Clinical decision support systems and operations research methods use algorithms to classify patients into homogeneous groups and to model a complete clinical pathway for scheduling individual procedures. An improvement of the economic situation of the care facility can be achieved through improved resource utilization, reduced patient waiting times and a shortening of the length of stay. The interdisciplinary use of centrally stored interoperable information and comprehensive care management via information technology (IT) services lay the foundation for the dissolution of traditional IT system architectures in medicine and the development of flexibly integrable modern system platforms. New IT approaches such as the semantically standardized definition of procedures and resource properties, the use of clinical decision support systems and the use of service-oriented system architectures form the basis for the deep integration of radiology services into comprehensive interdisciplinary care concepts.Moderne patientenzentrierte und kosteneffiziente Versorgungskonzepte in Krankenhäusern erfordern die Abbildung multidisziplinär organisierter Prozessketten in klinischen Behandlungspfaden. Klinische Entscheidungsunterstützungssysteme und Operations-Research-Methoden ermöglichen über Algorithmen die Patientenklassifizierung zu homogenen Gruppen und die Modellierung eines kompletten klinischen Behandlungspfades zur Terminierung der einzelnen Prozeduren. Über eine verbesserte Ressourcenauslastung, verringerte Patientenwartezeiten und eine Verkürzung der Patientenverweildauer kann eine Verbesserung der ökonomischen Situation der versorgenden Einrichtung erzielt werden. Die interdisziplinäre Nutzung von zentral gespeicherten interoperablen Informationen und übergreifendes Behandlungsmanagement über Informationstechnologie(IT)-Services legen dabei die Basis für die Auflösung tradierter IT-Systemarchitekturen in der Medizin und die Herausbildung flexibel integrierbarer moderner Systemplattformen. Neue informationstechnische Ansätze wie die semantische standardisierte Definition von Prozeduren und Ressourceneigenschaften, der Einsatz von klinischen Entscheidungsunterstützungssystemen und die Nutzung serviceorientierter Systemarchitekturen bilden dabei die Grundlage für die tiefe Integration radiologischer Dienstleistungen in übergreifende interdisziplinäre Behandlungskonzepte.

The present study explored the applicable motivation factors that contribute to job satisfaction in terms of job motivators and maintenance factors when working on projects. The researchers asked students enrolled in a university advanced project management leadership course to respond to a job motivators and maintenance factors factor self- assessment. This tool is useful in determining the factors that contribute to motivation when working on projects (Lusser & Achua, 2016). The researchers then conducted a chi-square test to determine whether the observed values were significantly different from an expected value of 18, which is the midpoint. The chi-square goodness of fit test led to the rejection of H10 and the acceptance of H1a. with a p

This research aimed to explore the factors related to leaders who do not walk their talk and the resulting hypocritical behavior negatively impacting an organization and its employees. A convenience sampling of 305 professional employees attending an advanced leadership educational program voluntarily revealed their personal experiences with hypocritical leaders that did not walk their talk. The findings identified leaders who do not walk their talk regarding the top six most frequently cited interview responses. It is with the expectation that organizations can use the results from this qualitative study to develop, identify and understand leaders who do not walk their talk and initiate action to resolve the damaging effects of such undesirable hypocritical behavior.

BACKGROUND Large-scale, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based SARS-CoV-2 testing is expensive, resource intensive, and time consuming. A self-collection approach is a probable alternative; however, its feasibility, cost, and ability to prevent infections need to be evaluated. OBJECTIVE This study aims to compare an innovative self-collection approach with a regular SARS-CoV-2 testing strategy in a large European industrial manufacturing site. METHODS The feasibility of a telemedicine-guided PCR-based self-collection approach was assessed for 150 employees (intervention group) and compared with a regular SARS-CoV-2 testing approach used for 143 employees (control group). Acceptance, ergonomics, and efficacy were evaluated using a software application. A simulation model was implemented to evaluate the effectiveness. An interactive R shiny app was created to enable customized simulations. RESULTS The test results were successfully communicated to and interpreted without uncertainty by 76% (114/150) and 76.9% (110/143) of the participants in the intervention and control groups, respectively (P=.96). The ratings for acceptability, ergonomics, and efficacy among intervention group participants were noninferior when compared to those among control group participants (acceptability: 71.6% vs 37.6%; ergonomics: 88.1% vs 74.5%; efficacy: 86.4% vs 77.5%). The self-collection approach was found to be less time consuming (23 min vs 38 min; P CONCLUSIONS The self-collection approach for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis was found to be technically feasible and well rated in terms of acceptance, ergonomics, and efficacy. The simulation model facilitates the evaluation of test effectiveness; nonetheless, considering context specificity, appropriate adaptation by companies is required.

The liver is composed of different cell populations. Interactions of different cell populations can be investigated by a newly established indirect co-culture system consisting of immortalised primary human hepatocytes and human monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs). Using the time-dependent cytokine secretion of the co-cultures and single cultures, correlation networks (including the cytokines G-CSF, CCL3, MCP-1, CCL20, FGF, TGF-β1, GM-CSF, IL-8 IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-18) were generated and the correlations were validated by application of IL-8 and TNF-α-neutralising antibodies. The data reveal that IL-8 is crucial for the interaction between hepatocytes and macrophages in vitro. In addition, transcriptome analyses showed that a change in the ratio between macrophages and hepatocytes may trigger pro-inflammatory signalling pathways of the acute phase response and the complement system (release of, e.g., certain cyto- and chemokines). Using diclofenac and LPS showed that the release of cytokines is increasing with higher ratios of MDMs. Altogether, we could demonstrate that the current co-culture system is better suited to mirror the in vivo situation when compared to previously established co-culture systems composed of HepG2 and differentiated THP-1 cells. Further, our data reveal that the cytokine IL-8 is crucial for the interaction between hepatocytes and macrophages in vitro.

The present study explored the applicable situational leadership styles of experienced military managers attending an advanced leadership educational program. While attending this program, these managers were requested to reveal the results of their situational leadership self-assessment in which they participated. A total of 620 managers agreed to reveal their results, and descriptive statistics were conducted to determine the findings of their situational leadership self-assessments. The study research results revealed two situational leadership styles were predominating: (Telling and Participating). The findings of research study have significant implications for managers when leading individuals and teams for organizational success. These findings also may contribute to better understanding of the situational leadership styles which characterize managers when leading people and team members. Additionally, the findings of this study also have implications for teaching situational leadership skills in a variety of settings to include educational leadership programs such as the one reported here.

Initiativen zur Digitalisierung beschäftigen viele Unternehmen und auch Kliniken. Immer wieder ist von hohem Bedarf die Rede. Allerdings wirft das automatisch die Frage auf, was konkret eigentlich mit solchen Initiativen erreicht werden soll.

We built an online emergency preparedness Web site for Florida nursing homes after an earlier study revealed gaps in information and a lack of available preparedness resources for long-term care providers. The Long Term Care Emergency Preparedness Portal ( www.ltcprepare.org ) was launched in January 2015. We assessed its use and sought suggestions for improvement. Findings indicate that long-term care providers in Florida regularly use the Web site, and they welcome the opportunity to further leverage technology to aid their disaster planning.

Background Omics data provide deep insights into overall biological processes of organisms. However, integration of data from different molecular levels such as transcriptomics and proteomics, still remains challenging. Analyzing lists of differentially abundant molecules from diverse molecular levels often results in a small overlap mainly due to different regulatory mechanisms, temporal scales, and/or inherent properties of measurement methods. Module-detecting algorithms identifying sets of closely related proteins from protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs) are promising approaches for a better data integration. Results Here, we made use of transcriptome, proteome and secretome data from the human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus challenged with the antifungal drug caspofungin. Caspofungin targets the fungal cell wall which leads to a compensatory stress response. We analyzed the omics data using two different approaches: First, we applied a simple, classical approach by comparing lists of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially synthesized proteins (DSyPs) and differentially secreted proteins (DSePs); second, we used a recently published module-detecting approach, ModuleDiscoverer, to identify regulatory modules from PPINs in conjunction with the experimental data. Our results demonstrate that regulatory modules show a notably higher overlap between the different molecular levels and time points than the classical approach. The additional structural information provided by regulatory modules allows for topological analyses. As a result, we detected a significant association of omics data with distinct biological processes such as regulation of kinase activity, transport mechanisms or amino acid metabolism. We also found a previously unreported increased production of the secondary metabolite fumagillin by A. fumigatus upon exposure to caspofungin. Furthermore, a topology-based analysis of potential key factors contributing to drug-caused side effects identified the highly conserved protein polyubiquitin as a central regulator. Interestingly, polyubiquitin UbiD neither belonged to the groups of DEGs, DSyPs nor DSePs but most likely strongly influenced their levels. Conclusion Module-detecting approaches support the effective integration of multilevel omics data and provide a deep insight into complex biological relationships connecting these levels. They facilitate the identification of potential key players in the organism’s stress response which cannot be detected by commonly used approaches comparing lists of differentially abundant molecules. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12918-018-0620-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The rodent liver eliminates toxic ammonia. In mammals, three enzymes (or enzyme systems) are involved in this process: glutaminase, glutamine synthetase and the urea cycle enzymes, represented by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. The distribution of these enzymes for optimal ammonia detoxification was determined by numerical optimization. This in silico approach predicted that the enzymes have to be zonated in order to achieve maximal removal of toxic ammonia and minimal changes in glutamine concentration. Using 13 compartments, representing hepatocytes, the following predictions were generated: glutamine synthetase is active only within a narrow pericentral zone. Glutaminase and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase are located in the periportal zone in a non-homogeneous distribution. This correlates well with the paradoxical observation that in a first step glutamine-bound ammonia is released (by glutaminase) although one of the functions of the liver is detoxification by ammonia fixation. The in silico approach correctly predicted the in vivo enzyme distributions also for non-physiological conditions (e.g. starvation) and during regeneration after tetrachloromethane (CCl4) intoxication. Metabolite concentrations of glutamine, ammonia and urea in each compartment, representing individual hepatocytes, were predicted. Finally, a sensitivity analysis showed a striking robustness of the results. These bioinformatics predictions were validated experimentally by immunohistochemistry and are supported by the literature. In summary, optimization approaches like the one applied can provide valuable explanations and high-quality predictions for in vivo enzyme and metabolite distributions in tissues and can reveal unknown metabolic functions.

International audience; The impairment of hepatic metabolism due to liver injury has high systemic relevance. However, it is difficult to calculate the impairment of metabolic capacity from a specific pattern of liver damage with conventional techniques. We established an integrated metabolic spatial-temporal model (IM) using hepatic ammonia detoxification as a paradigm. First, a metabolic model (MM) based on mass balancing and mouse liver perfusion data was established to describe ammonia detoxification and its zonation. Next, the MM was combined with a spatial-temporal model simulating liver tissue damage and regeneration after CCl4 intoxication. The resulting IM simulated and visualized whether, where, and to what extent liver damage compromised ammonia detoxification. It allowed us to enter the extent and spatial patterns of liver damage and then calculate the outflow concentrations of ammonia, glutamine, and urea in the hepatic vein. The model was validated through comparisons with (1) published data for isolated, perfused livers with and without CCl4 intoxication and (2) a set of in vivo experiments. Using the experimentally determined portal concentrations of ammonia, the model adequately predicted metabolite concentrations over time in the hepatic vein during toxin-induced liver damage and regeneration in rodents. Further simulations, especially in combination with a simplified model of blood circulation with three ammonia-detoxifying compartments, indicated a yet unidentified process of ammonia consumption during liver regeneration and revealed unexpected concomitant changes in amino acid metabolism in the liver and at extrahepatic sites. Conclusion: The IM of hepatic ammonia detoxification considerably improves our understanding of the metabolic impact of liver disease and highlights the importance of integrated modeling approaches on the way toward virtual organisms.

The Ras oncogene products regulate the expression of genes in transformed cells, and members of the Ets family of transcription factors have been implicated in this process. To determine which Ets factors are the targets of Ras signaling pathways, the abilities of several Ets factors to activate Ras- responsive enhancer (RRE) reporters in the presence of oncogenic Ras were examined. In transient transfection assays, reporters containing RREs composed of Ets-AP-1 binding sites could be activated 30-fold in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and 80-fold in the macrophage-like line RAW264 by the combination of Ets1 or Ets2 and Ras but not by several other Ets factors that were tested in the assay. Ets2 and Ras also superactivated an RRE composed of Ets-Ets binding sites, but the Ets-responsive promoter of the c-fms gene was not superactivated. Mutation of a threonine residue to alanine in the conserved amino-terminal regions of Ets1 and Ets2 (threonine 38 and threonine 72, respectively) abrogated the ability of each of these proteins to superactivate reporter gene expression. Phosphoamino acid analysis of radiolabeled Ets2 revealed that Ras induced normally absent threonine- specific phosphorylation of the protein. The Ras-dependent increase in threonine phosphorylation was not observed in Ets2 proteins that had the conserved threonine 72 residue mutated to alanine or serine. These data indicate that Ets1 and Ets2 are specific nuclear targets of Ras signaling events and that phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue is a necessary molecular component of Ras-mediated activation of these transcription factors.

BASIS: This prospective multi-centre study in co-operation with the Wake Forrest University covered the area of applications for treatment of fresh, superficial and deep dermal burns and scalds (grade II a-b). The micro-circulation relationships, wound healing time, extent of germ settlement and the connective tissue edema were of particular interest (together with the increase or decrease in burn depth). Moreover, the economical aspects were compared with conservative therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: his study was carried out on our intensive care ward on 11 patients suffering from burn injuries and we took the healing process as the basis (2001-2003). Inclusion criteria for the study were burns on both hands, degree II a-b, occurring trauma less than 6 hours ago and a treatment period of minimum 48 hours. In any case the hands inflicted with deeper and extensive burns (assessment by 2 experienced, independent appraising plastic surgeons) were subject to V.A.C. therapy. The standard conventional, conservative therapy applied to the other hand was taken for comparison or control purposes to determine the success. Since October 2001 we use the IC-View perfusography with ICG colouring (ICG pulsion, PULSION Medical Systems AG, Munich, Germany) for objective findings both previously and during the course of treatment. A respective quantitative analysis and assessment of the recorded video sequences were made with the help of special software (IC-CALC, PULSION Medical Systems AG, Munich, Germany). Here too, the intensity of the fluorescence indicated the blood circulation through the connective tissue and is on the same level. Basis for this method of study was the work of Holm et al. in our department. RESULTS: Above all, the results of our study revealed a significant reduction or prophylaxis of the connective tissue edema. Due to improvement in the micro-circulation, also supported by dynamic IC-View laser-fluorescence videography it could be determined that the wound healing process was quicker and without complication in the majority of cases. This was all the more true, although even when the extent of the deep dermal hand burns treated by V.A.C. therapy was greater than on the hand taken for comparison. Extending the therapy applied to the hand to the entire extremity could contribute to avoiding operative stress (escharotomy) in selected cases. Troublesome supporting of the hands and the ergotherapeutic use of splints were not necessary because of the exact fixation of the extremities ensured by the vacuum method. The advantage became more obvious when both the cost factor and time expenditure were considered and compared with previous conservative therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In the near future the treatment of superficial and deep dermal burns/scalds by V.A.C. therapy can help in reducing the expenditure in time, material and personnel when treating large area wounds. A further advantage is not only to be seen in the optimised healing process in the case of superficial and deep dermal burn wounds but also in the reduction or even avoidance of extensive escharotomy with the accompanying operation trauma. In this respect close mesh control of the blood circulating conditions appeared to us to be important and as a result of our study V.A.C. therapy was approved in December 2002 for the treatment of superficial and deep dermal burns by FDA (Dept. of Health and Human Services).

The experimental program of the Princeton Beta Experiment‐Modified (PBX‐M) tokamak [Phys. Fluids B2, 1271 (1990)] is directed toward tailoring plasma profiles to achieve greater stability and confinement and to gain access to the second stability region. Modification of the current density profile has been achieved with lower‐hybrid current drive (LHCD), leading to a regime free of global magnetohydrodynamic modes, while raising the value of q(0) above unity. The diffusion of the fast electrons produced by LHCD has been examined using two‐dimensional hard x‐ray imaging. Ion Bernstein waves (IBW) have been used for ion heating: a preliminary analysis shows that ion heating was spatially localized and in agreement with theoretical calculations. Divertor biasing has modified the electric field inside the last closed surface, resulting in the formation of a transport barrier, which in turn has reduced the threshold power of neutral beam injection (NBI) for H‐mode transition by 25%.

A synthesis of mono- and disubstituted 2-azaadamantanes with control of substituent stereochemistry has been developed.

The results obtained in a comprehensive experimental study on the redetermination of the structure of N4P4F8 with single-crystal X-ray diffraction, gas electron diffraction (GED), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) establish clearly that, in contrast to the previous report, the eight-membered heterocycle is not planar. Above the phase transition temperature of −74 °C, the ring appears pseudoplanar. However, the N4P4 ring is disordered and is puckered above the phase transition when the disorder is modeled correctly. Below the phase transition the ring clearly resembles that of the saddle (K form) of N4P4Cl8. The unit cell of the low-temperature phase is derived from that of the higher temperature phase by doubling the c-axis and removing one-half of the symmetry elements. Full structure optimizations were performed at the HF/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G* levels and fully support the experimental diffraction data.

IL-4 is a potent immunoregulatory cytokine that exhibits extremely diverse effects on a number of target cells. Although IL-4 was originally described as a T cell-derived product, it is evident that cells of the basophil/mast cell lineage are also an important source of this cytokine. Based on their different tissue distribution, mast cell and T cell-derived IL-4 may have distinct effects on local immune responses. The physiologic production of IL-4 appears to be tightly regulated because most T and mast cells require activation to express significant levels of IL-4. In contrast, a majority of murine transformed mast cell lines constitutively express relatively high levels of IL-4. In this study, transformed mast cell lines were used as models to define cis acting sequences that regulate mast cell IL-4 transcription. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene constructs containing 6.3 kb of 5' IL-4 flanking sequence direct relatively low chloramphenicol acetyltransferase expression in these cells. These results indicated that additional sequences may be important in stimulating transcriptional activity of the IL-4 gene. Using DNAse I hypersensitive site analysis to define other potential IL-4 transcriptional regulatory regions, two sites were identified in the murine IL-4 gene that appear to be unique to IL-4 expressing transformed mast cells. One site defines an intronic sequence that exhibits prototypic enhancer activity in several independently derived transformed mast cell lines. This enhancer is also active in stimulated, non-transformed mast cells but not stimulated EL-4 T cells. Taken together, these data indicate that the IL-4 intronic sequence contains a mast cell specific enhancer that plays an essential role in the unregulated expression of IL-4 in transformed mast cells and may also be important in the inducible expression of IL-4 in normal mast cells.

The use of mass spectrometry for the analysis of transition metal complexes is demonstrated by combined high resolution Plasma Desorption Mass Spectrometry (PDMS) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) investigations of the neutral nickel thiolate complexes [Ni4(SC3H7)8] (1), [Ni4(SC6H11)8] (2), [Ni8(SCH2COOEt)16] (3) and [Ni6(SC3H7)12] (4). The positive spectra are dominated by three kinds of SI-species: (a) molecular ions, (b) fragment ions and (c) molecular ions with one or more substrate atoms attached. The negative spectra show mainly nickel sulfur cluster ions of the composition (NixSy)-. In contrast to many Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) spectra of neutral metal complexes, SIMS and PDMS spectra provide molecular weight as well as fragment ion information. Both techniques are most powerful tools for the investigation of coordination compounds because the samples are easy to prepare and the spectra are independent of matrix conditions. Additionally crystallographic studies have been carried out for 4. The hexanuclear complex 4 with square planar Ni-S coordination sites crystallizes in the trigonal space group R 3̅ with Z = 3 and α = 18.537(5), c = 13.966(3) Å.

Donor/Akzeptor-Liganden des Typs (Me2PCH2CH2)2SiX2 und (2-Me2PC6H4)SiXMe2 (X = F, Cl) reagieren mit [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 (1) zu den Einkernkomplexen RhCl(CO)(Me2PCH2CH2)2SiX2 [X = F(4), Cl (5)] bzw. RhCl(CO)[(2-Me2PC6H4)SiXMe2]2 [X = F(8), Cl (9)]. Bei den Liganden (Me2PCH2CH2)2SiCl2 (3) und (2-Me2PC6H4)SiCMe2 (7) treten als Folgeprodukte der primar gebildeten Rh(I)-Komplexe durch oxidative Addition von SiCl Rhodium(III)-Verbindungen geringer Loslichkeit auf. Nur im Fall von 8 geben die Koordinationsverschiebungen Δδ = δ(Komplex)−δ(Ligand) und Kopplungskonstanten Hinweise auf mogliche RhSi-Wechselwirkungen. Die durch Rontgenbeugung ermittelte Molekulstruktur von 8 zeigt allerdings keine RhSi- oder RhF-Bindungskontakte. – Die neuen Verbindungen wurden durch analytische (C, H) und spektroskopische Untersuchungen (MS, IR, NMR) charakterisiert. Alternative Ligands. XXIII Rhodium(I) Complexes with Donor/Acceptor Ligands of the Type (Me2PCH2CH2)2SiX2 and (2-Me2PC6H4)SiXMe2 (X = F, Cl) Donor/acceptor ligands of the type (Me2PCH2CH2)2SiX2 and (2-Me2PC6H4)SiXMe2 (X = F, Cl) react with [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 (1) to give the mononuclear complexes RhCl(CO)(Me2PCH2CH2)2SiX2 [X = F(4), Cl (5)] and RhCl(CO)[2-Me2PC6H4)SixMe2]2 [X = F (8), Cl (9)], respectively. In case of the ligands (Me2PCH2CH2)2SiCl2 (3) and (2-Me2PC6H6)SiClMe2 (7) the Rh(I) complexes formed in the first step partly undergo oxidative addition reactions of SiCl bonds yielding rhodium(III) compounds of low solubility. Only for 8 the coordination shifts Δδ = δ(complex)−δ(ligand) and coupling constants give some indication to possible RhSi interactions. However, the molecular structure of 8 determined by X-ray diffraction does not show RhSi or RhF bonding contacts. The new compounds were characterized by analytical (C, H) and spectroscopic investigations (MS, IR,-NMR).

The dark blue title compound has been prepared by reaction of [Re,Cl8]2- and F-, both dissolved as ion pairs with [(n–C4H9)4N]+ in anhydrous CH2Cl2, and recrystallization from acetone/diethylether. Structure determination by single crystal X-ray diffractometry at 150 K reveals crystallization in the cubic system, space group Pn3̄n with a = 19.783(3)Å, V = 7742.4Å3, Z = 6. The {[Re2F8]·O(C,H5)2}2- entity consists of an axially elongated F8-cubane frame around the Re, unit, which is coordinated at one side by an ether molecule (Re–O distance 2.64(4)Å) and displaced from the center towards the ether. The Re– Re quadruple bond (2.188(3)A) is the shortest of the four octahalogenodirhenates(III). In contrast to its Cl, Br and I homologues no disorder of the Re, units is observed. The Re– F distances of 1.92(3) and 1.96(3)A are equal within the standard error, and the Re–Re–F angles are 99.9(4)⚪ and 102.6(4) , respectively. The UV-Vis spectrum of [(n–C4H9)4N]2[Re2F8] shows only the δ-δ* transition at 558 nm (ε = 771 cm2/mmol). At 10 K this band exhibits a weak vibrational fine structure with an averaged progression of 209 cm-1. The Raman spectrum is dominated by v(Re–Re) at 317.5 cm-1 with up to five overtones, the IR spectrum by v(Re–F) at 560 cm-1. Additional bands for the solvated compound at 525 and 306 cm-1 are assigned to v(Re–O) and v(Re–Re), respectively. The 19F NMR spectrum in aceton-d6 shows a singlet at –135.06 ppm; in the presence of ether an additional weak signal arises at –134.15 ppm versus external CFC13.

A synthesis of mono- and disubstituted 2-azaadamantanes with control of substituent stereochemistry has been developed.

The purpose of this study was to ascertain if there is a specific style of teaching which is better suited for the distance learning (virtual) environment, as opposed to the traditional classroom environment. Numerous studies have shown that individuals have different delivery styles in the classroom. The study utilized instructor delivery styles and faculty perceptions of distance learning programs to develop an instrument which identifies the style that would be more successful in the distance learning environment. The study employed an author developed instrument, which included a derivative of the Kolb Learning Style Inventory (LSI) instrument, to determine the teaching style of the instructor. Results of the study concluded that while there will always be exceptions, the instrument developed in the study will provide an indication of which instructors are better suited for the virtual environment.

This prospective multi-centre study in co-operation with the Wake Forrest University covered the area of applications for treatment of fresh, superficial and deep dermal burns and scalds (grade II a-b). The micro-circulation relationships, wound healing time, extent of germ settlement and the connective tissue edema were of particular interest (together with the increase or decrease in burn depth). Moreover, the economical aspects were compared with conservative therapy.his study was carried out on our intensive care ward on 11 patients suffering from burn injuries and we took the healing process as the basis (2001-2003). Inclusion criteria for the study were burns on both hands, degree II a-b, occurring trauma less than 6 hours ago and a treatment period of minimum 48 hours. In any case the hands inflicted with deeper and extensive burns (assessment by 2 experienced, independent appraising plastic surgeons) were subject to V.A.C. therapy. The standard conventional, conservative therapy applied to the other hand was taken for comparison or control purposes to determine the success. Since October 2001 we use the IC-View perfusography with ICG colouring (ICG pulsion, PULSION Medical Systems AG, Munich, Germany) for objective findings both previously and during the course of treatment. A respective quantitative analysis and assessment of the recorded video sequences were made with the help of special software (IC-CALC, PULSION Medical Systems AG, Munich, Germany). Here too, the intensity of the fluorescence indicated the blood circulation through the connective tissue and is on the same level. Basis for this method of study was the work of Holm et al. in our department.Above all, the results of our study revealed a significant reduction or prophylaxis of the connective tissue edema. Due to improvement in the micro-circulation, also supported by dynamic IC-View laser-fluorescence videography it could be determined that the wound healing process was quicker and without complication in the majority of cases. This was all the more true, although even when the extent of the deep dermal hand burns treated by V.A.C. therapy was greater than on the hand taken for comparison. Extending the therapy applied to the hand to the entire extremity could contribute to avoiding operative stress (escharotomy) in selected cases. Troublesome supporting of the hands and the ergotherapeutic use of splints were not necessary because of the exact fixation of the extremities ensured by the vacuum method. The advantage became more obvious when both the cost factor and time expenditure were considered and compared with previous conservative therapy.In the near future the treatment of superficial and deep dermal burns/scalds by V.A.C. therapy can help in reducing the expenditure in time, material and personnel when treating large area wounds. A further advantage is not only to be seen in the optimised healing process in the case of superficial and deep dermal burn wounds but also in the reduction or even avoidance of extensive escharotomy with the accompanying operation trauma. In this respect close mesh control of the blood circulating conditions appeared to us to be important and as a result of our study V.A.C. therapy was approved in December 2002 for the treatment of superficial and deep dermal burns by FDA (Dept. of Health and Human Services).

From the years 1991 to 2000, basic data from patients admitted to the intensive care unit of burn centres in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, participating in the German Speaking Association for Burn Treatment, were collected prospectively. Starting in 1991 with 7 hospitals and 618 patients included in the study; in the year 2000, 19 hospitals representing nearly 1500 patients submitted their data. Over a period of 10 years, a total number of 10,259 patients could be included in the study. The majority of patients were adult, the male/female ratio was 70/30. Most of the patients suffered from household accidents, only 25% were occupational accidents. Medium total burn surface area (TBSA) and Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI) score were quite similar in the participating hospitals, while the medium length of stay in the ICU ranged from 6 to 24 days. The overall mortality was 17.5% and showed no decrease over the period of time.

Background Inference of gene-regulatory networks (GRNs) is important for understanding behaviour and potential treatment of biological systems. Knowledge about GRNs gained from transcriptome analysis can be increased by multiple experiments and/or multiple stimuli. Since GRNs are complex and dynamical, appropriate methods and algorithms are needed for constructing models describing these dynamics. Algorithms based on heuristic approaches reduce the effort in parameter identification and computation time. Results The NetGenerator V2.0 algorithm, a heuristic for network inference, is proposed and described. It automatically generates a system of differential equations modelling structure and dynamics of the network based on time-resolved gene expression data. In contrast to a previous version, the inference considers multi-stimuli multi-experiment data and contains different methods for integrating prior knowledge. The resulting significant changes in the algorithmic procedures are explained in detail. NetGenerator is applied to relevant benchmark examples evaluating the inference for data from experiments with different stimuli. Also, the underlying GRN of chondrogenic differentiation, a real-world multi-stimulus problem, is inferred and analysed. Conclusions NetGenerator is able to determine the structure and parameters of GRNs and their dynamics. The new features of the algorithm extend the range of possible experimental set-ups, results and biological interpretations. Based upon benchmarks, the algorithm provides good results in terms of specificity, sensitivity, efficiency and model fit.

Among the most difficult aspects of medicinal chemistry and biochemistry for the student to master are the three-dimensional (3D) nature of drugs and bio-organic substances and the interaction of these substances with 3D targets. Compounding this problem is the fact that such relationships are very difficult to illustrate in a lecture or discussion format. While skeletal molecular models serve a useful role in the learning process, the techniques of PC-based desktop molecular visualization provide a more powerful and effective alternative to the lecture format. These techniques can be implemented on standard MS-DOS PC hardware using one of the commonly available data projection systems. The approach has found considerable use in several areas, including the generation of computer-based lecture aids, the illustration of the molecular shapes of drugs and biochemical structures, the superposition and comparison of drug substances with common pharmacophores, and the illustration of enzyme-substrate interactions. Another related technique, molecular animation, has proven to be quite successful at illustrating the essentials of enzyme mechanisms in the classroom. The "film clips" resulting from this technique may have use beyond the classroom, and further work in this area is underway.

On prepare les cetones du titre a partir de l'acide bicyclo [3.3.1] nonene-6 carboxylique-3. On etudie l'epimerisation en milieu acide

The crystal structure of α-H2CS3 was re-determined from lowtemperature X-ray data (140K) in oder to characterize the possible S − H… S hydrogen bridge system indicated by spectroscopic data. In the crystal [space group P21/c, a = 5.839(2)Å, b = 22.474(4)Å, c = 12.992(3)Å,β = 90.67(2)°, V = 1704.8 Å3, Z= 16, all at 140K] exactly planar SC(SH)2 molecules with mean C = S and C−S(H) bond lengths of 1.649 and 1.727 Å, respectively, are linked through an extensive hydrogen bond system in a helical arrangement of chains parallel to a, the chains being inter-connected to form a three-dimensional network. The S… S [3.803(1)… 3.971(1) Å] and S…H [2.50(5)… 2.87(5)Å] distances and S−H…S angles [151(4)°… 178(3)°] within the network show strong hydrogen bonds to be present, the thiocarbonyl S atoms being the H acceptors in all cases. This is the first structural description of strong S − H… S bonds in a solid system.

Alkyl substitution on the nitrogen atom of the anti-parkinsonian drug amantadine resulted in changes in its pharmacological potency. Greater behavioural stimulation (i.e. increased motor activity) was observed following s.c. injection of several of the analogues, with optimal activity produced by N-n-propyl substitution. These molecular changes did not alter the activity of amantadine on inhibition of dopamine uptake or its weak affinity for dopamine receptors in-vitro. Several of the analogues were more effective than the parent compound in increasing the concentration of dopamine metabolites (suggesting an increase in dopamine utilization) following systemic injection, and these effects generally followed the same pattern as observed in the test of behavioural activity. These results provide further support for the concept that the activity of amantadine may be improved by molecular alterations, although the pharmacological basis for this activity remains obscure.

Determination de la structure cristalline de β-H 2 CS 3 , nouvelle modification de l'acide trithiocarbonique. Groupe d'espace monoclinique P2 1 /c. Les cristaux contiennent des unites moleculaires SC(SH) 2 avec des reseaux CS 3 plan. La caracteristique essentielle de l'empilement moleculaire est le reseau tridimensionnel de liaisons S-H…S. Dans ce systeme les atomes S de SH agissent comme accepteurs des liaisons H et comme donneurs dans un nouveau type de ponts S-H…S