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Evolutionary approaches are gaining popularity in conservation science, with diverse strategies applied in efforts to support adaptive population outcomes. Yet conservation strategies differ in the type of adaptive outcomes they promote as conservation goals. For instance, strategies based on genetic or demographic rescue implicitly target adaptive population states whereas strategies utilizing transgenerational plasticity or evolutionary rescue implicitly target adaptive processes. These two goals are somewhat polar: adaptive state strategies optimize current population fitness, which should reduce phenotypic and/or genetic variance, reducing adaptability in changing or uncertain environments; adaptive process strategies increase genetic variance, causing maladaptation in the short term, but increase adaptability over the long term. Maladaptation refers to suboptimal population fitness, adaptation refers to optimal population fitness, and (mal)adaptation refers to the continuum of fitness variation from maladaptation to adaptation. Here, we present a conceptual classification for conservation that implicitly considers (mal)adaptation in the short‐term and long‐term outcomes of conservation strategies. We describe cases of how (mal)adaptation is implicated in traditional conservation strategies, as well as strategies that have potential as a conservation tool but are relatively underutilized. We use a meta‐analysis of a small number of available studies to evaluate whether the different conservation strategies employed are better suited toward increasing population fitness across multiple generations. We found weakly increasing adaptation over time for transgenerational plasticity, genetic rescue, and evolutionary rescue. Demographic rescue was generally maladaptive, both immediately after conservation intervention and after several generations. Interspecific hybridization was adaptive only in the F1 generation, but then rapidly leads to maladaptation. Management decisions that are made to support the process of adaptation must adequately account for (mal)adaptation as a potential outcome and even as a tool to bolster adaptive capacity to changing conditions.

The piezoelectric effect, which was discovered for the first time by the brothers Pierre and Jacques Curie, combines electrical with mechanical quantities and vice versa. If piezoelectric materials (e.g. quartz, turmaline) are subjected to electrical signals along certain crystal orientations, deformations along well-defined crystal orientations appear. Contrary, a mechanical deformation results in a generation of polarization charges. Even if there exist numerous publications on this so-called direct and reciprocal piezoelectric effect, the aim of this paper is to convey a clear and easy understanding of this essential solid body effect in particular for the non-specialist, since a large number of publications is rather superficial and unfortunately sometimes incorrect. A variety of ionic crystals show the direct and reciprocal piezoelectric effect. In this paper, an illustrative representation of both effects is given by the molecular structure of alpha-quartz, a stable modification of the silicon dioxide, the second most common mineral of the earth's crust. Both effects always involve an important physical quantity, the so-called electrical polarization, which represents an Euclidean vector being defined as the quotient of the total dipole moment resulting from the deformation of the hexagonal unit cell of alpha-quartz and the volume of the unit cell. Based on the physical explanation of the dipole moment, it is shown how the directions of the electrical polarization can be calculated in a simple manner. This finally enables the physical understanding of both effects that are nowadays used in numerous technical applications in the broad field of sensor and actuator technologies.

The piezoelectric effect, which was discovered for the first time by the brothers Pierre and Jacques Curie, combines electrical with mechanical quantities and vice versa. If piezoelectric materials (e.g. quartz, turmaline) are subjected to electrical signals along certain crystal orientations, deformations along well-defined crystal orientations appear. Contrary, a mechanical deformation results in a generation of polarization charges. Even if there exist numerous publications on this so-called direct and reciprocal piezoelectric effect, the aim of this paper is to convey a clear and easy understanding of this essential solid body effect in particular for the non-specialist, since a large number of publications is rather superficial and unfortunately sometimes incorrect. A variety of ionic crystals show the direct and reciprocal piezoelectric effect. In this paper, an illustrative representation of both effects is given by the molecular structure of alpha-quartz, a stable modification of the silicon dioxide, the second most common mineral of the earth’s crust. Both effects always involve an important physical quantity, the so-called electrical polarization, which represents an Euclidean vector being defined as the quotient of the total dipole moment resulting from the deformation of the hexagonal unit cell of alpha-quartz and the volume of the unit cell. Based on the physical explanation of the dipole moment, it is shown how the directions of the electrical polarization can be calculated in a simple manner. This finally enables the physical understanding of both effects that are nowadays used in numerous technical applications in the broad field of sensor and actuator technologies.

Background: Radiographic fracture classification helps with research on prognosis and treatment. AO/OTA classification into fracture type has shown to be reliable, but further classification of fractures into subgroups reduces the interobserver agreement and takes a considerable amount of practice and experience in order to master. Questions/purposes: We assessed: (1) differences between more and less experienced trauma surgeons based on hip fractures treated per year, years of experience, and the percentage of their time dedicated to trauma, (2) differences in the interobserver agreement between classification into fracture type, group, and subgroup, and (3) differences in the interobserver agreement when assessing fracture stability compared to classifying fractures into type, group and subgroup. Methods: This study used the Science of Variation Group to measure factors associated with variation in interobserver agreement on classification of proximal femur fractures according to the AO/OTA classification on radiographs. We selected 30 anteroposterior radiographs from 1061 patients aged 55 years or older with an isolated fracture of the proximal femur, with a spectrum of fracture types proportional to the full database. To measure the interobserver agreement the Fleiss’ kappa was determined and bootstrapping (resamples = 1000) was used to calculate the standard error, z statistic, and 95% confidence intervals. We compared the Kappa values of surgeons with more experience to less experienced surgeons. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the Kappa values on each classification level (type, group, subgroup) between more and less experienced surgeons. When all surgeons were combined into one group, the interobserver reliability was the greatest for classifying the fractures into type (kappa, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.97; p < 0.001), reflecting almost perfect agreement. When comparing the kappa values between classes (type, group, subgroup), we found statistically significant differences between each class. Substantial agreement was found in the clinically relevant groups stable/unstable trochanteric, displaced/non-displaced femoral neck, and femoral head fractures (kappa, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.67, p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study adds to a growing body of evidence that relatively simple distinctions are more reliable and that this is independent of surgeon experience.

Piezoelectric bending actuators are suitable for a wide range of applications that require deflections in range of hundreds of microns. A variety of applications can be found in almost all fields of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, acoustics, automation, automotive, health care and in countless further application areas of industry and daily life. Piezoceramic compacts, piezoceramic actuators as well as complex units and systems are used. The development of high-efficient and lowcost piezoceramic materials optimized for technical applications allowed for a multiplicity of technical solutions for piezoceramic actuators. The so-called high-effective mass systems provide maximum gain at only 1 kV/mm resulting in a material strain of approx. 2 ppm. Therefore, high-effective piezoceramics show very large piezoelectric coefficients diq representing the ratio between strain and electric field. Inherent hysteresis, drift and creep characteristics are a disadvantage of high-effective piezoceramic materials. Therefore, piezoceramic bending actuators consisting of high-efficient piezoceramics are only suitable for a limited extent, as far as high-accuracy positioning is concerned. For applications, that require precise switching and exact position control, measures have to be taken for the compensation of the inherent piezoelectric effects such as creep and hysteresis and the compensation of external varying mechanical loads and vibrations. By means of a sensor attached to the bending actuator and an appropriate sensor electronics, the disturbing effects can be detected. The implementation of such a sensor-actuator system into a closed-loop control allows a compensation of negative effects, thus high-efficient piezoceramics can be used for highaccuracy positioning. In this paper, the focus is laid on a noncontact inductive proximity sensor its principle function is based on eddy current measurement effects offering the possibility of sensor integration in smallest spaces in combination with a high-accuracy electronic circuit. The essential structure and the operational mode of the non-contact inductive proximity sensor are discussed in detail.

This paper describes a new postgraduate master research seminar format which was designed to establish research activities for open and distance education university’s degree courses. The master research seminar introduces students into professional research, publication, and presentation of their research work, based on a given field of research, significantly contributing to the university’s research work. The master research seminar is presented in detail. Feedback and results of a field study performed by the "Wilhelm Buchner University of Applied Sciences", Germany’s leading private university for technology and distance education, are presented.

Item does not contain fulltext PURPOSE: Surgical costs are under scrutiny and surgeons are being held increasingly responsible for cost containment. In some instances, implants are the largest component of total procedure cost, yet previous studies reveal that surgeons' knowledge of implant prices is poor. Our study aims to (1) understand drivers behind implant selection and (2) assess whether educating surgeons about implant costs affects implant selection. METHODS: We surveyed 226 orthopedic surgeons across 6 continents. The survey presented 8 clinical cases of upper extremity fractures with history, radiographs, and implant options. Surgeons were randomized to receive either a version with each implant's average selling price ("price-aware" group), or a version without prices ("price-naive" group). Surgeons selected a surgical implant and ranked factors affecting implant choice. Descriptive statistics and univariate, multivariable, and subgroup analyses were performed. RESULTS: For cases offering implants within the same class (eg, volar locking plates), price-awareness reduced implant cost by 9% to 11%. When offered different models of distal radius volar locking plates, 25% of price-naive surgeons selected the most expensive plate compared with only 7% of price-aware surgeons. For cases offering different classes of implants (eg, plate vs external fixator), there was no difference in implant choice between price-aware and price-naive surgeons. Familiarity with the implant was the most common reason for choosing an implant in both groups (35% vs 46%). Price-aware surgeons were more likely to rank cost as a factor (29% vs 21%). CONCLUSIONS: Price awareness significantly influences surgeons' choice of a specific model within the same implant class. Merely including prices with a list of implants leads surgeons to select less expensive implants. This implies that an untapped opportunity exists to reduce surgical expenditures simply by enhancing surgeons' cost awareness. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Economic/Decision Analyses I.

McFarland fractures of the medial malleolus in children, also classified as Salter–Harris Type III and IV fractures, are associated with a high incidence of premature growth plate arrest. In order to identify prognostic factors for the development of complications we reviewed 20 children with a McFarland fracture that was treated surgically, at a mean follow-up of 8.9 years (3.5 to 17.4). Seven children (35%) developed premature growth arrest with angular deformity. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale for all patients was 98.3 (87 to 100) and the mean modified Weber protocol was 1.15 (0 to 5). There was a significant correlation between initial displacement (p = 0.004) and operative delay (p = 0.007) with premature growth arrest. Both risk factors act independently and additively, such that all children with both risk factors developed premature arrest whereas children with no risk factor did not. We recommend that fractures of the medial malleolus in children should be treated by anatomical reduction and screw fixation within one day of injury. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2013;95-B:419–23.

Introduction Dislocation/subluxation of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (ECU) tendon is a rare condition in the general population, but is a common problem among athletes that subject their wrists to forceful rotational movements. Pain and snapping sensation at the dorsoulnar aspect of the wrist especially during supination are the predominant symptoms that often necessitate surgical intervention. Case presentation We present a case of a professional water-polo athlete with recurrent ECU tendon dislocation, in whom a combination of direct repair of the tendon's subsheath and reinforcement with an extensor retinaculum graft led to definitive resolution of her symptoms and resulted in her uneventful return to high-level sport activities 4 months postoperatively. Conclusions The treatment of symptomatic ECU instability is still controversial, especially for acute dislocations. Depending on the type of injury many surgical techniques have been proposed. Combination of direct repair of the tendon's subsheath and reinforcement with an extensor retinaculum graft is a reliable option.

This paper has the aim to give a generalized model for clamped-free piezoelectric n-layerd beam bending actuators for energy harvesting power generation purposes. The general approach is giving the fundamental tools for an analytical optimizing of n-layered beam bending actuators according to individually specified electrical, mechanical and material parameters. Optimization of piezoelectric power generators (PEG) is utilized to adapt the requirements of an individual industry application.

We combine a thorough structural and petrophysical analysis of multiple deformation band sets (France, USA, Germany, Taiwan, Uk) with a broad dataset synthesis of deformation band permeability from the literature. Our analysis first reveals that strain localization in porous sandstones is characterized by fault zones surrounded by sets of shear bands showing a high degree of comminution. In contrast, distributed strain, does so in the form of pervasive and closely spaced compactional shear band and shear-enhanced compaction-band sets, showing moderate and low degree of comminution, respectively. Shear strain localization is inherent to the normal fault Andersonian regime and locations of upward-propagating underlying faults. In contrast, compactional strain distribution is inherent to thrust fault Andersonian regime. A synthesis of band permeability data reveals strong permeability decrease with the increase of comminution, especially in the normal fault regime. This demonstrates a major control of tectonic setting (extension/contraction) on fluid transmissibility of porous sandstones reservoirs containing cataclastic band networks. These results are consistent with a mechanical model proposed earlier based on the analysis of porous granular materials subjected to burial, different stress conditions and material properties.

However, a great proportion of men with osteoporosis are not diagnosed and do not receive any treatment. This phenomenon is observed even in men who have sus-tained an osteoporotic fracture, with only about 10% under anti-osteoporotic treatment. It is also worrisome that studies that have highlighted the underdiagnosis/undertreatment problem come from countries with advanced health utilities.

In this paper, we present for the first time the derivation of the constituent equations for any kind of clamped-free piezoelectric multilayer bending actuators under different excitation conditions formulated generally for any point over the entire length of the actuator. The constituent equations are presented by a 4 × 4 matrix M , which combines the extensive parameters mechanical moment M at the end of the bender, force F applied perpendicularly to the tip of the bender, uniform pressure load p applied over the entire length of the bender and applied electrical voltage U with the intensive parameters angular deflection α , deflection ξ , volume displacement V and electric charge Q. In order to verify a part of the derived constituent equations for a clamped-free piezoelectric multilayer bending actuator the bending curvature and force-deflection characteristics of a realized bending actuator are determined experimentally and compared with analytical calculations.

In children with brachial plexus birth palsy, the unopposed contraction of the shoulder internal rotators and adductors, secondary to weakness of the external rotators and abductors, leads to internal rotation contracture of the shoulder joint. Latissimus dorsi and/or teres major tendon transfers combined with open musculotendinous lengthening can improve shoulder function. Arthroscopic release of the anterior glenohumeral ligaments, capsule and upper intra-articular subscapularis tendon, with or without tendon transfer(s), can also be performed in young children to restore external rotation and abduction of the shoulder. Joint alignment, thus obtained, may provide improvement of glenohumeral joint morphology in the long term, although the extent of glenoid remodeling has not been well defined. The authors review and discuss the recent literature on arthroscopic release, with or without tendon transfers, for reduction of the glenohumeral joint subluxation and for restoration of external rotation. Both pathologies respond well to these procedures. According to the literature, arthroscopic release "alone" may be sufficient in children up to 3 years. This minimally invasive procedure restores function successfully, and leads to a centered glenohumeral joint and to glenoid remodeling. A successful arthroscopic release of the shoulder in a 2.5-year-old child is described.

Nerve wrapping materials have been manufactured to inhibit nerve tissue adhesions and diminish inflammatory and immunologic reactions in nerve surgery. Collagen nerve wrap is a biodegradable type I collagen material that acts as an interface between the nerve and the surrounding tissues. Its main advantage is that it stays in place during the period of tissue healing and is then gradually absorbed once tissue healing is completed. This article presents a surgical technique that used a collagen nerve wrap for the management of median nerve tissue adhesions in 2 patients with advanced carpal tunnel syndrome due to median nerve scarring and adhesions. At last follow-up, both patients had complete resolution with no recurrence of their symptoms. Complications related to the biodegradable material were not observed. [ Orthopedics . 2015; 38(2):117–121.]

Several surgical techniques have been described for the treatment of posterior shoulder dislocation depending on the time elapsed between injury and surgery and the size of the humeral head impression fracture. When the bone defect is between 25% and 50% of the articular surface of the head, the procedures of choice are autologous bone graft or allograft or subscapularis tendon or lesser tuberosity transfer. In neglected cases in which patients undergo surgery more than 3 weeks after injury, no standard accepted treatment for this injury exists. This article presents a modification of the McLaughlin technique for patients with neglected locked posterior dislocation of the shoulder. Using this technique, the shape of the humeral head was nearly restored with impaction of morselized bone allograft; two suture anchors were inserted into the defect, and the lesser tuberosity with the attached sub-scapularis tendon was transferred into the defect and secured with sutures. Postoperative rehabilitation included immobilization of the shoulder with an external rotation brace for 6 weeks followed by progressive passive, active-assisted, and active range of motion and rotator cuff strengthening exercises for another 6 weeks. This technique resulted in pain-free range of motion, a stable shoulder, and good joint congruency.

Spinal instrumentation constructs are frequently necessary for the surgical management of patients with variable spinal pathology. However, surgical complications may appear. These should be detected early and managed to achieve recovery and good functional outcome for the patient. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the most common instrumentation-related complications of spine surgery as well as a diagnostic plan and treatment options for the management of these challenging entities once they occur.

Biceps and triceps tendon ruptures are rather uncommon injuries and are most commonly diagnosed clinically. Magnetic resonance imaging can help the clinician to differentiate an incomplete tear and define any degeneration of the tendon. Surgical anatomical repair is typically performed in acute complete ruptures whereas nonoperative treatment can be used for partial ruptures, as well as for patients unfit for surgery. Single incision techniques are associated with a higher rate of nerve injuries, while double incision repairs have a higher prevalence of heterotopic ossification. Although various fixation methods have been applied including bone tunnels, interference screws, suture anchors, cortical button fixation, the current evidence does not support the superiority of one method over the other. A well-planned postoperative rehabilitation programme is essential for a good final outcome. As better fixation devices are being used, more aggressive rehabilitation programmes have been applied. Epidemiology, clinical evaluation, diagnosis, surgical and conservative management of these injuries are presented in this review along with the authors' preferred technique for the anatomical repair of acute complete ruptures.

Full article available online at Healio.com/Orthopedics. Search: 20120919-26 Posterior dislocation of the shoulder is an uncommon injury. Diagnosis is difficult and often missed. Once diagnosed, management must be individualized depending on the amount of the defect of the humeral head and the time from injury. This article pres-ents a case of a 40-year-old man with a 4-month history of bilateral locked posterior fracture–dislocation of the shoulders after a grand mal seizure. Imaging showed loss of the glenohumeral joint lines congruency, reverse Hill-Sachs lesions, and articular defects of 35% and 40% of the humeral heads. A modified McLaughlin technique was performed in both shoulders in a single stage. Through the standard deltopec-toral approach, the lesser tuberosity was osteotomized with the subscapularis and capsule attached and elevated to expose the humeral head and glenoid. The shape of the humeral head was restored by packing the defect with morselized bone allograft. Before packing the allograft into the defect, 2 absorbable suture anchors were inserted at the bottom of the defect; the lesser tuberosity was transferred into the defect, and fixed with 2 transosseous horizontal mattress sutures. Stable fixation was evaluated intraoperatively, and the wound was closed in layers. Postoperatively, both shoulders were immobilized with external rotation braces for 6 weeks, followed by passive, active-assisted, and progressively active range of shoulder motion and rotator cuff strengthening exercises for the next 6 weeks. At 12 weeks postoperatively, full range of motion was accomplished, and full activity was allowed. At 22-month follow-up, the patient was satisfied with his level of function; both shoulder joints were painless and stable without apprehension or recurrence of instability. Radiographs showed congru -ent joints and complete incorporation of the allograft into the defect with restoration of the shape of the humeral head.

Determination of membrane seal capacity of deformation bands is a critical problem for the managing of the geologic reservoirs in porous sandstones. In this study, we describe the geometry, the microstructure and the petrophysical properties of two sets of deformation bands: (1) a set of shear enhanced compaction bands and (2) a set of shear bands. At the microscopic scale, the image analysis porosities and the grain size distributions allow us to define three different types of microstructural deformation: crush microbreccia, protocataclastic, and cataclastic. Cataclastic strands are characterized by a porosity reduction of 10% to 25% and permeability reduction of 3 to 5 orders of magnitude compared to the host rock. Field observations of iron hydroxide precipitations around the bands suggest that only cataclastic shear bands were membrane seals to water flow under vadose condition. This study therefore highlights the importance of the degree of cataclasis in deformation bands as membrane seals to subsurface fluid flows in sandstone reservoirs.

Deformation bands are zones of strain localization in porous sandstone characterized by their microstructural deformation modes and by their amount of compaction and shear components from pure dilation, pure shear to pure compaction. The mechanism for their formation remains debated, especially the role of burial depth and host rock properties on the formation of compaction bands. In this study, we describe a set of shear enhanced compaction bands formed in the porous Montmout sandstone (Provence, France) under shallow burial conditions, i.e. less than 500 m. These bands are organized in conjugate and strongly distributed network. They are located within the coarse sandstone units, i.e. with a mean grain size around 0.6 mm, whereas few or no bands are observed in the fine sandstone units, i.e. with a mean grain size less than 0.3 mm. The mechanical approach using calculated stress path and cap envelopes in Q-P diagram confirms that these compaction bands can only form within the coarse sandstone units, i.e. only the cap envelopes of these units are reached by the stress path. This analysis underlines the importance of the grain size of the host sandstone for compaction band formation under shallow burial conditions.

The design and construction of electromechanical and electroacoustic systems necessitates the knowledge of the dynamic behavior during the design phase, since certain dynamic target parameters must be fulfilled among other requirements. Also the control of an existing system often requires the modeling of the dynamic behavior. This model then allows for simulations. The simulation results are important for further decisions. In order to think purposefully about a task or to discuss with partners, an available model is also useful. Models that focus on the important aspects of the dynamic behavior are especially suitable for this purpose.

Material Characteristics of Crystalline Quartz, Piezoelectric Constants of Sensor Materials, Characteristics of Metallic Structural Materials, Material Characteristics of Silicon and Passivation Layers, Comparison of Main Characteristics of Silicon, Silicon Dioxide and Silicone Nitride Layers

With numerical analyses it is not possible to implement the summation over i from 0 to ∞. However, since the a i and b i converge to zero only for i → ∞, a summation up to i = M ≫ 1 generates only an approximation error that can be estimated with (B.1).

In each case, reciprocity relations represent connections between two transfer factors and transfer impedances or admittances of a linear system, respectively. These relations provide a basis for a series of measuring methods and allow in many cases also for the calculation of relations which would be only achieved with large calculating effort otherwise. In networks of a physical structure they are identical to the symmetry of the ρ- and γ-matrices with respect to the main diagonal represented in Sect. 2.2 and Chap. 4. In this chapter, special conclusions are drawn for two-port networks, i.e. for the interconnection of two pairs of coordinates. By means of the well-known characteristics of tranducer two-port networks, it is particularly demonstrated that also reciprocity relations exist for systems which comprise different physical structures. These relations are of particular practical importance.

The previous network analysis was solely carried out for systems with lumped components. Now an extension to systems with distributed, thus positiondependent parameters is realized. If the wavelength of extensional waves at higher frequencies reaches the order of magnitude of component dimensions, this extension will be inevitable. In the Sects. 6.1 and 6.2, these mechanical and acoustic systems are described as one-dimensional waveguides. The discretized representation in the form of finite network elements takes place in Sect. 6.3. Finally, a method of combined simulation of FEM calculation and network description is presented in Sect. 6.4.

Elektromechanische Systeme aus elektrischen, mechanischen und akustischen Teilsystemen haben im Prazisionsgeratebau, in der Sensorund Aktortechnik, der Elektroakustik sowie in der Medizintechnik eine grose Bedeutung. Die Vermittlung einer anschaulichen, ingenieurmasigen Entwurfsmethode fur diese Systeme auf der Grundlage einer schaltungstechnischen Darstellung ist das Hauptanliegen des Lehrbuchs. Es ermoglicht einen raschen Einstieg in die mechanischen, akustischen, hydraulischen und thermischen Problemstellungen durch die Anwendung des schaltungstechnischen Grundwissens. Die 2. Auflage wurde neu bearbeitet und didaktisch verbessert. Die Netzwerkbeschreibungsmethodik wurde auf finite Netzwerkelemente und die Kombination mit der Finite-Elemente-Beschreibung (FEM) erweitert: aus der Kombination der Vorteile beider Beschreibungsmethoden ergeben sich neuartige Losungsansatze vor allem im hoheren Frequenzbereich. Das Buch bietet zahlreiche aktuelle Beispiele zum Entwurf von Sensoren und Aktoren sowie von direkt gekoppelten Sensor-Aktor-Systemen. Der Anhang enthalt anspruchsvollere Grundlagen zur Signalbeschreibung sowie eine Zusammenstellung wichtiger Materialdaten.

In this paper, we present for the first time the derivation of the constituent equations for any kind of clamped-free piezoelectric multilayer bending actuators under different excitation conditions formulated generally for any point over the entire length of the actuator. The constituent equations are presented by a 4/spl times/4 matrix M, which combines the extensive parameters mechanical moment M at the end of the bender, force F applied perpendicularly to the tip of the bender, uniform pressure load p applied over the entire length of the bender and applied electrical voltage U with the intensive parameters angular deflection /spl alpha/, deflection /spl xi/, volume displacement V and electric charge Q.

Honeywell has designed and manufactured a gun-hard IMU that provides the baseline for meeting the needs of DoD guided tactical munitions, as well as being a platform for commercial usage. The gun-hard IMU is a solid-state inertial sensor package that measures and provides inertial angular rates and linear accelerations in a body-mounted strap-down mechanization. Its compensated outputs include summed and incremental angle and velocity data for inertial guidance, as well as angular rates and linear accelerations for autopilot/control functions. The data are reported in user-defined coordinates at 600 Hz and 100 Hz (typically) through a digital serial interface bus. The unit contains three Honeywell MEMS silicon gyroscopes, three Honeywell MEMS silicon accelerometers, as well as the electronics and software necessary to implement the requirements of the tactical market. The Honeywell gun-hard IMU development team includes multiple Honeywell sites and Draper Laboratories. In 2003, Honeywell demonstrated IMU survival and performance above 10,000 g's. In 2004, Honeywell will produce and deliver an IMU that will survive and perform at 20,000 g's. In addition to providing gun-hard survivability and high performance, Honeywell will capitalize on its extensive production experience to ensure a device that is cost effective for Honeywell customers.