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The first detailed survey is presented of a recently discovered population of Erioderma pedicellatum, a globally rare lichen, in the primeval spruce forests of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. Three subpopulations are described, located in the Levaya Schapina River basin, in the Kimitina River basin, and on the slopes of the extinct volcano, Nikolka. In total, we observed 1894 thalli on 167 Yezo spruce trunks. In Kamchatka, E. pedicellatum occurs exclusively on bark-covered spruce twigs of mainly young and dwarf-stressed older trees. We discovered a high number of juvenile thalli, which suggests that this population is reproducing. However, its habitat is declining because spruce forests in the region are the target of industrial clear-cutting and there is a high incidence of forest fires. Over the next 60 years, which corresponds to three generations of E. pedicellatum, we infer that continued habitat loss will induce a 48% decline in these lichen populations. As a result of our analyses, the Asian population is classified as ‘Vulnerable’, based on IUCN Red List criteria.

The Kamchatka Peninsula (Russian Far East) remains among the least studied regions of eastern Asia. Recent studies revealed a high degree of palaeoenvironmental variability between different parts of the peninsula. We investigated semi-aquatic (chironomids) and terrestrial (leaf wax biomarkers) proxies from a sediment core collected from Lake Sokoch (southern Kamchatka) to provide reconstruction of the mean July air temperature and variations in limnic conditions. The lake formed after 10.0 cal. ka BP as a result of postglacial warming and was fed by glacial meltwaters from neighbouring glaciers. Our data show a later beginning of the Holocene thermal maximum (HTM) relative to more northern sites in Kamchatka, Siberia and Chukotka and support climate model experiments that suggest that the HTM was delayed in southern and central Kamchatka by about 2000 years compared with Alaska and NE Siberia. Warm conditions prevailed between 10.0 and 6.4 cal. ka BP with a short spell of cool and dry climate around 8.2 cal. ka BP that might be related to the 8.2 ka cooling event. The HTM took place between 6.5 and 3.4 cal. ka BP with the warmest phase from 6.0 to 5.0 cal. ka BP. An onset of Neoglacial cooling at 3.4 cal. ka BP is consistent with the strengthening of both the Siberian High and the Aleutian Low. Warming between 1.2 and 0.9 cal. ka BP can be attributed to the Mediaeval Climate Anomaly. The LIA cooling is related to another strengthening of the Siberian High and the Aleutian Low. The modern warming, though weakly traced in our record, is consistent with the recent meteorological observations. The presented palaeoenvironment record confirms the earlier findings of spatial differences within Kamchatka in timing and magnitude of the major Holocene climate fluctuations and contributes towards understanding the expression of Holocene climate change in Kamchatka.

Isolating a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from a client receiving home care can be a reason for source and contact investigation in the home setting. However, the management of MRSA in a home care setting differs from one during a hospital admission. We describe a case of a patient with MRSA in a home care situation where both the microbiologist from the regional hospital and the communicable disease control physician from the municipal health services were involved. This case illustrates the different perspectives and points of view from both specialties, and the multidisciplinary approach that led to a strategic plan. In this article we discuss a strategy for conducting a contact investigation in public health.

We advance our own definitions of the following terms: catastrophic volcanic eruption (CE), catastrophic supereruption (CSE), different-rank and different-type episodes and phases of volcanic catastrophism (VC). All eruptions are subdivided into three classes according to the volume and weight of the erupted and transported (juvenile and resurgent) material, whatever its chemical composition: class I (>0.5 km3), class II (≥5 km3), and class III, or supereruptions (>50 km3). We characterize the types and varieties of CEs and CSEs, with most of these being the main components of identified VC episodes and phases. The primary phenomena to be considered include catastrophic events of the 19th to 21st centuries, not only in the Kuril–Kamchatka region, but also in other volcanic areas. These events have been studied in detail by modern methods and can serve as approximate models to reconstruct similar past events, especially regarding their dynamics, productivity, and catastrophic impact.

A pollen record, obtained from sediments of Lake Sokoch in mountain interior of the Kamchatka Peninsula, covers the last ca. 9600. years (all ages are given in calibrated years BP). Variations in local components, including pollen, spores and non-pollen palynomorphs, and related changes in sedimentation document the lake development from initially seepage and shallow basin to deeper lake during the mid Holocene and then to the hydrologically open system during the late Holocene. The studies of volcanic ashes from the lake sediment core show their complex depositional histories.Lake Sokoch occupies a former proglacial basin between two terminal moraines of the LGM time. The undated basal part of record before ca. 9600. year BP, however, does not reflect properly cold conditions. At that time, although shrublands and tundra dominated, stone birch and white birch forests have already settled in surroundings; the presence of alder woodland indicates wet and maritime-like climate. The subsequent forest advance suggesting warmer conditions was interrupted by the ca. 8000-7600. year BP spell of cooler climate. The following culmination of warmth is bracketed by the evidence of the first maximal forest extent between ca. 7400 and 5100. year BP. During that time, dramatic retreat of alder forest suggests a turn from maritime-like to more continental climate conditions. The cool and wet pulse after ca. 5100. year BP was pronounced as forests retreat while shrublands, meadows and bogs extended. An expansion of white birch forest since ca. 3500. year BP reflected the onset of drier climate, strengthening continentality and seasonal contrast. The second maximum of forests dominated by both stone and white birches occurred between ca. 2200 and 1700. year BP and indicated warming in association with relatively dry and increasingly continental climate. The following period was wetter and cooler, and minor outbreak of alder forest around ca. 1500. year BP suggests a short-term return of maritime-like conditions. Since ca. 1300. year BP forests retreated and replaced by shrublands, tundra and bogs, pointing to cool and wet climate and likely increased back continentality. A prominent re-advance of stone birch forest shown atop the record, most probably reflects recent warming trend.The reconstructed cool periods correlate well with Holocene glacial advances in neighboring mountain areas and with the tree ring and ice core records from the Central Kamchatka Depression. The Lake Sokoch pollen record, being consistent with the previously obtained regional paleoclimatic data, yet contributes new detailed information, especially for the late Holocene.

Holocene palaeolimnological conditions were reconstructed by analysing fossil diatom assemblages within a lacustrine sediment core from Lake Sokoch, southern Kamchatka (Russia). Sediments of this proglacial lake cover the past 9400 years and hence represent almost the whole Holocene history. The biosiliceous muddy sample material was analysed for several geochemical and biological parameters, such as the total organic carbon and biogenic silica content, and the diatom community (quantitative and qualitative changes). Based on changes in the relative abundances of the most frequent species Aulacoseira subarctica, Staurosira martyi and Stephanodiscus alpinus and a depth-constrained cluster analyses (CONISS), five diatom assemblage zones could be identified. The oldest stage recovered lies between 9400 and 9000 cal. a BP and reflects the initial lake stage after the retreat of local glaciers, with a high detrital sediment supply, shallow-water conditions and a high diatom diversity. The next zone (9000–6200 cal. a BP) shows a more mature lake system with accumulating biogenic remains and higher water levels during climate amelioration. This is followed by the most obvious change in the diatom assemblage, delineated by an occurrence of S. alpinus, between 6200 and 2700 cal. a BP. Wet conditions in spring probably led to an enhanced fluvial runoff and eutrophic to hypertrophic conditions. The end of this period might reflect climate deterioration related to the Neoglacial epoch of the Holocene. Between 2700 and 1600 cal. a BP the sediments of Lake Sokoch reveal oligotrophic water conditions in a windy high-energy environment. The youngest interval, between 1600 cal. a BP and the Present, indicates shallow-water conditions and a very short growing season, which might reflect the Little Ice Age. The results may offer a baseline for the interpretation of Holocene palaeoenvironmental changes in Kamchatka and their relation to regional climate change from a palaeoecological perspective.

We re-examined sixteen pollen records from non-volcanic areas in the Kamchatka Peninsula to reconstruct vegetation and climate changes during the Holocene. Pollen records were first summarized and evaluated for each of three main physiographic regions: (1) Western Lowland (WL), open to the Sea of Okhotsk (6 records); (2) Central Kamchatka Depression (CKD), bordered by mountains (4 records); and (3) Eastern Coast (EC), facing the Pacific Ocean (6 records), and then compared over the peninsula. The synthesized data suggest that the climate over Kamchatka was generally wet and mild before ca. 5.8 ka (1 ka = 1000 cal. yrs BP) due to strong and prolonged maritime influence. The first forest maximum in the CKD started at ca. 8.9, indicating a warmer climate; however, forest spread along the both coasts was delayed until ca. 7 ka, suggesting a possible modulation of greater effective moisture on the coastal sites. The warmest period at ca. 7–5.8 ka is defined by the evidence of maximal forest extension overall the peninsula. During that time, birch (Betula) prevailed over alder (Alnus) in forest everywhere except in the EC. Since ca. 5.8 ka, divergent vegetation patterns became evident in northern vs. southern and coastal vs. interior sites that correspond with a shift from warmer/maritime climate to cooler/continental climate. Also, greater climate variability accompanied the Neoglacial cooling since 5.8 ka. This climate cooling, indicated by drastic shrub expansion, advanced southward from the northern coasts (ca. 5.8 ka) to the central interior and coastal areas (ca. 5 ka) and then to the south (ca. 3.5 ka). Subsequent warming, suggested by the evidence of a second forest maximum, advanced westward from the EC (ca. 5.2 ka) to the CKD (ca. 3.2 ka) and then to the WL (ca. 1.9 ka). An advance of larch (Larix) in the CKD since ca. 3.2 ka points to increased climate continentality and larger seasonal variations. In contrast, alder forest spread after ca. 1.7 ka, reported only from the southern EC and CKD sites, indicates a mild, maritime-like climate that also agrees with the first apparent advance of spruce (Picea) in the interior. The latest cooling event, indicated by another shrub expansion, shows eastward trend: it occurred much earlier at the WL (ca. 2.4–1.6 ka) then at the EC (ca. 900–350 cal. yrs BP), and was less evident in the CKD. Instead, there was a remarkable coniferous expansion during the last millennium when both larch and spruce invaded and replaced deciduous forests so that by ca. 450–320 cal. yrs BP, an extensive coniferous forest (“Coniferous Island”) appeared in the interior of Kamchatka. Since ca. 300 cal. yrs BP, spruce expanded most rapidly what broadly coincides with the beginning of the Little Ice Age.

Fossil diatom assemblages in a sediment core from a small lake in Central Kamchatka (Russia) were used to reconstruct palaeoenvironmental conditions of the late Holocene. The waterbody may be a kettle lake that formed on a moraine of the Two-Yurts Lake Valley, located on the eastern slope of the Central Kamchatka Mountain Chain. At present, it is a seepage lake with no surficial outflow. Fossil diatom assemblages show an almost constant ratio between planktonic and periphytic forms throughout the record. Downcore variations in the relative abundances of diatom species enabled division of the core into four diatom assemblage zones, mainly related to changes in abundances of Aulacoseira subarctica, Stephanodiscus minutulus, and Discostella pseudostelligera and several benthic species. Associated variations in the composition and content of organic matter are consistent with the diatom stratigraphy. The oldest recovered sediments date to about 3220 BC. They lie below a sedimentation hiatus and likely include reworked deposits from nearby Two-Yurts Lake. The initial lake stage between 870 and 400 BC was characterized by acidic shallow-water conditions. Between 400 BC and AD 1400, lacustrine conditions were established, with highest contributions from planktonic diatoms. The interval between AD 1400 and 1900 might reflect summer cooling during the Little Ice Age, indicated by diatoms that prefer strong turbulence, nutrient recycling and cooler summer conditions. The timing of palaeolimnological changes generally fits the pattern of neoglacial cooling during the late Holocene on Kamchatka and in the neighbouring Sea of Okhotsk, mainly driven by the prevailing modes of regional atmospheric circulation.

In a level-2 probabilistic safety analysis (PSA), two types of uncertainty have to be taken into account: the uncertainty related to random variation (variability) and the uncertainty related to li...

Zusammenfassung Im Infektionsbelastungsversuch beim Kalb wurde vergleichend die orale Immunisierung gegen S. typhimurium mit hitzeinaktivierten Keimen and vermehrungsfahigen Gal E-Keimen untersucht. Die Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit erfolgte aufgrund des klinischen Verlaufes und Letalitat bei den Impflingen im Vergleich zu den nicht geimpften Kontrolltieren. Eine zehnmalige orale Impfung mit 1,2 · 1011 hitzeinaktivierten S. typhimurium-Keimen verlieh Kalber einen unvollstandigen Schutz gegen eine orale S. typhimurium-Belastunesinfektion. Unterschiede zwischen geimpften und nicht geimpften Tieren liesen sich in der Uberlebenszeit und Letalitatsrate, nicht aber im klinischen Erscheinungsbild nachweisen. Die Impfung wurde reaktionslos vertragen. Eine einmalige orale Impfung mit 1,2 · 1010 vermehrungsfahigen Gal E-S. typhimurium-Keimen schutzte Kalber gegen eine todliche Belastungsinfektion. Bei den Impflingen kam es aber zu schweren Impferkrankungen (Enteritis, Fieber). Wurden die Impfdosen gesenkt, gingen zwar die Impferkrankungen zuruck, der Impfschutz war dafur aber nicht starker belastungsfahig als nach Schutzimpfung mit inaktivierten Keimen. Summary Comparative investigations on oral immunization with heat-inactivated and live, avirulent (gal E-) S. typhimurium bacteria against salmonellosis in calves In calves, the efficacy of oral immunization against S. typhimurium with heat-inactivated bacteria and live gal E-mutants was investigated by challenge experiments. Clinical signs and survival rates were compared between vaccinated and non-vaccinated animals in order to determine the efficacy of immunization. Ten oral doses of 1.2 · 1011 heat-inactivated S. typhimurium bacteria induced only incomplete protection against oral S. typhimurium-test infection in calves. Differences between vaccinated and non-vaccinated calves were observed only with respect to survival rates but not to clinical signs and course. Vaccination with heat-inactivated bacteria caused no side-effects. A single oral immunization with 1.2 · 1010 live gal E-S. typhimurium protected calves completely against a lethal dose of S. typhimurium. In vaccinates, however, application of gal E-mutants resulted in severe illness (enteritis, fever) in all animals. After lowering the vaccination dose of gal E-vaccine, side-effects subsided, but post-vaccinal immunity decreased. Resume Recherches comparees sur l'action d'une immunisation orale avec des germes de S. typhimurium (Gal E) thermoinactives mais se multipliant et avirulents contre la salmonellose du veau On a examine par comparaison l'immunisation orale contre S. typhimurium avec des germes thermoinactives et des germes multiplicables Gal E dans des essais d'infection chez le veau. L'estimation de l'efficacite a ete triee a partir de l'evolution clinique et de la letalite chez les animaux vaccines par rapport aux animaux de controle non vaccines. Une vaccination orale en dix fois avec 1,2 × 1011 germes thermoinactives de S. typhimurium a donne une protection incomplete aux veaux infectes oralement par S. typhimurium. Des differences entre animaux vaccines et non vaccines n'ont pas ete constatees dans le temps de survie et le taux de letalite mais ont ete observees dans les symptomes cliniques. La vaccination fut supportee sans reactions. Une vaccination orale unique avec 1,2 × 1010 germes multiplicables Gal E — S. typhimurium a protege des veaux contre une infection mortelle. Les animaux vaccines ont presente toutefois de graves lesions vaccinales (enterite, fievre). Lorsque la dose vaccinale fut diminuee, les lesions vaccinales ont diminue mais la protection ne fut pas plus grande que celle constatee avec des germes inactives. Resumen Estudios comparados sobre la eficacia de una inmunizacion oral con germenes (Gal E) S. typhimurium termoinactivados y multiplicables avirulentos contra la salmonelosis de las terneras En el ensayo de infeccion de desafio en la ternera se estudio comparativamente la inmunizacion oral contra S. typhimurium con germenes termoinactivados y germenes Gal E multiplicables. Para valorar la eficacia se recurrio al curso clinico y a la letalidad en los vacunados en comparacion con los de los animales testigos no vacunados. La vacunacion oral en diez ocasiones con 1.2 × 1011 germenes S. typhimurium termoinactivados proporciono a las terneras una proteccion incompleta frente a una infeccion oral de desafio con S. typhimurium. Las diferencias entre los animales vacunados y los que no lo estaban se pudieron poner en evidencia en el tiempo de supervivencia y en la tasa de letalidad, pero no mediante el cuadro sintomatico clinico. La vacunacion fue tolerada sin reaccion alguna. Una vacunacion oral unica con 1.2 × 1010 germenes Gal E-S. typhimurium multiplicables protegio a las terneras frente a una infeccion de desafio mortal. Pero en los animales vacunados se presentaron enfermedades vacunales graves, tales como enteritis y fiebre. Al reducir las dosis de vacunacion, es cierto que se redujeron las enfermedades vacunales, pero para eso la proteccion de la vacuna no se pudo gravar mas que tras la vacunacion protectora co*** germenes inactivados.

Zusammenfassung Durch tagliche Verabreichung von 15 g Aluminiumhydroxid per os an mit Goldhafer ernahrte Schafe konnte die Entwicklung einer Kalzinose verhindert werden. Versuchsdauer: 84 Tage. Ca- und P-Stoffwechsel sowie das Korpergewicht wurden jedoch erheblich beeinflust. Diese Auswirkungen waren bei Reduzierung der Al(OH)3-Dosis auf 7,5 g nicht zu beobachten, doch wurden die Weichgewebeverkalkungen nur geringgradig gehemmt. — Die orale Applikation von 10 mg EHDP pro Tier und Tag hatte keinen erkennbaren Einflus auf Entwicklung und Verlauf der Trisetum-Kalzinose (Weichgewebeverkalkungen, Blut-Ca- und -P-Spiegel) bei den Versuchsschafen. Summary Investigations on the Influence of Aluminium hydroxide ans 1-hydroxyethano-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on the Calcinogenic Effect of Trisetum flavescens (T. f.) in Sheep Daily administration of 15 g aluminum hydroxide per os to sheep fed Trisetum flavescens prevented the development of calcinosis. Experimental period: 84 days. Ca and P metabolism as well as body weight, however, were influenced considerably. These influences were not observed with a reduced dose of 7.5 g Al(OH)3, but at this dosage the soft tissue calcifications were only minimally inhibited. — Oral application of 10 mg EHDP per animal per day had no recognisable influence on the development and course of Trisetum-calcinosis (soft tissue calcifications, blood Ca and P levels) in the experimental sheep. Resume Recherches sur l'influence de l'hydroxyde d'aluminium et de 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) sur l'effet calcinogene de Trisetum flavescens (L., P. B.) chez le mouton Le developpement d'une calcinose a pu etre empeche en donnant quotidiennement 15 g d'hydroxyde d'aluminium per os a des moutons nourris a l'avoine doree. Duree de l'essai: 84 jours. Le metabolisme de Ca et P ainsi que le poids corporel ont ete toutefois nettement influences. Ces effets ne furent pas observes en reduisant la dose d'Al(OH)3 a 7,5 g, mais alors les calcifications des tissus mous furent faiblement inhibees. — L'application orale de 10 mg EHDP par animal et par jour n'a pas eu d'influence marquee sur le developpement et l'evolution de la calcinose a Trisetum (calcifications des tissus mous, taux du Ca et P dans le sang) chez les animaux d'experience. Resumen Investigaciones sobre la influencia de hidroxido de aluminio y de 1-hidroxietano-1,1-difosfonato (EHDP) sobre el efecto calcinogeno de Trisetum flavescens en el ovino La administracion diaria de 15 g de hidroxido de aluminio por via oral a ovinos alimentados con Trisetum flavescens impide el desarrollo de la calcinosis. Duration de la experiencia: 84 dias. En todo caso fueron influenciados de forma considerable los metabolismos de Ca y P asi como el peso corporal. Estos efectos no fueron observados al reducir la dosis de hidroxido de aluminio a 7,5 g, aunque las calcificaciones de los tejidos blandos fueron inhibidas solo en grado escaso. La aplicacion oral de 10 mg de EHDP por animal y dia no ejercio influjo alguno sobre el desarrollo y la evolucion de la calcinosis por Trisetum (calcificaciones de los tejidos blandos, niveles de Ca y P en sangre) en los ovinos en cuestion.

Zusammenfassung Sowohl praktische Beobachtungen als auch Ergebnisse von Futterungsversuchen weisen darauf hin, das ein Uberangebot an Futterfetten Ketonurie verursachen kann. Um Wesen und Verlauf dieser Ketoseform zu erforschen, erhielten 5 Kuhe in 20 ein- oder mehrtagigen Experimenten Capryl-, Caprin-oder Laurinsaure in Mengen von 300 bis 500 g taglich per Pansenfistel appliziert. Der ketogene Effekt wurde beurteilt aufgrund der Blutgehalte an β-Hydroxybutyrat (BHB), Azetazetat (AA) und Glucose, der Harngehalte an BHB, AA und des semiquantitativen Harn-Ketonkorpertestes sowie anhand des Pansensaftbefundes und der klinischen Allgemeinuntersuchung. Ergebnisse: Bereits zwei Stunden nach Applikation von Capryloder Caprinsaure ist ein Anstieg der Gehalte an BHB und AA im Harn erkennbar; die Ketonurie last sich auch mit dem Denco-Test nachweisen und halt bis zu 24 Stunden an (x Maxima / C8: BHB 38,6 mg/dl, AA 16,7 mg/dl; C10: BHB 8,0 mg/dl, AA 14,5 mg/dl). Im Blut nimmt vornehmlich der BHB-Spiegel zu (x Maxima / C8: BHB 9,6 mg/dl, AA 1,3 mg/dl; C10: BHB 5,9 mg/dl, AA 0,6 mg/dl), wahrend der Blutzuckergehalt transitorisch abfallt (x Minima / C8 54 %, C10 21 % des Ausgangswertes). Laurinsaure (2 Versuche) hat nur eine schwache ketogene Wirkung. Alle drei Fettsauren hemmen in der benutzten Dosis die Pansenmotorik und die Aktivitat der Vormagenflora und -fauna. Allgemeinbefinden und Sensorium werden zum Teil beeintrachtigt; das Bild ahnelt einer spontanen Ketose. Gesattigte Fettsauren (z. B. in Kokos- oder Palmkernkuchen) haben somit praktische Bedeutung als Ketoseursache. Summary Ketogenesis and rumen function following intraruminal administration of saturated fatty acids (C8, C10, C12) in cattle Both practical observations and the results of feeding experiments have demonstrated that excessive fat in the food ration can cause ketonuria in cattle. In order to examine the nature and development of this “fat ketosis”, 20 experiments were carried out in 5 cows, 300 to 500 g. of caprylic, capric or lauric acid being administered daily via a rumen fistula. The ketogenic effect was assessed on the basis of the following criteria: β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), aceto-acetate (AA) and glucose levels in the blood, BHB and AA in the urine, the results of the semiquantitative Denco test on the urine, changes in the rumen fluid and, finally, clinical signs. Within two hours of caprylic or capric acid administration, there was a rise in the BHB and AA levels in the urine. The ketonuria, which lasted up to 24 hours (x maxima / C8: BHB 38.6 mg./dl., AA 16.7 mg./dl.; C10: BHB 8.0 mg./dl., AA 14.5 mg./dl.), was also detectable by the Denco test. In the blood, there was an increase mainly in the BHB levels (x maxima / C8: BHB 9.6 mg./dl., AA 1.3 mg./dl.; C10: BHB 5.9 mg./dl., AA 0.6 mg./dl.), while glucose levels exhibited a temporary drop (x minima / C8: 54 %; C10: 21 % of 0-level). Lauric acid (2 experiments) provoked only a slight ketogenic reaction. All three of the fatty acids tested decreased rumen motility and the microbial activity in the rumen fluid. The general condition of the animal and the sensorium were partially depressed, as occurs with spontaneous ketosis. Saturated fatty acids in the ration (such as, for example, concentrates containing coconut oil or palm butter) therefore can be of practical significance in the etiology of ketosis. Resume L'acetogenese et la fonction du rumen apres administration intraruminale d'acides gras satures (C8, C10, C12) chez les bovins Les observations de la pratique et les resultats des experimentations en alimentation demontrent conjointement qu'un exces de matieres grasses dans la ration alimentaire peut entrainer une acetonurie chez le betail. Dans le but d'examiner la nature et l'evolution de cette «acetogenese par les corps gras», 20 experiences ont ete pratiques sur cinq vaches par administration quotidienne au moyen d'une fistule ruminale d'acides caprylique, caprique et laurique. L'estimation de l'effet acetogenetique a ete faite en mesurant les criteres suivants: taux sanguins d'acides beta-hydroxybutyrique et aceto-acetique et de glucose, taux urinaires d'acides beta-hydroxybutyrique et aceto-acetique, resultats du test Denco (test reactif pour indiquer l'existance de corps cetoniques) sur les urines, modification des liquides du rumen, et enfin, signes cliniques. Dans les deux heures suivant l'administration des acides caprylique ou caprique on observe une elevation des taux urinaires d'acides beta-hydroxybutyrique et aceto-acetique. L'acetonurie, qui dure 24 heures, est decelable au moyen du test Denco. Sur le plan sanguin, on observe essentiellement une augmentation du taux d'acide beta-hydroxybutyrique, tandis que la glycemie montre une baisse temporaire. L'acide laurique (2 essais) engendre uniquement une reaction acetogenetique legere. Les trois acides gras experimentes diminuent la motilite du rumen et l'activite microbienne dans le liquide de la panse. l'etat general des animaux et leur sensibilite sont en partie deprimes, tout comme dans la cetose spontanee. Les acides gras satures present dans la ration (comme, par exemple, les concentres alimentaires contenant de l'huile de noix de coco ou du beurre de palme) peuvent etre en consequence un facteur notoire pratique dans l'etiologie de la cetose. Resumen Cetogenesis y funcion ruminal despues de la aplicacion intrarruminal de acidos grasos saturados (C8, C10, C12) en los vacunos Tanto la observacion practica como los resultados de ensayos de alimentacion senalan que un exceso de grasas forrajeras en la racion alimenticia pueden ocasionar cetonuria. Para estudiar la esencia y el curso de esta forma de cetosis, recibieron 5 vacas en 20 experimentos, de uno a varios dias de duracion, acido caprilico, caprico o laurico en cantidades comprendidas entre 300 y 500 g. por dia aplicados por medio de fistula ruminal. El efecto ceto-genetico se estimo midiendo los contenidos en sangre de β-hidroxibutirato (BHB), acetacetato (AA) y glucosa, los contenidos en orina de BHB, AA y mediante la prueba semicuantitativa de cuerpos cetonicos en la orina asi como con los hallazgos en el jugo ruminal y considerando el examen clinico general. Resultados: Ya a las dos horas despues de aplicar el acido caprilico o el caprico se reconoce un aumento de los contenidos en BHB y AA en laorina; la cetonuria se puede identificar tambien con la prueba Denco y perdura hasta las 24 horas (x maxima / C8: BHB 38,6 mg./dl., AA 16,7 mg./dl.; C10: BHB 8,0 mg./dl., AA 14,5 mg./dl.). En sangre aumenta sobre todo el nivel de BHB (x maxima / C8: BHB 9,6 mg./dl., AA 1,3 mg./dl.; C10: BHB 5,9 mg./dl., AA 0,6 mg./dl.) mientras que desciende la glucemia transitoriamente (x maxima / C8: 54 %, C10 21 % del valor inicial). El acido laurico (2 ensayos) solo engendra una accion cetogenetica debil. Todos los tres acidos grasos inhiben en la dosis utilizada la motilidad de la panza y la actividad de la flora y fauna pregastricas. El estado general de los animales y su sensibilidad se hallan afectados en parte; la imagen se asemeja a la de una cetosis espontanea. Por lo tanto, los acidos grasos saturados (p. ej. en turtos de coco o de datiles) tienen importancia practica en la etiologia de la cetosis.

Zusammenfassung In 26 Experimenten erhielten Kaninchen teils abgepresten Pflanzensaft, teils Extrakte aus frischen Pflanzen oder den Presruckstanden (Trester) von Trisetum flavescens oral verabreicht. Benutzte Praparationen: Pr 1, Pr 2: Abgeprester Pflanzensaft, lyophilisiert, nur teilweise wasserloslich. Pr 8: Abgeprester Pflanzensaft, mittels Chloroform von Pflanzenfarbstoffen und wasserunloslichen, lipophilen Bestandteilen befreit, wasserloslich. E1, EII: Extraktion mit Methanol-Wassergemisch (4:1), Behandlung mit Chloroform (wie oben), Lyophilisierung, wasserloslich. E Pr 2: Methanol-Extraktion, Methanol abgedampft, Lyophilisierung, wasserloslich. E Pr 8: Extraktion wie oben, zusatzlich Chloroform-Behandlung, Lyophilisierung, wasserloslich. Sowohl die Pressafte als auch die Extrakte bewirkten einen Anstieg der Konzentration an anorg. P im Blutplasma, sofern das Ausgangsmaterial von jungen Pflanzen stammte. Die Reaktion des Blut-Phosphatspiegels lies zu einem gewissen Grade eine Dosis: Wirkung-Beziehung erkennen. Da der Pressaft Pr 8 wie auch die wirksamen Extrakte E Pr 2 und E Pr 8 wasserloslich waren, kann fur die biologisch aktive Substanz die gleiche Losungseigenschaft unterstellt werden. Die nachgewiesene Wirkung entspricht derjenigen eines Vitamin-D-Metaboliten. Wahrscheinlich handelt es sich dabei um das eigentliche pathogene (kalzinogene) Prinzip der Pflanze. Da von anderer Seite auch Cholekalziferol in Trisetum flavescens nachgewiesen worden ist, scheinen in dieser Pflanze zwei Substanzen mit Vitamin-D-Charakter vorzukommen, die sonst nur im tierischen Organismus gebildet werden. Summary Trisetum flavescens: Evidence of a water-soluble active constituent In 26 experiments rabbits were given orally either the sap of crushed Trisetum flavescens, extracts of the fresh plant, or extracts of the residues of the crushed plant. The preparations used were: Pr. 1, Pr. 2: Crushed plant sap, lyophilized, only partially water-soluble. Pr. 8: Crushed plant sap, with pigments and water-insoluble lipophilic components removed by chloroform, water-soluble. E I, E II: Methanol: water (4:1)-extract, treated with chloroform (as above), lyophilized, water-soluble. E Pr. 2: Methanol-extract, methanol evaporated off, lyophilized, water-soluble. E Pr. 8: Extract (as above), treated again with chloroform, lyophilized, water-soluble. Administration of both the sap and the extracts resulted in an increase in the inorganic phosphorus concentration in the plasma, provided that the starting material comprised young plants. A certain dose-response relationship could be derived from the changes in the levels of blood phosphate. Since Pr. 8 (sap) and the active extracts, E Pr. 2 and E Pr. 8, were all water-soluble, it can be concluded that the biologically active substance was also water-soluble. The effects observed indicate that a Vitamin D metabolite was involved and it would seem that this may be the actual pathogenic active constituent (calcinogen) of the plant. Nevertheless, Trisetum flavescens has also been shown to contain cholecalciferol and it therefore appears that two substances with the properties of Vitamin D occur in this plant which are otherwise formed only in animal organisms. Resume Trisetum flavescens: Mise en evidence d'un principe actif soluble dans l'eau On a fait 26 experiences sur des lapins en leur administrant par voie orale, soit de la seve de Trisetum flavescens presse, soit des extrait de cette plante fraiche, ou des extraits des residus de la plante pressee. Les preparations utilisees etaient: Pr. 1, Pr. 2: Seve de plante, pressee, lyophilisee: — partiellement soluble dans l'eau. Pr. 8: Seve de plante pressee, extraite au chloroforme des matieres colorantes et des substances lipophiliques insolubles dans l'eau: — soluble dans l'eau. E I, E II: Extraction au methanol: eau (4:1), traitement au chloroforme (comme ci-dessus), lyophilisation, soluble dans l'eau. E Pr. 2: Extraction au methanol, methanol evapore, lyophilisation: — soluble dans l'eau. E Pr. 8: Extraction (comme ci-dessus), traitement supplementaire au chloroforme, lyophilisation, soluble dans l'eau. Si la matiere de base provient de plantes jeunes, aussi bien la seve que les extraits ont l'effet d'augmenter la concentration plasmatique du phosphore anorganique. La reaction du niveau phosphatique dans le sang permet de deceler a un certain degre un effet dose-reponse. Etant donne que, la seve, Pr. 8, ainsi que les extraits efficaces, E Pr. 2 et E Pr. 8, etaient solubles dans l'eau, on peut en deduire que la substance biologique active a la meme qualite de solubilite. L'effet observe correspond a celui d'un metabolite de la vitamine D. Probablement s'agit-il la du vrai principe actif pathogene (calcinogene) de la plante. Etant donne qu'il a egalement ete demontre que Trisetum flavescens contient du cholecalciferol, cette plante semble contenir deux substances avec des proprietes de la vitamine D qui ne se forment autrement que dans l'organisme animal. Resumen Tisetum flavescens: Indicacion de una substancia activa hidrosoluble En 26 experimentos se administro por via oral a conejos bien el jugo resultante de exprimir las plantas, bien extractos de plantas frescas o bien el orujo de Trisetum flavescens. Se usaron los preparados siguientes: Pr 1, Pr 2: jugo de plantas prensadas, liofilizado, solo hidrosoluble en parte. Pr 8: jugo de plantas prensadas, liberado mediante cloroformo de los colorantes vegetales y de los componentes lipofilos insolubles en agua, hidrosoluble. E 1, E 11: extraccion con una mezcla de metanol-agua (4:1), tratada con cloroformo (vease arriba), liofilizacion, hidrosoluble. E Pr 2: extraccion con metanol, evaporacion del metanol, liofilizacion, hidrosoluble. E Pr 8: extraccion como E Pr 2, tratada adicionalmente con cloroformo, liofilizacion, hidrosoluble. Tanto los jugos como los extractos producen un aumento de la concentracion plasmatica del P inorganico, siempre y cuando el material de partida provenga de plantas jovenes. La reaccion del nivel de fosfato en sangre dejaba reconocer hasta cierto punto una relacion entre la dosis y el efecto. Como el jugo exprimido Pr 8 y los extractos activos E Pr 2 y E Pr 8 eran hidrosolubles, pueden presumirse para la substancia biologica activa las mismas propiedades de solubilidad. El efecto comprobado es semejante al de un metabolito de la vitamina D. Tal vez se trate aqui del principio patogeno propiamente dicho (calcinogeno) de la planta. Puesto que otros autores tambien han verificado colecalciferol en Trisetum flavescens, parece ser que este vegetal posee dos substancias con el caracter de la vitamina D, las cuales comunmente solo son producidas por el organismo animal.

Zusammenfassung Zwei mit Pansenfistel versehene, nicht laktierende, nicht tragende Holstein- Friesian-Kuhe durchliefen drei Futterungsperioden: 1. energiearm, 2. energiereich, 3. energiearm. In vierzehntagigen Abstanden wurden Pansenzotten zur morphometrischen und histologischen Auswertung entnommen und am Ende der Perioden 1, 2 und 3 Resorptionsversuche (RV 1, 2, 3) mit niederen Fettsauren (FS) durchgefuhrt. Ergebnisse: Unter energiereicher Futterung vergroserten sich die Pansenzotten, und an der Mukosa liefen erhebliche Proliferationsprozesse ab; der Umbau erstreckte sich uber 4 bis 6 Wochen. Wahrend RV 2 sank die FS-Konzentration im Pansen wesentlich schneller und starker als wahrend RV 1 und 3. Die Zeiten, in denen die FS-Konzentrationen in RV 1, 2 und 3 auf 50 % des Ausgangswertes sanken, standen im Verhaltnis von 1 (RV 2) zu 2,2 bis 4,8 (RV 1/3); wahrend der ersten Stunde betrug die FS-Resorption/min in RV 1 und 3 nur 29–57% von derjenigen in RV2. Die Schleimhautadaptation ist von groser Bedeutung fur die Stabilisierung des pH im Panseninhalt (bei starke- und/oder zuckerreichem Futter) sowie fur die Energieversorgung in der Hochlaktation. Danksagung Die Untersuchungen wurden aus Mitteln der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft gefordert, wofur wir aufrichtig danken. Summary Rumen mucosa morphology and fatty acid absorption-significant factors for health and production Two non-lactating, non-pregnant Holstein-Friesian cows fitted with rumen fistulas were used in three feeding periods: 1. energy-poor, 2. energy-rich, 3. energy-poor. Rumen papillae-biopsies were taken at fourteen-day intervals for morphometric and histological evaluation. At the end of periods 1, 2, and 3 absorption trials (AT 1, 2, 3) were conducted with short chain fatty acids (FA). Results: With energy-rich feeding the rumen papillae increased in size, and considerable proliferation of the mucosa took place; the growth occurred over a 4 to 6 week period. During AT 2 the FA concentration in the rumen decreased considerably more quickly and pronouncedly than during AT 1 and 3. The time intervals in which intraruminal FA concentrations decreased to 50 % of initial values were recorded. Setting the respective values of AT 2 as 1.0, values of AT 1 and 3 ranged from 2.2 to 4.8. During the first hour the FA absorption/min for AT 1 and 3 amounted to only 29 to 57% of that for AT 2. The mucosal adaptation is of major significance for the stabilization of the pH of rumen contents (with starch and/or sugar rich rations) as well as for energy supply during peak lactation. Resume Morphologie de la muqueuse ruminale et resorption des acides gras chez les bovinsfacteurs importants pour sante et production Deux vaches Holstein-Frisonnes non-gestantes et non-lactantes, munies de fistule ruminale, ont subi trois periodes de regime different: 1) apport energetique pauvre, 2) apport energetique riche, 3) apport energetique pauvre. A intervalles de 14 jours, des papilles ruminales ont ete prelevees pour evaluation morphometrique et histologique; a la fin de chacune des periodes alimentaires 1, 2 et 3 (PA 1, 2, 3), des essais de resorption ont ete realises avec des acides gras a courte chaine (AG). Resultats: Sous l'influence de l'alimentation riche en energie, les papilles ruminales s'agrandissaient et la muqueuse montrait des processus de proliferation considerables; la transformation demandait 4 a 6 semaines. Pendant la phase PA 2, la concentration ruminale des AG baissait de maniere beaucoup plus rapide et importante que pendant les phases PA 1 et PA 3. Les temps moyens necessites dans les regimes PA 1, PA 2 et PA 3 pour une baisse de la concentration des AG jusqu'a 50 % du taux initial furent en correlation dans la proportion de 1,0 (PA 2) : 2,2–4,8 (PA 1/3); durant la premiere heure, la moyenne de resorption des AG par minute ne s'elevait dans les regimes PA 1 et PA 3 que de 29 a 57 % de celle observee pendant la phase PA 2. L'adaptation de la muqueuse est d'une importance essentielle pour la stabilisation du pH du contenu ruminal (en presence d'un regime riche en amidon et en sucres) ainsi que pour l'entretien energetique pendant le pic de la lactation. Resumen La morfologia de la mucosa ruminal y la resorcion de los acidos grasos en el bovino-factores significativos para sanidad y produccion Dos vacas no lactantes ni gestantes, de la raza Holstein-Friesian, provistas con una fistula ruminal, pasaron por tres periodos de alimentacion: 1. aporte energetico pobre, 2. aporte energetico rico, 3. aporte energetico pobre. En intervalos de 14 dias se sacaron vellosidades ruminales para efectuar examenes morfometricos e histologicos. Al final de cada periodo de alimentacion se realizaron experimentos de resorcion (ER 1, 2, 3) con acidos grasos volatiles (AGV). Resultados obtenidos: Bajo una alimentacion rica en energia se agrandaban las vellosidades ruminales y en la mucosa se observaban procesos proliferativos considerables; esta transformacion requeria de 4 a 6 semanas. Durante ER 2 descendia la concentracion de AGV de manera mucho mas rapida y pronunciada que en los ER 1 y 3. Los intervalos en los cuales descendia la concentracion de los AGV en los ER 1, 2, 3 hasta el 50 % del valor inicial se hallaban en la relacion de 1 (ER 2) : 2,2 hasta 4,8 (ER 1, 3). Durante la hora primera no alcanzo la resorcion de AGV/min en los regimenes ER 1 y 3 mas que un 29 hasta 57 % de la habida en el ER 2. La adaptacion de la mucosa tiene una importancia esencial para la estabilizacion del pH en el contenido ruminal (en presencia de un forraje rico en almidon y/o azucares) asi como para el aprovisionamiento energetico durante el pico de lactacion.

This paper provides an assessment of the degree and character of vegetation damage due to the 1996 phreatomagmatic eruption in Akademii Nauk Caldera and considers the mechanisms of posteruptive vegetation recovery. Key features of the primary succession at the Novogodnii Peninsula have been revealed. The vegetation cover prior to the 1996 eruption is reconstructed, and the effect of minor ashfalls that occurred in 1996–2003 is examined.

Each of 359 ejaculates from 20 boars was diluted 1:10 either in Androhep or in Kiev medium and then compared for their fertilizing capacity on Days 2 and 4 (Trial I) or on Days 3 and 5 (Trial II) of storage. First services with 3100 sows and gilts were performed by professional AI technicians. Semen in the Androhep medium used on Day 4 produced higher pregnancy rates than inseminations with Kiev-diluted semen (77.8% vs. 68.5%, P ≤ 0.05). Pregnancy rates and average litter size were equal for inseminations on Day 2 and Day 4 with semen diluted in the Androhep medium. This was in contrast to Kiev-diluted semen. The average litter size decreased significantly with both extenders for Day 3 and Day 5 inseminations. There was a negative correlation between the percentage of spermatozoa with distal plasma droplets and both pregnancy rate and litter size with semen used on Days 2 and 4. The incidence of plasma droplets should not exceed 15% in ejaculates used for AI especially with stored semen.

In four new-born Braunvieh calves suffering from connate recumbency and body tremor, a hitherto not described myelination disorder of the spinal cord was examined. Bilateral symmetric hypo- as well as demyelination in several spinal tracts were the most conspicuous findings, affecting the ascending gracile funiculus, the ascending dorsolateral spinocerebellar tract, and the mainly descending sulcomarginal tract. Deficient myelin production, loss of myelin, consecutive axonal degenerations, and prominent astrogliosis within these tracts were the histological hallmarks of the disease. This possibly inherited primary myelination disorder of the spinal cord differs markedly from known hereditary neurological diseases in Brown Swiss and Braunvieh cattle, respectively, i.e. the weaver-syndrome and the spinal muscular atrophy.

We perform numerical simulations of a disc-planet system using various grid-based and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) codes. The tests are run for a simple setup where Jupiter and Neptune mass planets on a circular orbit open a gap in a protoplanetary disc during a few hundred orbital periods. We compare the surface density contours, potential vorticity and smoothed radial profiles at several times. The disc mass and gravitational torque time evolution are analyzed with high temporal resolution. There is overall consistency between the codes. The density profiles agree within about 5% for the Eulerian simulations while the SPH results predict the correct shape of the gap although have less resolution in the low density regions and weaker planetary wakes. The disc masses after 200 orbital periods agree within 10%. The spread is larger in the tidal torques acting on the planet which agree within a factor 2 at the end of the simulation. In the Neptune case the dispersion in the torques is greater than for Jupiter, possibly owing to the contribution from the not completely cleared region close to the planet., 32 pages, accepted for publication in MNRAS

Isolated cases of photosensitization in grazing cattle are observed in a greenland district of North West Germany close to the North Sea. With adequate treatment the disease usually takes a benign course. Sometimes, however, also the claws are involved in the disease process with the consequence that the photodermatitis later on is followed by chronic exungulation. Details of a respective case are described and documented by pictures: A non-pregnant heifer (age 2 years) was falling sick with acute photodermatitis and Pododermatitis/-dermatosis coronaria aseptica in late autumn (November). After treatment and housing of the patient the acute symptoms (dermatitis, lameness) subsided. About 3 months later deep horizontal circular fissures of the horn wall about 2 cm beneath the coronary band could be observed in all 8 claws - the beginning of chronic exungulation. Subsequently the distally growing "old" horn-capsulars became progressively smaller and movable. The patient, being again on pasture (on soft ground) in the next grazing season, showed recurring lameness. The lameness could be improved by repeated cutting of the horn-wall at the tip of the claws. The "new horn-shoes" had normal conformation and full weightbearing capacity. The heifer calved in September; her milkproduction was in the average of 3 years 9.428 kg. The cause of the photosensitization could not be identified.

We investigate the response of an accretion disk to the presence of a perturbing protoplanet embedded in the disk through time dependent hydrodynamical simulations. The disk is treated as a two-dimensional viscous fluid and the planet is kept on a fixed orbit. We run a set of simulations varying the planet mass, and the viscosity and temperature of the disk. All runs are followed until they reach a quasi-equilibrium state. We find that for planetary masses above a certain minimum mass, already 3 M_Jup for a viscosity of nu = 10^{-5}, the disk makes a transition from a nearly circular state into an eccentric state. Increasing the planetary mass leads to a saturation of disk eccentricity with a maximum value of around 0.25. The transition to the eccentric state is driven by the excitation of an m=2 spiral wave at the outer 1:3 Lindblad resonance. The effect occurs only if the planetary masses are large enough to clear a sufficiently wide and deep gap to reduce the damping effect of the outer 1:2 Lindblad resonance. An increase in viscosity and temperature in the disk, which both tend to close the gap, have an adverse influence on the disk eccentricity. In the eccentric state the mass accretion rate onto the planet is greatly enhanced, an effect that may ease the formation of massive planets beyond about 5 M_Jup that are otherwise difficult to reach., Comment: 9 Pages, 9 Figures, A&A in press, additional material under http://www.tat.physik.uni-tuebingen.de/~kley/publ/paper/eccdisk.html

The objective of this study was to determine the digestibility of milk lipids in calves with diarrhoea, the pathophysiological effects of fat intake on the course of the disease and the conversion of malabsorbed longchain fatty acids to secretory effective hydroxy fatty acids by the intestinal flora.32 male calves of the breed "Deutsches Fleckvieh" with spontaneous occurring diarrhoea, age 3-14 days. Reference group: 6 clinically healthy calves of the same age group. Feed: whole milk, daily ration corresponding to 10% of the BM, divided into 3 meals; supplementary oral rehydration solution as required.Quantitative collection of the faeces excreted over a period of at least 72 hours, determination of fatty acids and glycerides, identification and quantification of hydroxystearic acids in the faeces by gas chromatography; calculation of the apparent digestibility of the milk lipids.The apparent digestibility of the milk lipids was in part considerably reduced in direct relation (r = 0.8) to the severity of the diarrhoea. In the case of daily fecal outputs of over 50 g/kg BM (watery diarrhoea), the apparent fat digestibility was reduced below 50%. Even so, the apparent digestibility correlated positively with the milk intake (r = 0.5). The fat excretion in the patients showed an average of 1.4 g/kg BM/24 h and was thus nearly nine times higher in comparison to the reference group (0.16 g/kg BM/24 h). In the case of severe diarrhoea, fat excretion rates of over 2 (up to max. 5.8) g/kg BM in 24 hours were recorded. However, in the main (approx. 70%) it was not glycerides but nonesterified fatty acids. A part of the longchain fatty acids were converted to hydroxy fatty acids by the intestinal flora. It was possible to quantify alpha-, 10(9)- and 12-hydroxystearic acids individually in the faeces of both healthy calves and those with diarrhoea. However, the total concentration of hydroxystearic acids in the faces of 26 out of 32 patients was considerably under the secretory effective concentration of 2 mmol/kg (mean = 1.5 mmol/kg), the other six lay between 2.9 and 11.6 mmol/kg. Only a weakly positive correlation (r = 0.23 or 0.24) existed between the amount of milk intake and the fecal concentration resp. excretion of hydroxystearic acids.There was no evidence that the consumption of milk lipids influenced the diarrhoea negatively. In individual cases, it could not be completely excluded that fluid and electrolyte absorption was affected by hydroxystearic acids produced in the intestine, but the quantitative effects of this process are of minor significance in comparison to other diarrhoea inducing factors.

In 12 sheep (Coburger Fuchsschaf; 10 female, 1 male, 1 wether), grazing on a pasture with approximately 20 (to 40)% golden oat grass and fed the respective hay, clinical findings and outcome of Trisetum flavescens induced calcinosis were controlled for 2 1/2 years. Besides lameness typical for calcinosis (slightly bent carpus and relatively stretched position of tarsal and fetlock joints when standing, 'kneeling' on the carpi) the patients showed increasing impairment of the circulatory and respiratory systems (holosystolic endocardial murmur, congestion, exspiratory dyspnoea etc.). 4 of the 12 sheep died (2) or had to be euthanatized (2) because of peracute heart failure; 5 patients showing chronic circulatory insufficiency as well as 1 animal suffering from severe lameness had likewise to be euthanatized (Ubersicht 1-3). One calcinotic ewe (No. 12), still alive at the time of this evaluation (2003), gave birth to 2 healthy lambs and nursed them. The ram (No. 5) had to be eliminated for another disease. The mostly severe calcifications of the cardiac valves, the endocardium and the arterial vessels as observed during the pathomorphological examination are consistent with the clinically diagnosed cardiovascular insufficiency. Furthermore, calcification of several tendons and ligaments, the kidneys and in 3 cases of the pulmonary parenchyma could be found. Clinical observations and post mortem findings showed a remarkable individual variation. Compared to calcinosis in cattle, in sheep the functional disturbance of the circulatory system was striking.

On 32 calves (age 3 to 14 days) with spontaneously occurring diarrhoea, the following investigations were carried out: Regular examination of serum bile acid concentrations, collection of the entire faeces with determination of bile acid concentrations, as well as microbiological examinations. Six clinically healthy calves served as control group. In addition, bile acids in bile were determined in 16 other calves of the same age group and in 6 beef bulls. There was no significant influence of daytime or feed intake on serum bile acid concentration in diarrhoeic or healthy calves. Possibly due to the low concentrations of bile acids in the bile of young calves (4.8 +/- 3.7 mmol/l, compared to 57 +/- 13 mmol/l in the bulls), the concentrations in faeces were also rather low (control group 623 +/- 92, calves with diarrhoea 318 +/- 277, after diarrhoea. 794 +/- 935 mumol/kg). Most of it was cholic acid, whereas only traces of desoxycholic acid were found. In spite of the comparatively low concentrations of fecal bile acids, the diarrhoeic calves excreted larger amounts of bile acids than the healthy calves (12.7 +/- 13.5 vs. 1.4 +/- 0.8 mumol/kg), but this was independent of the type of enteropathogen or pathogen combinations which were detected. There were no indications for a direct influence of the diarrhoea by bile acids. However, through enteral bile acid losses, profuse diarrhoea lasting several days can cause a reduction in the total bile acid pool.

Among the patients admitted to the II. Medical Animal Clinic of the University of Munich from 1986 through 1994, there were 51 calves at an age of up to three months with intussusceptions in the caecal region. The following forms were observed: caecocaecal (n = 12), caecocolic (n = 22), ileocaecocolic (n = 6), ileocaecal (n = 8), and jejunoileocolic (n = 3). In 40 cases, the intussusception occurred in the course of diarrheal disease. The most important signs were scant faeces, that often contained blood and/or mucus, and the finding of a hard viscus upon abdominal palpation. Colic was observed in 27% of patients. In 18 cases, surgical intervention was not attempted because of the advanced stage of the disease or severe accompanying disease. From the remaining 33 calves, eight were cured. The others were either destroyed or died because of extensive peritonitis or other diseases. This report is to draw attention to the fact that (caecal) intussusception should be considered in diarrheal calves when faecal output decreases suddenly, and the general state deteriorates.

Observations and experiences as well as results of clinical investigations in 364 calves with clinically apparent abomasal ulcers (bleeding 28, deep 37, perforating 299) are communicated. The anamnestic data, evaluated systematically, allow to conclude, that influences of the feeding regime, in particular faults during the early weaning period, play an important role in the multifactorial etiology. Furthermore, symptoms, diagnosis and differential diagnosis as well as treatment and prevention are described. The various localizations (and ways) of perforating abomasal ulcers are demonstrated by schematic representations and by the respective findings at operation or at necropsy.

To evaluate the efficacy of tests for hepatic disease in young calves.Prospective case-control study.28 clinically normal calves and 47 calves with histologically proven hepatic disease.Liver function tests and serum activity of liver-derived enzymes were determined on 28 clinically normal calves at birth and at 2 weeks of age. These values were compared with the results from 47 calves with hepatic disease verified by histologic examination. Upper limit of confidence interval was determined for the results on the clinically normal calves, and Student's t-test was used to identify significant differences in the data from calves of various age-groups.None of the results of the common tests for liver damage or function (measurement of bilirubin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase [GMD], alkaline phosphatase, L-lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, or alanine transaminase) were clinically useful when used alone for detection of hepatic disease in calves less than 6 weeks old. Sensitivity of gamma-glutamyltransferase, GMD, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase as indicators of hepatic disease in this population of calves was 0, 59, 80, and 9%, respectively. Direct bilirubin (sensitivity, 87%) was more sensitive than total bilirubin (sensitivity, 66%). Serum enzyme activity of most enzymes (P0.01), total bilirubin concentration (P0.001), and sulfobromophthalein sodium clearance half-life were significantly higher (P0.001) in newborn calves than in 2-week-old calves.Clinical findings that indicate hepatic disease in calves that are less than 6 weeks old could be confirmed by measurement of serum activity of GMD or concentrations of total serum bile acids or direct bilirubin. Percutaneous liver biopsy may still be needed and may provide the most information.

In the time between 1989 and 1991 seven Brown Swiss heifers, which had clinical signs of the Weaver syndrome were kept at the Bavarian Institute of Animal Breeding in Grub. This was in order to investigate this hereditary trait further. The number of animals carrying this genetic defect was increased by means of embryo transfer. Both cycle observations and ovary controls by means of rectal palpation resulted largely in physiological data and findings. All seven animals responded to superovulation treatment which was induced by sequential doses of p-FSH (32 mg) or of a single dose of 2,000 IU PMSG. The donors were flushed a total of 32 times without problem. On average 5.3 ova were recovered, 2.8 of which were viable and suitable for transfer. These are statistically only 50% of the normal value in a routine ET programme. Following the transfer of fresh and frozen embryos the pregnancy rate was 53%. There was only one abortion observed from 48 pregnancies.

Summary A new teststrip for semiquantitative determination of beta-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB) in bovine milk has been tested in experimental investigations in three lactating cows. After intraruminal administration of butyric acid, the following parameters were determined during 7 hours: milk concentrations of BHB (quantitatively and semiquantitatively) and acetone (quantitatively), BHB concentration in blood and urine (quantitatively), acetone + acetic acid concentration in urine (semiquantitatively). The new quick-test proved to be highly sensitive and even subclinical or physiological levels of BHB in milk could be determined. It seems to be suitable not only for the diagnosis of clinically manifest ketosis in dairy cows, but also for the control of the energy metabolism on a herd basis and as an indicator of ketogenic feedstuffs in the ration.

The report describes seven SMA-cases in descendents of crossbreeds of American Brown Swiss x Deutsches Braunvieh. Symptoms and course: After initially normal development of the calves for one to six weeks the disease set in suddenly followed by a rapid lethal course of one to one and a half weeks duration due to asphyxia and/or secondary diseases. Only one case was reported having been sick since birth (?). Characteristic signs were rapidly progressing muscular atrophy, paresis and paralysis of the limbs, the trunk and the diaphragm, usually accompanied by progressive dyspnoea. Signs of congenital neuromyodysplasia (arthrogryposis) of different degree were present in four of the seven calves. Six calves had contracted a secondary pneumonia. Blood gas analysis (6/7) revealed a compensated (1x) or decompensated (4x) respiratory acidosis. Neurohistological findings: Degeneration and loss of motor neurons in the ventral horns of the spinal cord and neurogenic muscular atrophy. Immunohistochemistry revealed a pronounced accumulation of type 200 kD-neurofilaments in perikarya and dendrites of ventral horn motoneurons indicating disturbed mechanisms of the axonal transport. The disease seems to be inherited as a recessive trait.

Excessive fat deposition prior to calving and a negative energy balance post partum predispose the high producing cow for an intensive postpartal lipolysis and for the health problems resulting thereof. It was postulated that a well proliferated ruminal mucosa at the beginning of lactation could improve the energy supply by stabilizing the pH of the rumen content with energy rich feed and by providing a high absorption capacity for volatile fatty acids. Results of earlier experiments dealing with this problem are reviewed. Furthermore there is described a pilot experiment with 9 dry cows, which was directed to stimulate rumen mucosa growth ante partum by a low energy ration (roughage) during the first half of the dry period and a high energy ration during the last 3 to 4 weeks prior to calving, without inducing a fat cow. The ruminal mucosa reacted to that feeding regimen as expected and desired. The body weight of 3 cows in moderate and 4 cows in medium body condition increased by 7.2% or 3% during 8 to 11 or 7 to 9 weeks respectively. One of two fat cows lost 4.9% of her body weight within 8 to 9 weeks while the condition of the second animal remained unchanged. No problems were observed at calving. A further progress is expected by feeding the dry cows in two groups with different rations according to their body condition at the end of lactation. Results of experiments as well as practical experiences show that no more than 8 to 10 days are necessary to adapt the ruminal flora to a mixed ration (roughage + concentrates).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Following an outbreak of enzootic bronchopneumonia, 15 out of 19 calves of one herd were affected by uni- or bilateral otitis media. The animals (aged four days to nine weeks) were housed in individual boxes. Type and distribution of concurrent diseases as well as the symptoms indicative of otitis are listed in two tables; two other tables give the results of the bacteriological examinations of aural and nasal swabs taken before and during treatment. In order to cure otitis media, systemic as well as simultaneous local treatments are necessary. The application of oily suspensions of antibiotics into the auditory canal cannot be recommended. Twelve of the 15 sick calves recovered.

Based on 2127 first services in a field trial, the influence of sperm motility and morphology on the fertility of ten AI boars was investigated using semen stored for three and five days. Depending on sperm morphology the farrowing rate differed by up to 31% and the litter size differed by up to 3.4 piglets. Sperm motility and morphology are useful parameters in selecting sires for AI, especially in the case of inseminations with semen stored long-term.

Clostridium botulinum toxin, type C, could be demonstrated by means of temperature induced microcomplement fixation in blood serum and in aspirated rumen fluid of cattle suffering from botulism. The results were already available after seven hours. Botulinum toxin likewise could be identified from hair of a suspicious carcass. The investigations confirm the high sensitivity of this method.

In this case report a perforation of the uterus in a German Black Pied cow after correction of the uterine torsion in the 5th month of gestation is described. Because of the hopeless prognosis, the cow was slaughtered. An additional finding was a metaplastic keratinization of the chorionic epithelium in the form of a plaque. The reason and pathogenic meaning of this metaplasia is not known. In the discussion, therapy of the uterine torsion in such an early state of gestation is critically considered.

Summary Efficacy of local and/or parenteral vaccination against calf salmonellosis with inactivated vaccines The S. typhimurium calf model was used to study immunization with inactivated vaccines against salmonellosis. Efficacy was demonstrated by comparison of post-infectious clinical reaction in vaccinated and non-vaccinated calves. The best immunization results were achieved with heat-inactivated bacteria or germ lysate. Formalin-inactivated bacteria were less effective. No immunity was observed after vaccination with phenol-water-extracted bacteria or enterotoxin preparation of S. typhimurium. Among the different application modes (nasal, dermal, oral, parenteral) combined oral and intramuscular vaccination proved to be most effective. The best immunization results could be achieved when calves were orally vaccinated once daily over 14 to 21 days in combination with an intramuscular booster immunization on the 10th day of the oral immunization period. Calves thus vaccinated were completely protected against 10 to 50 LD50S. typhimurium. Zusammenfassung Am Modell der S. typhimurium-Infektion des Kalbes wurde die Wirksamkeit von inaktivierten Salmonella-Impfstoffen untersucht. Der Wirksamkeitsnachweis erfolgte im Infektionsbelastungsversuch durch den Vergleich von Morbiditat und Mortalitat bei geimpften und nicht geimpften Tieren. Impfstoffe aus hitzeinaktivierten Erregern oder Keimlysaten ubertrafen in der Wirksamkeit Impfstoffe aus formalininaktivierten Keimen. Die orale Impfung mit einem Phenol-Wasser-Extrakt oder einer Enterotoxinpraparation von S. typhimurium blieb wirkungslos. Von verschiedenen Applikationsarten (oral, nasal, dermal, parenteral) hatte eine Kombination aus oraler und intramuskularer Impfung die beste Schutzwirkung. Taglich oral, uber einen Zeitraum von 14 bis 21 Tagen mit 1011hitzeinaktivierten S. typhimurium-Keimen immunisierte und einmal intramuskular geboosterte (10 Tage nach Beginn der oralen Impfung) Kalber waren gegen eine orale S. typhimurium-Infektion mit 10 bis 50 LD50 vollkommen geschutzt.

Summary Feed dependent changes of the ruminal mucosa of high producing dairy cows during the dry period and first eight weeks post partum: Rumen mucosa samples were obtained from the ventral sack of the rumen (via rumen fistula) from two groups of Israeli-Holstein-Friesian cows (group A, n = 6; B, n = 5) during the time period from 9 weeks before to 8 weeks after parturition. Both morphometric and histological examinations were performed. Group A cows were switched from a low energy dry period ration to a production ration 14 days prepartum, whereas the ration change for group B occurred at calving. All animals experienced a continuous reduction in rumen mucosa after transition to a dry period ration. The mucosa of group A cows began to proliferate again after the prepartum ration change, but the mucosal degeneration in group B continued until parturition. At the end of the control period (eight weeks post partum) mucosal development in both groups surpassed quantitatively and qualitatively the initial level at the end of lactation. The importance of ration-dependent transformation processes in the rumen for pH-regulation of the forestomach contents and for energy balance (reparatory feeding, postpartum energy deficit) is discussed. Zusammenfassung In zwei Gruppen von Israeli-Holstein-Friesian-Kuhen (A/n = 6; B/n = 5) wurden im Zeitraum von 9 Wochen vor bis 8 Wochen nach dem Partus aus dem ventralen Pansensack Schleimhautproben (via Pansenfistel) entnommen und sowohl morphometrisch als auch histologisch untersucht. Gruppe A wurde 14 Tage a. p., Gruppe B zur Zeit der Kalbung von energiearmem Trockenstehfutter auf Leistungsration umgestellt (Tab. 1). Ergebnisse: Nach Ubergang zur Trockenstehration trat bei allen Tieren ein kontinuierlicher Abbau der Pansenschleimhaut ein (Abb. 1). Wahrend die Mukosa in Gruppe A nach dem prapartalen Futterwechsel wieder zu proliferieren begann, setzte sich in Gruppe B der Abbau bis zum Partus fort (Abb. 1). Am Ende der Kontrollperiode (acht Wochen post partum) ubertraf die Schleimhautentwicklung in beiden Gruppen quantitativ und qualitativ deutlich das Ausgangsniveau zu Laktationsende. Die Bedeutung der futterungsabhangigen ruminalen Umbauvorgange fur die pH-Regulation im Vormageninhalt wie fur den Energiehaushalt (Vorbereitungsfutterung, Energielucke p.p.) wird diskutiert.

Zusammenfassung Zwei einfache titrimetrische Schnelltests — Visocolor Aziditat AC 7 und Chlorid CL 500 — wurden auf ihre Brauchbarkeit fur die Bestimmung der Gesamtaziditat und des Chloridgehaltes im Pansensaft von Rind und Schaf gepruft. Die mit dem Schnelltest in 141 Pansensaftproben ermittelten Aziditatswerte stimmten gut mit denen uberein, die mit der Referenzmethode nach Slanina und Rossow (1964) gewonnen wurden (r = 0.987); die Prazision beider Methoden war im Normalbereich zufriedenstellend, bei erhohter Gesamtaziditat gut. Bei der Bestimmung des Chloridgehaltes in 148 Pansensaftproben mit dem Visocolor-Test ergab sich eine sehr gute Korrelation der Ergebnisse mit denen der coulometrischen Messung mittels Chloridmeter (r = 0.993). Bei normalem Chloridgehalt war die Prazision des Schnelltestes zufriedenstellend, bei erhohtem gut. — Somit eignen sich beide Schnelltests fur die klinische Pansensaftuntersuchung.

Antibodies were demonstrated in the small intestine, in faecal material, and in serum from calves which had been infected with different strains of bovine rotavirus at 6–9 days of age.

By "Rumen acidosis" until recently only the acute indigestion with intoxication caused by excessive production of lactic acid was understood. Meanwhile, however, it has become evident that further pathologic changes can take place in the acid-base status of the rumen contents which may also be referred to as "Rumen acidosis". Basing on new literature and own experiences the paper gives a review of that "Rumen acidosis complex": Fundamentals of the regulation of pH in the rumen; chronic latent rumen acidosis (hyper- and parakeratosis, chronic hyperplastic rumenitis, rumenitis-liver abscess complex, hyperlipodeposition, low milk fat syndrome, atypical ketosis, chronic laminitis, cerebrocortical necrosis, acid-base metabolism); acute lactic acidosis (etiology, pathogenesis, therapy, prophylaxis).