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On a population level, violence shares many similarities with communicable disease states and other public health issues. Therefore, there has been a push to apply public health interventions to the problem of societal violence and for some to even identify violence as the product of a disease state (e.g., changed brain). This conceptualization could lead to the development of new risk violence assessment tools and approaches predicated more on the public health model rather than existing instruments that have often been based on inpatient mental health populations or incarcerated populations. In this article, we will discuss aspects of legal obligation for risk violence "prediction/stratification", the application of the public health communicable disease model to violence, as well as identify why it may not always translate to the individual with whom a clinician or forensic mental health evaluator interacts., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: To explore the correlation models between body mass index (BMI) and sex hormones constructed from a male cross-sectional survey and evaluate the effects of surgery-induced weight loss on sex hormones in morbidly obese subjects that are not predicted by the constructed BMI correlation models., Design: Cross-sectional population and longitudinal studies., Setting: Bariatric surgery center in a university hospital., Patient(s): A cross-sectional survey of a male general population of 161 patients (BMI median [interquartile range] = 29.2 [24.8-41.9] kg/m(2)) in addition to 24 morbidly obese subjects (BMI = 43.9 [40.8-53.8] kg/m(2)) who were undergoing bariatric surgery were prospectively studied for 6 and 12 months., Intervention(s): Bariatric surgery on 24 morbidly obese men., Main Outcome Measure(s): Cross-sectional population: construction of the best-fitting models describing the relationship between baseline BMI with total (TT) and calculated free (cFT) testosterone, E2, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), FSH, and LH levels. Longitudinal study deviation between the observed sex hormone levels at 6- and 12-month follow-up and those expected on BMI bases., Result(s): The correlation of BMI with sex hormones was not univocally linear (E2), but the best-fitting model was exponential for TT, cFT, FSH, LH, and TT/E2 and power for SHBG. In addition to the significant improvement of all parameters observed after surgery in the longitudinal cohort, the increase in TT and SHBG, but not in cFT, was significantly higher than expected from the corresponding weight loss at 6 months from surgery (14.80 [12.30-19.00] nM vs. 12.77 [10.92-13.64] nM and 40.0 [28.9-54.5] nM vs. 24.7 [22.5-25.8] nM for TT and SHBG, respectively), remaining rather stable at 12 months., Conclusion(s): The increase in TT and SHBG, but not the increase in cFT, after bariatric surgery is greater than expected based on weight loss., (Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

We report that the p-xylylenediammonium ion (11) acts as a template in the cucurbit[n]uril forming reaction that biases the reaction toward the production of methylene bridged glycoluril hexamer (6C) and bis-nor-seco-CB[10]. Hexamer 6C is readily available on the gram scale by a one step synthetic procedure that avoids chromatography. Hexamer 6C undergoes macrocylization with (substituted) phthalaldehydes 12, 14, 15, and 18-in 9 M H(2)SO(4) or concd HCl at room temperature to deliver monofunctionalized CB[6] derivatives 13, 16, 17, and 19-that are poised for further functionalization reactions. The kinetics of the macrocyclization reaction between hexamer and formaldehyde or phthalaldehyde depends on the presence and identity of ammonium ions as templates. p-Xylylenediammonium ion (11) which barely fits inside CB[6] sized cavities acts as a negative template which slows down transformation of 6C and paraformaldehyde into CB[6]. In contrast, 11 and hexanediammonium ion (20) act as a positive template that promotes the macrocyclization reaction between 6C and 12 to deliver (±)-21 as a key intermediate along the mechanistic pathway to CB[6] derivatives. Naphthalene-CB[6] derivative 19 which contains both fluorophore and ureidyl C═O metal-ion (e.g., Eu(3+)) binding sites forms the basis for a fluorescence turn-on assay for suitable ammonium ions (e.g., hexanediammonium ion and histamine).