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Shemelis Gebrewoled G/giorgis,1 Digambar Ambikar,2 Asegedech Tsegaw,2 Yaschilal Muche Belayneh3 1Department of Pharmacy, Dessie Health Science College, Dessie, Ethiopia; 2Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 3Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Dessie, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Yaschilal Muche Belayneh, Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, P.O. Box, 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia, Tel +251 918092466, Email yaschilal.muche19@gmail.comIntroduction: Justicia schimperiana has been used traditionally for the treatment of wound and skin burn, but there is no scientific evidence that supports the traditional claim.Objective: To evaluate the wound healing activity of 80% methanol crude extract and solvent fractions of the leaves of Justicia schimperiana in mice.Methods: Mice were used for wound healing study, while rats were used for acute dermal toxicity test. The 80% methanol crude extract and chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were formulated in ointments with 5% and 10% strength. Burn, excision and incision wound models were used to evaluate the effect of the crude extract, whereas the activity of the solvent fractions was evaluated using excision wound model. Parameters such as wound contraction, and period of epithelialization were studied in the excision and burn wound models, while tensile strength was measured in incision wound model.Results: Treatment of wound with 80% methanol extract of Justicia schimperiana leaves using 5% (w/w) and 10% (w/w) ointment formulation induced significant (P< 0.05) improvement in wound contraction rate, epithelialization time and skin breaking strength in excision, incision and burn wound model, respectively as compared to negative control. The chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions with 5% (w/w) and 10% (w/w) ointment formulation showed significant (p< 0.001) improvement in wound contraction and epithelialization time in excision wound model as compared to the negative control group.Conclusion: This study has demonstrated that the 80% methanol crude extract and solvent fractions of Justicia schimperiana leaves possess wound healing activity.Keywords: Justicia schimperiana, wound, wound healing

To evaluate the wound healing activity of 80% methanol crude extract and solvent fractions of the leaves ofMice were used for wound healing study, while rats were used for acute dermal toxicity test. The 80% methanol crude extract and chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were formulated in ointments with 5% and 10% strength. Burn, excision and incision wound models were used to evaluate the effect of the crude extract, whereas the activity of the solvent fractions was evaluated using excision wound model. Parameters such as wound contraction, and period of epithelialization were studied in the excision and burn wound models, while tensile strength was measured in incision wound model.Treatment of wound with 80% methanol extract ofThis study has demonstrated that the 80% methanol crude extract and solvent fractions of

BACKGROUND: Vascular diseases are evolving fast in sub-Saharan Africa, but its management is challenged by lack of expertise and infrastructure. In the light of the prevailing challenge, this study was done to see the pattern of vascular disease and its treatment in a tertiary referral hospital.METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study was done over a period of one year (February 9, 2016 to February 8, 2017) at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital (TASH) at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.RESULTS: A total of 386 patients were seen at the surgical OPD. Of these, 78(20.2%) were admitted and operate on. The male to female ratio was 1.3:1. The mean age affected was 39 +/- 10 (Range 12-91 years). On the other hand, 132 (34.2%) patients came with PAD. Of them, 46(34.8%) presented with either frank Gangrene or pre-gangrene stage. The rest 86(65.1%) had claudication pain. The other diseases seen are Varicose Vein, 100(25.9%), Carotid body tumors, 60(15.4%), Aneurysmal diseases, 36(9.1%), Vascular malformations, 34(8.7%), and Vascular injuries, 22(5.6%). During the study period, 28(35.9%) PAD, 22(28.2%) trauma patients, 8(10.2%) Chemodectomas, 8(10.2%) aneurysms, 6(7.7%) hemangiomas, 4(5.1%) varicose vein and 2(2.6%) AV fistula patients were operated.CONCLUSION: The pattern of vascular disease in Ethiopia is becoming a challenge. The gap created due to limited vascular surgeons, poor infrastructure and absent supply chain system has significantly compromised the number and type of operated-on patients. These challenges result in preventable morbidity and mortality.

This study sheds light on the effect of institutional variables on economic growth in sub-Saharan African countries. It empirically analyzes the impact of institutional quality proxied by control for corruption, government effectiveness, and protection of the property right index among others on economic growth in sub-Saharan African countries during the sample period 1996–2012. The sample consisted of 21 sub-Saharan African countries. The methodology is based on first-differenced GMM estimator proposed by Arellano and Bond (Rev Econ Stud 58(2):277–297, 1991) for dynamic panel data, which is robust for taking care of individual fixed effects, heteroskedasticity, and auto-correlation in the presence of endogenous covariates. The results of this study indicate that improving institutional quality, specifically protecting property rights on average had a positive contribution to growth in output per capita in the sampled countries though its effect was small. However, institutional variables such as control for corruption and government effectiveness had a positive effect on growth though they were statistically insignificant. These findings agree with some of the studies conducted so far on the effect of institutions on growth.

International remittance is an essential source of foreign exchange for Ethiopia, perhaps larger than the export earning of the country in its foreign exchange generation capacity. In the year 2013; total international remittance in Ethiopia reached 557 million USD from 387 million USD in 2010 according to World Bank Report. To assess the impact of international remittances on poverty, household consumption and investment in urban Ethiopia, this study used primary household survey data collected from four major urban areas of the country namely Addis Ababa, Gonder, Hawassa and Mekelle. The study applies both descriptive and empirical analysis; using Heckman two stage selection model the study finds that international remittances substantially reduce the level, depth and severity of poverty. For the sub sample of households which receive remittances poverty head count index, poverty gap and squared poverty gap declined by 64 percent, 67 percent and 70 percent respectively. Similarly the study found that all remittance receiving households spend part of their remittance income mainly on food and non durable goods. Yet, a good number of households are also used part of it for investment such as health, education and housing. Nevertheless; relatively insignificant number of households save part of remittance income and none of them used it to invest in entrepreneurial or other income generating activities.

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Reference is made to five cases appearing as expansive lesions in the head and neck. In all cases angiography allowed a precise diagnosis of the nature and extent of the lesion. Biopsy which could have been hazardous was thus unnecessary. Moreover, therapeutic embolization in a case of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma prevented massive bleeding during surgery.

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