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Context Food insecurity affects approximately 2.37 billion people worldwide. Individuals experiencing food insecurity are more likely to exhibit poor health-related endpoints. Dental caries, a highly prevalent noncommunicable disease, is modulated by an interplay between biological, behavioral, and environmental factors. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess whether individuals experiencing food insecurity were more likely to exhibit dental caries than individuals facing food security. Data Sources The Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Ovid, CINAHL, LILACS, and APA PsycINFO databases were checked from inception to November 2021. Grey literature and Google Scholar were also examined. An updated search was conducted in August 2022. Observational studies were included if they evaluated the association between dental caries and food insecurity status. Data Extraction Data extraction was performed by two reviewers. Data Analysis Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted using R language. In total, 514 references were retrieved from databases, of which 14 articles were included in qualitative synthesis and 7 were merged into meta-analysis. The results of an inverse-variance meta-analysis (OR = 1.62; 95%CI, 1.01–2.60) and a meta-analysis of binary data (OR = 1.66; 95%CI, 1.36–2.02) demonstrated that food-insecure individuals were more likely to exhibit dental caries than food-secure individuals. Inverse-variance meta-analyses appraising multiple strata of food security also showed that individuals experiencing marginal food security (OR = 1.48; 95%CI, 1.28–1.72), individuals experiencing low food security (OR = 1.26; 95%CI, 1.01–1.57), and those experiencing very low food security (OR = 1.33; 95%CI, 1.04–1.71) were more likely to exhibit dental caries than individuals experiencing full food security. Conclusion Dental caries is associated with food insecurity. Individuals living with food insecurity are more likely to exhibit dental caries than those who have food security. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration number CRD42021268582.

The effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) are controversial, because, despite releasing growth factors from dentine, some studies show negative effects on cell behaviour.The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the use of EDTA in REP on the growth factors' release, cell behaviour and tissue regeneration.A systematic search was conducted (PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, OpenGrey and reference lists) up to February 2021. Only in vivo and in vitro studies evaluating the effects of EDTA on the biological factors of dentine, pulp/periapical tissues and cell behaviour were eligible. Studies without a control group or available full text were excluded. The growth factors' release was the primary outcome. Risk of bias in the in vitro and in vivo studies was performed according to Joanna Briggs Institute's Checklist and SYRCLE's RoB tool, respectively.Of the 1848 articles retrieved, 36 were selected. Amongst these, 32 were in vitro, three animal studies and one with both models. The EDTA concentrations ranged from 3% to 15%, at different times. Regarding growth factors' release (17 studies), 15 studies found significant transforming growth factor (TGF)-β release after dentine conditioning with EDTA, and most found no influence on vascular endothelial growth factor release. Regarding cell behaviour (26 studies), eight studies showed no influence of EDTA-treated dentine on cell viability, whereas, five, nine and six studies showed higher cell migration, adhesion and differentiation respectively. No influence of EDTA conditioning was observed in animal studies. In vitro studies had a low risk of bias, whereas animal studies had high risk of bias. Meta-analysis was unfeasible.This review found that EDTA increased TGF-β release and improved cell activity. However, well-designed histological analyses using immature teeth models are needed.High-quality in vitro evidence suggests that EDTA-treated dentine positively influences TGF-β release, cell migration, attachment and differentiation; further research to evaluate its influence on tissue regeneration is necessary due to low methodological quality of the animal studies.

The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway dictates cell proliferation and differentiation during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Its deregulation is associated with many pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative disease, frequently downregulated. The lack of efficient treatment for these diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), makes Wnt signaling an attractive target for therapies. Interestingly, novel Wnt signaling activating compounds are less frequently described than inhibitors, turning the quest for novel positive modulators even more appealing. In that sense, natural compounds are an outstanding source of potential drug leads. Here, we combine different experimental models, cell-based approaches, neuronal culture assays, and rodent behavior tests with Xenopus laevis phenotypic analysis to characterize quercitrin, a natural compound, as a novel Wnt signaling potentiator. We find that quercitrin potentiates the signaling in a concentration-dependent manner and increases the occurrence of the Xenopus secondary axis phenotype mediated by Xwnt8 injection. Using a GSK3 biosensor, we describe that quercitrin impairs GSK3 activity and increases phosphorylated GSK3β S9 levels. Treatment with XAV939, an inhibitor downstream of GSK3, impairs the quercitrin-mediated effect. Next, we show that quercitrin potentiates the Wnt3a-synaptogenic effect in hippocampal neurons in culture, which is blocked by XAV939. Quercitrin treatment also rescues the hippocampal synapse loss induced by intracerebroventricular injection of amyloid-β oligomers (AβO) in mice. Finally, quercitrin rescues AβO-mediated memory impairment, which is prevented by XAV939. Thus, our study uncovers a novel function for quercitrin as a Wnt/β-catenin signaling potentiator, describes its mechanism of action, and opens new avenues for AD treatments.

Individuals with chronic liver disease (CLD) have an increased risk of bleeding from thrombocytopenia and changes in hemostasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of and the factors associated with the occurrence of bleeding in CLD patients who underwent dental surgical procedures. This was a retrospective study whose data were collected in a hospital dentistry service between 2010 and 2016. The patients were referred from the gastroenterology and liver transplantation services of a university hospital for dental treatment. The study followed the STROBE guidelines. Among the 71 surgical procedures performed, there were 17 (24%) perioperative and postoperative bleeding episodes, 14 of which were in pretransplant patients and 11 received blood transfusion before dental surgery. Individuals with a previous history of bleeding (PR = 2.67, CI = 1.07-6.67, P = 0.035) and those with a platelet count before surgery 50 × 10 9 /l or less (PR = 7.48, CI = 1.70-32.86, P = 0.008) had a higher prevalence of perioperative and postoperative bleeding episodes than their peers without a previous history of bleeding, and those with platelet count greater than 50 × 10 9 /l. The approach to individuals with CLD is complex and represents a challenge to the clinician. A careful anamnesis combined with laboratory screening of coagulation disorders appears to be useful to identify individuals at a major risk of bleeding. Studies identifying the predisposing factors of bleeding in CLD patients support well tolerated protocols for oral surgery in this group.

O grande desenvolvimento e evolucao da producao da avicultura brasileira ocorrido nos ultimos anos proporcionou a elevacao do indice de sua producao, resultando em um significativo desempenho no cenario nacional e internacional da industria agropecuaria. Por outro lado, problemas relacionados aos insetos-praga no aviario, como e o caso do Alphitobius diaperinus, conhecido popularmente como “cascudinho”, sao considerados fatores limitantes a producao. O presente trabalho buscou avaliar os efeitos bioinseticidas do po do mastruz (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.) em diferentes doses no controle do A.diaperinus. Para avaliar estes efeitos, bioensaios de eficiencia e repelencia foram conduzidos. A eficiencia do po de mastruz foi estudada nas doses de 0,0; 0,5; 0,75 e 1,0 g/cm2 e em quatro periodos de avaliacao (7, 14, 21 28 dias), no Laboratorio de Fitossanidade do CDSA/UFCG. Foram utilizados recipientes plasticos de 6 x 5 cm (30 cm2), simulando-se as caracteristicas da cama dos aviarios, onde utilizou-se o po de mastruz (base do recipiente) e casca de arroz (2cm de altura) na camada acima. Sobre as camadas de mastruz e arroz adicionou-se a racao de frango para alimentacao de A.diaperinus. Em seguida, em cada unidade experimental foram colocados 30 insetos. No primeiro bioensaio a eficiencia de controle do po de mastruz foi calculada pelo metodo de Abbott (1925). Os dados foram submetidos a Analise de Variância pelo teste F (P≤0,05) e as medias (x+0,5) comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (P≤0,05). O segundo bioensaio avaliou o potencial dos produtos em repelir adultos de A.diaperinus, utilizando-se para isto recipientes de madeira com tres compartimentos (com e sem mastruz) de 6 x 6 cm (36 cm2), , contendo 10 repeticoes. No centro do dispositivo liberou-se 30 insetos adultos e apos 24 horas, registrou-se o numero de insetos atraido ou repelidos pelo mastruz em cada recipiente. Para analise do efeito do mastruz sobre A.diaperinus foi utilizado-se o indice de repelencia (IR) e analise de regressao polinomial. De acordo com os resultados, pode-se concluir que o po de mastruz a 1,0 g/cm2 foi a dose mais eficiente, com valores de eficiencia de 69,29% aos 7 dias e 98,46% aos 28 dias. Verificou-se que o IR obtido para os tratamentos foram < 1, indicando que todas as doses testadas foram consideradas repelentes a A.diaperinus.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), an anti-cancer drug, has been used for hepatoblastoma (HB) chemotherapy in children, who may have impaired ovarian follicle pool reserve with lasting effects to reproduction. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate 5-FU effects on survival, growth, and morphology of ovarian preantral follicles from C57BL6J young mice. Experiments were carried-out both in vivo and in vitro. Mice were treated with 5-FU injection (450 mg/kg i.p) or saline and sacrificed 3 days after to obtain ovaries for histology and molecular biology. Ovaries for in vitro studies were obtained from unchallenged mice and cultured under basic culture medium (BCM) or BCM plus 5-FU (9.2, 46.1, 92.2 mM). Preantral follicles were classified according to developmental stages, and as normal or degenerated. To assess cell viability, caspase-3 immunostaining was performed. Transcriptional levels for apoptosis (Bax, Bcl2, p53, Bax/Bcl2) and Wnt pathway genes (Wnt2 and Wnt4) were also analyzed. Ultrastructural analyses were carried-out on non-cultured ovaries. In addition, β-catenin immunofluorescence was assessed in mouse ovaries. The percentage of all-types normal follicles was significantly lower after 5-FU challenge. A total loss of secondary normal follicles was found in the 5-FU group. The highest 5-FU concentrations reduced the percentage of cultured normal primordial follicles. Large vacuoles were seen in granulosa cells and ooplasm of preantral follicles by electron microscopy. A significantly higher gene expression for Bax and Bax/Bcl2 ratio was seen after 5-FU treatment. A marked reduction in β-catenin immunolabeling was seen in 5-FU-challenged preantral follicles. In the in vitro experiments, apoptotic and Wnt gene transcriptions were significantly altered. Altogether, our findings suggest that 5-FU can deleteriously affect the ovarian follicle reserve by reducing preantral follicles survival.

This review highlights the work that my research group has been developing, together with international collaborators, during the last decade. Since we were able to establish the Xenopus laevis experimental model in Brazil, we have been focused on understanding early embryonic patterns regarding neural induction and axes establishment. In this context, the Wnt pathway appears as a major player and has been much explored by us and other research groups. Here, we chose to review three published works which we consider to be landmarks within the course of our research and also within the history of modern findings regarding neural induction and patterning. We intend to show how our series of discoveries, when painted together, tells a story that covers crucial developmental windows of early differentiation paths of anterior neural tissue: 1. establishing the head organizer in contrast to the trunk organizer in the early gastrula; 2. deciding between neural ectoderm and epidermis ectoderm at the blastula/gastrula stages, and 3. the gathering of prechordal unique properties in the late gastrula/early neurula.

Copyright © 1999 by Martin J. McMahon, Jr. and Alice G. Abreu.Everybody loves a winner, and the market often agrees, providing spectacular rewards for those who win. While the winners win big, everyone else is left behind, reaping rewards that bear little relationship to how close they were to winning or to the magnitude of the difference between their talents and those of the winners.The winner-take-all phenomenon, long the hallmark of the sports and entertainment markets, has spread throughout the U.S. economy over the last two decades. As more markets operate like the entertainment market, scholars have begun to analyze the ways in which such markets suggest a need to rethink established conclusions and policies. The recent work of two economists, Robert H. Frank and Phillip J. Cook, provides a good springboard for this analysis. In The Winner-Take-All Society, Frank and Cook describe how an increasing number of labor markets now operate in ways that depart significantly from the classical economically efficient model. In these markets, a large number of individuals compete for a relatively small number of positions that offer the possibility for financial rewards far exceeding those that await less successful competitors. As in the entertainment industry, where the difference between the compensation received by the star and that received by her understudy is almost always far more than proportional to the differences in their talent, these steadily growing markets display what is essentially a winner-take-all paradigm.

More than half a century ago in Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass, the Supreme Court defined "income," as used in section 61 of the Internal Revenue Code, as "undeniable accessions to wealth, clearly realized, and over which the taxpayers have complete dominion." The Code narrows the scope of income by providing for specific exclusions but, outside of those exclusions, the Code's own, self-referential definition-"gross income means income from whatever source derived" - seems to confirm the broad scope of the definition.The breadth of the Glenshaw Glass definition appears to be nearly co-extensive with the Haig-Simons definition of income, which is widely accepted as providing the theoretical foundation for the income tax. Accordingly, many tax professionals interpret the language in section 61 and Glenshaw Glass solely in light of the economic principles reflected in the Haig-Simons definition. The analytical structure for determining what is income appears clear and is generally treated as immutable. The analysis begins with the broad mandate of section 61 and Glenshaw Glass. As long as there is a realized accession in the economic sense within the taxpayer's dominion, Glenshaw Glass would seem to provide that there is income unless, pursuant to the very first words of section 61, there is an exclusion in the statute. From the time they are introduced to the tax law, students are taught this analytical structure, and by the time they become practitioners and then judges or scholars, it is second nature.

In a recent article, Professor Douglas Kahn explores a particular dissonance between the positive and very broad definition of income that includes all realized accessions to wealth, and what the government can, and actually does attempt to tax. At the beginning of his article, Professor Kahn summarizes the problem he seeks to resolve:"When cash is received for services, it typically will constitute gross income to the recipient. But what if the payments are made in a noncommercial setting such as the payment by a parent to a child for mowing the lawn or performing household chores? As discussed later in this Essay, there are reasons to conclude that such payments do not constitute income. The problem of how to treat receipts from a noncommercial activity frequently arises in the context of an exchange of services. A similar problem arises when services are provided by several persons pursuant to a pooling of labor to accomplish a common noncommercial goal."Professor Kahn then offers two limiting principles, which he posits operate as exclusions, thus eradicating the gap. Specifically, he suggests that the apparent dissonance vanishes if we understand that ―the income tax operates only on commercial transactions‖3 and, as a corollary, that ―joint efforts should not be treated as an exchange of services but rather as a jointly conducted activity,‖4 which does not produce income ―[w]hen the common goal has no business connection.‖5 For Professor Kahn, these two principles explain why a number of items that would seem to come within the broad positive definition of income are not in fact subject to tax despite the absence of a statutory exclusion. We will refer to these principles collectively as the "commercial/noncommercial distinction" or the "commercial/ noncommercial rule."

The aim of this study was to compare the impact of the first year of wearing of a fixed orthodontic appliance on the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) between boys and girls, by means of a condition-specific instrument. The study included 69 adolescents aged 10 to 18 years, who were undergoing orthodontic treatment with a fixed appliance. Of the 69 adolescents, 38 were girls (55.1%) and 31 were boys (44.9%). They answered the Brazilian version of the Impact of Fixed Appliance Measure (B-IFAM) questionnaire three months (T1) and one year (T2) after the fixed appliance was installed. This questionnaire contains 43 questions, distributed across nine domains. The higher the scores, the more negative the perception of the adolescent concerning the impact of the fixed appliance on his/her OHRQoL. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were also analyzed, and statistical analysis was performed. For the domains, the effect size (the magnitude of the difference between girls and boys) and the minimal clinically important difference were also calculated. The adjusted regression showed that there was a significantly greater increase in the overall B-IFAM score in girls than in boys, indicating a more negative perception of the OHRQoL over the study time [Coefficient=11.77 (3.47- 20.60), p=0.006]. From T1 to T2, there was a significantly greater increase in the scores (more negative perception of OHRQoL over time) in girls than in boys for the domains aesthetics (p=0.034) and physical impact (p=0.011). These differences were clinically significant. The effect size (the magnitude of the difference) was moderate. The impact of wearing a fixed appliance on the OHRQoL was more negative in girls than in boys during the first year of orthodontic treatment.O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o impacto do primeiro ano de uso do aparelho fixo na qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal (QVRSB) entre meninas e meninos, através de um instrumento condição específica. Sessenta e nove adolescentes entre 10 e 18 anos, em tratamento ortodôntico com aparelho fixo foram incluídos. Adolescentes responderam ao questionário Impact of fixed appliance measure (B-IFAM) no terceiro mês de uso do aparelho fixo (T1) e um ano após a colagem do aparelho fixo (T2). Este questionário possui 43 perguntas, distribuídas em nove domínios. Quanto maior os escores, mais negativa a percepção do adolescente com relação ao impacto do aparelho fixo na QVRSB. Variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas também foram avaliadas. Análise estatística foi realizada. Para os domínios, tamanho de efeito (a magnitude da diferença entre meninas e meninos) e diferença mínima clinicamente importante também foram calculadas. Dos 69 adolescentes, 38 eram meninas (55,1%) e 31 eram meninos (44,9%). Na regressão ajustada, meninas apresentaram um aumento significativamente maior do escore total do B-IFAM do que meninos, indicando uma percepção mais negativa da QVRSB ao longo do tempo de acompanhamento [Coeficiente=11,77 (3,47–20,60), p=0.006]. Meninas apresentavam um aumento significativamente maior dos escores de T1 para T2 (percepção mais negativa da QVRSB ao longo do tempo) em relação aos meninos para os domínios estética (p=0,034) e impacto físico (p=0,011). Estas diferenças também foram clinicamente significativas. O tamanho do efeito (a magnitude da diferença) foi moderado. Meninas demonstraram um impacto mais negativo do uso do aparelho fixo na QVRSB do que meninos nos 12 primeiros meses de tratamento ortodôntico.

Objetivou-se avaliar as características produtivas, nutricionais e econômicas de vacas de leite submetidas a níveis de ureia com dietas à base de silagem de sorgo. Foram utilizadas 05 vacas lactantes ¾ Holandês x ¼ Gir Leiteiro, no terço médio de lactação, com idade média de 60 meses e peso corporal médio de 518 kg ± 52 kg, que foram distribuídas em cinco tratamentos, em delineamento experimental de quadrado latino 5x5. Os tratamentos (U-50, U-75, U-100, U-125 e U-150) foram constituídos de diferentes níveis de ureia no concentrado (5,7; 8,6; 11,4; 14,3 e 17,1 g de ureia/kg de MS do concentrado, respectivamente). Adotou-se como nível de significância 0,05. Não houve efeito dos níveis de ureia no consumo alimentar, digestibilidade e parâmetros metabólicos de vacas de leite. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura. A composição do leite não sofreu efeitos significativos. O custo total com volumoso, concentrado e alimentação não sofreu efeitos significativos. A receita bruta com a venda de leite não sofreu efeito significativo, apresentando média de BRL 28,65. A taxa de retorno marginal não apresentou diferenças significativas. Os diferentes níveis de ureia não afetaram a produção de vacas de leite. Conclui-se que na dieta de vacas de leite à base de silagem de sorgo pode-se realizar a inclusão de ureia no concentrado com níveis de 5,7 a 17,1 g/kg do concentrado, sem redução do desempenho produtivo dos animais.

Tax on the Ground: How a VITA Course Enhances the Law School Curriculum

Several natural products have been investigated for their bactericidal potential, among these, cinnamaldehyde. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the activity of cinnamaldehyde in the treatment of animals with sepsis induced by extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. Initially, the E. coli F5 was incubated with cinnamaldehyde to evaluate the minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration. Animal survival was monitored for five days, and a subset of mice were euthanized after 10 h to evaluate histological, hematological, and immunological parameters, as well as the presence of bacteria in the organs. On the one hand, inoculation of bacterium caused the death of 100% of the animals within 24 h after infection. On the other hand, cinnamaldehyde (60 mg/kg) was able to keep 40% of mice alive after infection. The treatment significantly reduced the levels of cytokines in serum and peritoneum and increased the production of cells in both bone marrow and spleen, as well as lymphocytes at the infection site. Cinnamaldehyde was able to reduce tissue damage by decreasing the deleterious effects for the organism and contributed to the control of the sepsis and survival of animals; therefore, it is a promising candidate for the development of new drugs.

This cross-sectional analytical study assessed the frequency of avoided referrals of primary care to other care levels by dental teleconsulting and its association with individual and contextual variables using a multilevel approach. It appraised asynchronous dental teleconsulting sessions from the secondary database of the Monitoring and Evaluation System of the Telehealth Results during 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The outcome was “whether referral to secondary care was avoided”. Individual variables were related to teleconsulting and professionals that requested it: sex, dental specialty, and dentistry field. Contextual variables were related to each municipality that requested responses: Municipal Human Development Index, oral health teams (OHTs) in primary health care coverage, dental specialty centers coverage, illiteracy rate, Gini index, longevity, and per capita income. A descriptive analysis was made using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Hierarchical Linear and Nonlinear Modeling software was used to perform multilevel analyses to assess the association of individual and contextual variables with avoiding patient referral to other care levels. Most teleconsulting sessions avoided patient referral to other care levels (65.1%). Contextual variables explained 44.23% of the variance in the outcome. Female dentists were more likely to avoid patient referrals than male dentists (OR = 1.74; CI = 0.99–3.44; p = 0.055). In addition, an increase of one percentage point in OHT/PHC coverage of municipalities increased the likelihood of avoiding patient referral by 1% (OR = 1.01; CI = 1.00–1.02; p = 0.02). Teleconsulting sessions efficiently avoided patient referral to other care levels. Both contextual and individual factors were associated with avoided referrals by teleconsulting sessions.

BackgroundNeuropsychiatric (NP) disease is more common in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) than in the general population.1 Increased incidence of NP events (depression and suicidality) has been reported with biologic therapies, including SLE therapies.2 Depression and suicidality were evaluated in patients with SLE treated with anifrolumab, a type I interferon receptor antibody, in the TULIP-1 and TULIP-2 trials.3,4ObjectivesTo understand the impact of anifrolumab treatment on NP manifestations (depression and suicidality) in patients with SLE relative to standard therapy using pooled data from the TULIP trials.MethodsTULIP-1/-2 were randomized, placebo-controlled, 52-week trials of intravenous anifrolumab every 4 weeks in patients with moderate to severe SLE despite standard therapy.3,4 Patients with active severe or unstable NP SLE were excluded. Patients who received ≥1 dose of anifrolumab 300 mg or placebo were analyzed for depression and suicidality.3,4 The Personal Health Questionnaire Depression Scale-8 (PHQ-8) and Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS) were used to assess clinical depression and suicidal ideation and behavior, respectively. Incidence of adverse events (AEs) within the standardized Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities query of depression (excluding suicide and self-injury) and antidepressant use at baseline and during the study were also assessed.ResultsIn the TULIP pooled analysis, 360 patients received anifrolumab and 365 received placebo. Mean PHQ-8 scores were in the mild range (≥5 to Table 1.PHQ-8 SummaryAll patientsExcluding patients taking antidepressantsAnifrolumab 300 mg N=360Placebo N=365Anifrolumab 300 mg N=360Placebo N=365nMeanaSDChangebnMeanaSDChangebnMeanaSDChangebnMeanaSDChangebBaseline3419.76.26–3489.76.11–3359.56.21–3389.76.09–Week 242957.65.89–2.13038.06.00–1.52897.55.84–2.12938.16.00–1.5Week 522667.85.99–2.02617.96.03–1.32627.76.00–2.02527.95.96–1.2SD, standard deviation.aPHQ-8 classifications: 0–4 = none, 5–9 = mild, 10–14 = moderate, 15–19 = moderately severe, and 20–24 = severe.bMean change from baseline.ConclusionPatients with SLE treated with anifrolumab did not experience increased depression, suicidality, or need for antidepressants when compared with standard therapy, irrespective of baseline antidepressant use.References[1]Zhang L, et al. BMC Psychiatry. 2017;17:70.[2]Benlysta (belimumab) [prescribing information]. Philadelphia, PA: GlaxoSmithKline; 2021.[3]Furie RA, et al. Lancet Rheumatol. 2019;1:e208–19.[4]Morand EF, et al. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:211–21.AcknowledgementsWriting assistance by Andrea Y. Angstadt, PhD (Fishawack Health). This study was sponsored by AstraZeneca.Disclosure of InterestsSusan Manzi Speakers bureau: AstraZeneca, Consultant of: AstraZeneca, Exagen Diagnostics, Inc, Cugene, GSK, Lilly, Lupus Foundation of America, UCB Advisory Board, Grant/research support from: HGS/GSK, AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Catharina Lindholm Employee of: AstraZeneca, Ihor Hupka Employee of: AstraZeneca, Lijin (Jinny) Zhang Shareholder of: AstraZeneca, Employee of: AstraZeneca, Manish Shroff Employee of: AstraZeneca, Gabriel Abreu Employee of: AstraZeneca AB, Shanti Werther Shareholder of: AstraZeneca, Employee of: AstraZeneca, Raj Tummala Shareholder of: AstraZeneca, Employee of: AstraZeneca

Minimizing the dispersion of germination across time allows greater uniformity during crop development. The aim of this paper was to model the spread of germination, under non-limiting wate...