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Osteoporosis, a common chronic metabolic bone disease is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. As the prevalence of osteoporosis increases with age, a paralleled elevation in the rate of incident fragility fractures will be observed. This narrative review explores the origins of bone and considers physiological mechanisms involved in bone homeostasis relevant to management and treatment. Secondary causes of osteoporosis, as well as osteosarcopenia are discussed followed by an overview of the commonly used pharmacological treatments for osteoporosis in older people. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40520-021-01817-y.

Background Anal high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) precede the development of HPV-associated anal cancer and so present a target for early intervention and cancer prevention. Spontaneous HSIL clearance is associated with systemic CD4 T-cell response to the HPV oncogene E6. Pomalidomide may enhance immune responses to HPV and be therapeutic in HSIL. Methods This phase II single centre study (NCT3113942) recruited participants with persistent (>12 months) biopsy-proven anal HSIL. Therapy was oral pomalidomide, 2mg for 21 of 28 days for up to 6 months. Primary outcome was response at end therapy (CR defined as histological clearance; PR as ≥ 50% reduction in area); secondary included response after 6 further months observation. Immune activation markers (CD38, HLA DR) were assessed with flow cytometry and antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell responses to HPV E6 and E7 with OX40 immunoassay. Results 26 participants were enrolled, 24 were evaluable for response. All male; median age 54 (range 41-74). All AIN3 HSIL, median duration HSIL 37 months (15-86), median octants 2 (0.5-5); HPV16 in 55%; multiple high risk HPV types in 50%. Overall response (CR+PR) was 52% (CI: 31-73) at end therapy, increasing to 63% (95% CI 40-81) after 6 further months observation. Adverse events (AEs) were mild and self-limited, including cytopenias, constipation, and rash. Over 137 cycles (c), attributable grade 3/4 events were grade 3 neutropenia (4 c) and grade 3 angina (1 c). Systemic CD4 T-cell responses to HPV E6 but not E7 increased significantly during therapy, peaking day 14 of therapy: baseline 0.06%, (IQR 0.01 – 0.12%), median increase day 14 0.13% (IQR: 0.02 – 0.26%), p = 0.001. Activation of CD4 and CD8 cells increased significantly during therapy. Parameters returned to baseline after therapy. Conclusion Low dose oral pomalidomide was well tolerated and induced durable continuing clearance of anal HSIL of multiple genotypes in even in chronic extensive disease. Induction of HPV-specific CD4+ responses and immune activation support an immunological mechanism of action. Immunotherapy with pomalidomide is a promising approach to prevention of anal cancer and potentially other HPV cancers. Clinical trial identification NCT3113942. Legal entity responsible for the study Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia. Funding Cancer Institute of New South Wales. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

The argument is made that when retrofitting a suspension bridge, the greatest value is obtained when the engineer considers the fundamentals of engineering, rather than simply following the code. By ‘fundamentals’, two aspects are considered. One is a thorough understanding of not only structural behaviour, but also how loads, resistances and safety factors are derived. The other aspect covers the fundamentals of good design (as opposed to good analysis), in preparing designs that can be constructed during short occupancies and are tolerant of problems that might arise during the short construction period between deadlines. The design aspect includes looking for opportunities to reduce maintenance and improve inspection access, and produce such other benefits as may be desired.

ObjectiveTo characterize meal patterns across ten European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study.DesignCross-sectional study utilizing dietary data collected through a standardized 24 h diet recall during 1995–2000. Eleven predefined intake occasions across a 24 h period were assessed during the interview. In the present descriptive report, meal patterns were analysed in terms of daily number of intake occasions, the proportion reporting each intake occasion and the energy contributions from each intake occasion.SettingTwenty-seven centres across ten European countries.SubjectsWomen (64 %) and men (36 %) aged 35–74 years (n 36 020).ResultsPronounced differences in meal patterns emerged both across centres within the same country and across different countries, with a trend for fewer intake occasions per day in Mediterranean countries compared with central and northern Europe. Differences were also found for daily energy intake provided by lunch, with 38–43 % for women and 41–45 % for men within Mediterranean countries compared with 16–27 % for women and 20–26 % for men in central and northern European countries. Likewise, a south–north gradient was found for daily energy intake from snacks, with 13–20 % (women) and 10–17 % (men) in Mediterranean countries compared with 24–34 % (women) and 23–35 % (men) in central/northern Europe.ConclusionsWe found distinct differences in meal patterns with marked diversity for intake frequency and lunch and snack consumption between Mediterranean and central/northern European countries. Monitoring of meal patterns across various cultures and populations could provide critical context to the research efforts to characterize relationships between dietary intake and health.

A case study is presented of how the entire suspended structure of the 60-year old Lions' Gate Suspension Bridge in Vancouver, Canada, was replaced during 10-hour nighttime closures plus a few longer closures at weekends. The bridge was open to full traffic at other times. Because the new structure was significantly different from the old, and because there was lack of moment continuity at the working front, the design had to consider every stage of construction. Investigations were key to the viability of the project. These included derivation of long-span traffic loads and load factors, and wind-tunnel testing in both smooth and turbulent flow. The main structural details are given. Fabrication and erection are described briefly. The result is a wider, safer, more durable bridge that citizens consider an aesthetic improvement.

There is a tendency for traffic loads to increase with the passage of time. It is not uncommon, therefore, for bridges to be strengthened and/or widened or sometimes to have lanes or even complete decks added. A few bridges were designed initially with a view to future expansion, such as the George Washington Suspension Bridge, designed to accommodate an extra deck, and the Salazar (now April 25) Bridge, designed to have two train tracks added, but these are exceptions. Suspension bridges behave somewhat differently from other bridge types, and the methods for increasing capacity can also be different. Some ideas are presented of how suspension bridges can be altered to accommodate more load, be it automobile, pedestrian, or even train traffic, and some examples are given. The importance of understanding both structural behavior and structural safety is emphasized.

An important characteristic of the human group IIA secreted phospholipase A(2) (IIA PLA(2)) is the extremely low activity of this enzyme with phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles, mammalian cell membranes, and serum lipoproteins. This characteristic is reflected in the lack of ability of this enzyme to bind productively to zwitterionic interfaces. Part of the molecular basis for this lack of activity is an absence of tryptophan, a residue with a known preference for residing in the interfacial region of zwitterionic phospholipid bilayers. In this paper we have replaced the eight residues that make up the hydrophobic collar on the interfacial binding surface of the enzyme with tryptophan. The catalytic and interfacial binding properties of these mutants have been investigated, particularly those properties associated with binding to and hydrolysis of zwitterionic interfaces. Only the insertion of a tryptophan at position 3 or 31 produces mutants that significantly enhance the activity of the human IIA enzyme against zwitterionic interfaces and intact cell membranes. Importantly, the ability of the enzyme mutants to hydrolyze PC-rich interfaces such as the outer plasma membrane of mammalian cells was paralleled by enhanced interfacial binding to zwitterionic interfaces. The corresponding double tryptophan mutant (V3,31W) displays a specific activity on PC vesicles comparable to that of the human group V sPLA2. This enhanced activity includes the ability to interact with human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells, previously reported for the group V enzyme [Kim, Y. J., Kim, K. P., Rhee, H. J., Das, S., Rafter, J. D., Oh, Y. S., and Cho, W. (2002) J. Biol. Chem. 277, 9358-9365].

The antibacterial properties of human group IIA secreted phospholipase A2 against Gram-positive bacteria as a result of membrane hydrolysis have been reported. Using Micrococcus luteus as a model system, we demonstrate the very high specificity of this human enzyme for such hydrolysis compared with the group IB, IIE, IIF, V, and X human secreted phospholipase A2s. A unique feature of the group IIA enzyme is its very high pI due to a large excess of cationic residues on the enzyme surface. The importance of this global positive charge in bacterial cell membrane hydrolysis and bacterial killing has been examined using charge reversal mutagenesis. The global positive charge on the enzyme surface allows penetration through the bacterial cell wall, thus allowing access of this enzyme to the cell membrane. Reduced bacterial killing was associated with the loss of positive charge and reduced cell membrane hydrolysis. All mutants were highly effective in hydrolyzing the bacterial membrane of cells in which the cell wall was permeabilized with lysozyme. These same overall characteristics were also seen with suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria innocua, where cell membrane hydrolysis and antibacterial activity of human group IIA enzyme was also lost as a result of charge reversal mutagenesis.

The Angus L. Macdonald Bridge, a major suspension bridge that crosses Halifax Harbour in Halifax, Nova Scotia, was opened for traffic in 1955. The bridge deck has reached the end of its service life, and the design of the new bridge superstructure and its replacement sequence have been completed. The entire suspended structure and hangers will be replaced sequentially during night closures while the bridge will be opened for traffic during daytime. The erection sequence has been supported by sophisticated automated erection analysis models which take into account the geometry of the existing bridge, positioning of the erection equipment on the deck, and necessary hanger and strand jack adjustments. Significant wind tunnel testing and analysis have been performed to ensure aerodynamic stability of the bridge during erection and in its final condition.

Studies for major stock markets of share price movements in the period around a takeover show that target company shareholders typically experience large gains in wealth but that acquiring company shareholders do not. The reasons for this asymmetry–and, in particular, for the absence of gains for the shareholders of the companies which initiate the deal–are imperfectly understood. This note suggests one factor contributing to those results. It argues that accounting practice prescribed by the main standard setters is non-neutral towards ‘successful’ and ‘unsuccessful’ bidders with respect to reporting the transaction costs of bidding. It shows how the prescribed accounting treatment of these costs affects performance measures used in salary contracts as well as in the markets for executives and for corporate control. The result is that the managers of bidding companies will have an ‘arti ?cial’ incentive to in ?ate their bid price or to go ahead with a bid which offers no bene ?t to their shareholders. Ironically, the main standard setters seem minded soon to prohibit the only accounting technique which does not distort these incentives.

An experimental study on electrokinetic sedimentation of contaminated sediment is conducted. The sediment dredged from the Welland River in Ontario is heavily contaminated by metals, oil, and grease as a result of industrial activities over past decades. Characterization of the sediment is presented, followed by descriptions of the sedimentation columns used in the experiments and testing procedure. The application of electrokinetics on the Welland River sediment suspensions significantly increases the free settling velocity (up to 110%) and final solid concentration (up to 33%) and reduces the coefficient of sedimentation (up to 111%) and overall sedimentation time (up to 50%). These changes are functions of the initial solid concentration and applied electric field intensity. Based on the evaluation of all influencing factors, it is concluded that a continuous dc current generates better performance than intermittent current and electrokinetic sedimentation is more effective than chemical coagulation. All other conditions being equal, the combined application of electrokinetics and FeCl3 generated the best dewatering effect. The electrokinetic treatment generates pH changes ranging from pH 6.0 at the anode to pH 9.4 at the cathode which will generate a negligible environmental impact, as most metal contaminants will not be released to water in this pH range.Key words: electrophoresis, electrokinetics, sedimentation, contaminated sediment, waste management.

The ability of mammalian phospholipases A2 (PLA2) to hydrolyse cardiolipin (diphosphatidylglycerol) was monitored with a fluorescent displacement assay which allows the use of natural phospholipid substrates. The mammalian enzymes used were porcine pancreatic (Group I) secretory PLA2 (sPLA2), human non-pancreatic (Group II) sPLA2 and human cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2). High activity was observed with porcine pancreas sPLA2 whereas the human sPLA2 demonstrated only minimal activity with this substrate. In comparison, sPLA2 from Naja naja venom (Group I) also showed only modest activity with this substrate. Since many lipases possess PLA1 activity, a representative enzyme from Rhizopus arrhizus was also assessed for its ability to hydrolyse cardiolipin which proved to be a good substrate for this fungal lipase. In all cases dilysocardiolipin was the major product while some monolyso intermediate was detected after chromatographic separation. Human cPLA2 was unable to hydrolyse cardiolipin at a significant rate, however, both monolysocardiolipin and dilysocardiolipin, which are prepared by the PLA2-catalysed hydrolysis of cardiolipin, were good substrates providing a further example of the extensive lysophospholipase activity of this enzyme. Moreover, cardiolipin that was initially hydrolysed in situ with either excess porcine pancreatic PLA2 or R. arrhizus lipase (PLA1) was subsequently hydrolysed by human cPLA2. One explanation of this result is that human cPLA2 is able to hydrolyse both 1-acyl and 2-acyl-lysophospholipids. (c) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

The independent engineer's duties began prior to closing, starting with a rapid but comprehensive review of the developer's design criteria, concept, typical details, erection methods, estimated construction costs, and construction schedule. After closing, the independent engineer checks the design concept, including criteria, the more developed design at the equivalent of tender level, and spot checks the for construction drawings. Other duties include ongoing review of the developer's quality assurance and quality control process, certification of drawdown payments, and, unusually, continuing estimating of the cost to complete the work. Although obligations under the Independent Engineer Retainer Agreement are fulfilled, the process has had some unexpected twists, caused in large part by the demands of the construction schedule, and by the inherent difficulties of establishing design criteria. The ways in which they were handled are described.

OBJECTIVE To study the association between adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern (MDP) and risk of developing type 2 diabetes, across European countries. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We established a case-cohort study including 11,994 incident type 2 diabetic case subjects and a stratified subcohort of 15,798 participants selected from a total cohort of 340,234 participants with 3.99 million person-years of follow-up, from eight European cohorts participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. The relative Mediterranean diet score (rMED) (score range 0–18) was used to assess adherence to MDP on the basis of reported consumption of nine dietary components characteristic of the Mediterranean diet. Cox proportional hazards regression, modified for the case-cohort design, was used to estimate the association between rMED and risk of type 2 diabetes, adjusting for confounders. RESULTS The multiple adjusted hazard ratios of type 2 diabetes among individuals with medium (rMED 7–10 points) and high adherence to MDP (rMED 11–18 points) were 0.93 (95% CI 0.86–1.01) and 0.88 (0.79–0.97), respectively, compared with individuals with low adherence to MDP (0–6 points) (P for trend 0.013). The association between rMED and type 2 diabetes was attenuated in people

The provisions of highway bridge design codes are sometimes used for the design of transit-only guideways and bridges. The transit vehicles are usually light or medium weight electric powered passenger vehicles running on defined tracks. This contrasts with highway vehicles which come in all sorts of weights and sizes and can range all over the roadway. Because of the large numbers of cycles of transit loading, perhaps more than 10 million trains with 120 million bogies, fatigue governs much of the design of the supporting structure. Unlike highway loading, the trains always take the same route (on the rails) and the weights range only from empty to full vehicles and the impact effects are less variable than for highway bridges. The question thus arises as to whether the fatigue provisions of a highway bridge design code are suitable for a transit bridge. It is argued that the design procedures, such as assumed loading, assumed impact effects and assumed positions of vehicles result in differing degrees of conservatism being present in highway bridges and in transit-only bridges. It is concluded that fatigue rules that are suitable for highway bridges may be unconservative for transit-only bridges and that allowable stress ranges should therefore be reduced.

Improvements to Clause 12 of CAN/CSA Standard S6-88 "Design of highway bridges" required the transformation of basic findings into a form suitable for use by evaluators. The number of dead load categories was reduced, and the rating equation was simplified. Rating factors calculated using the new criteria were checked against past practice. Practical guidelines for material grade identification and the evaluation of deteriorated components were developed. Three examples of the application of the provisions are included. Key words: calibration, codes (standards), evaluation, highway bridges, load and resistance factors, mean load method, safety.

Because upgrading a bridge is usually far more costly than incorporating extra capacity at the design stage, a different approach is appropriate. Clause 12 of CAN/CSA-S6-88, published in 1990, was developed specifically for evaluation. The development of Clause 12 is reviewed, as is the philosophy of varying the load factors based on how well the loads are known, the consequences of failure, and other variables. An overview of Clause 12 is presented and reference is given to three companion papers describing the derivation of numerical values used in Clause 12 and their adaptation for the Standard. Key words: bridges, evaluation, assessment.

This paper presents the results of a study that aimed to describe the prevalence and evolution of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in the Mediterranean population of Catalonia, Spain, between 1992-1993 and 2002-2003 by applying the National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definitions. Data from two cross-sectional population-based surveys were used (ENCAT 1992-1993 [n = 820] and 2002-2003 [n = 1,384]). Applying IDF definitions, MetS tended to increase (P = 0.08), from 25% in 1992-1993 to 28.5% in 2002-2003. Applying ATPIII definitions, MetS prevalence was lower, and it increased significantly (P < 0.001) from 18.4% in 1992-1993 to 24.8% in 2002-2003. MetS prevalence is high and has increased significantly in the last decade in Catalonia.

For many years, major bridges have been built without the designers having any specific basis for the traffic loads used in the design. Traffic loads are compared between codes in the United Kingdom, which has the longest span in the world, and in the United States, which has the second and third longest. Recent studies in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom have resulted in major changes to recommended long‐span bridge‐design loads. These, too, are compared. Multiple‐lane loading and impact are also discussed. The current British loading is similar to, but heavier than, the loading recommended by the ASCE Committee on Loads and Forces on Bridges.

After many years of use, the Belgo suspension bridge, used to convey logs, was clearly in need of repairs. Because of uncertainty about the condition of the anchorages, it was decided to convert it from a suspension bridge to a cable-stayed bridge. This would produce the least disruption to the operations of the mill, while providing a solution to all the identified deficiencies. Although such a conversion has been proposed before, this is thought to be the first time it has been accomplished. The exercise provided valuable experience in the intricacies of altering a suspension bridge to a cable-stayed bridge, particularly during the period when the bridge is partly supported by both systems. The process is rendered more challenging by the requirement to keep the bridge operational for most of the construction period, and by the knowledge that stresses are already unacceptably high and must not be increased during the alterations. Key words: bridges, cable-stayed, suspension, conveyor, rehabilitation.

The antibacterial properties of human group IIA secreted phospholipase A(2) against Gram-positive bacteria as a result of membrane hydrolysis have been reported. Using Micrococcus luteus as a model system, we demonstrate the very high specificity of this human enzyme for such hydrolysis compared with the group IB, IIE, IIF, V, and X human secreted phospholipase A(2)s. A unique feature of the group IIA enzyme is its very high pI due to a large excess of cationic residues on the enzyme surface. The importance of this global positive charge in bacterial cell membrane hydrolysis and bacterial killing has been examined using charge reversal mutagenesis. The global positive charge on the enzyme surface allows penetration through the bacterial cell wall, thus allowing access of this enzyme to the cell membrane. Reduced bacterial killing was associated with the loss of positive charge and reduced cell membrane hydrolysis. All mutants were highly effective in hydrolyzing the bacterial membrane of cells in which the cell wall was permeabilized with lysozyme. These same overall characteristics were also seen with suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria innocua, where cell membrane hydrolysis and antibacterial activity of human group IIA enzyme was also lost as a result of charge reversal mutagenesis.

There is a considerable body of evidence to support the antibacterial properties of the group IIa phospholipase A(2) as an important physiological function. This enzyme is able to act as an acute phase protein and may be part of the innate defence system of the body, acting in concert with other antibacterial proteins and peptides. The enzyme is most effective against Gram-positive bacteria whereas penetration of the lipopolysaccharide coat of Gram-negative bacteria requires bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) as an additional permeabilizing factor. The global cationic nature of this protein (pI>10.5) appears to facilitate penetration of the anionic bacterial cell wall. In addition, the considerable preference of the enzyme for anionic phospholipid interfaces provides specificity toward anionic bacterial membranes as opposed to zwitterionic eucaryotic cell membranes.

The binding of monoacylglycerides of long-chain fatty acids to human serum albumin has been examined using monooleoylglycerol as the ligand. Binding was investigated using changes in tryptophan fluorescence and also the displacement of a variety of well-studied fluorescent ligands from human serum albumin (HSA). Monooleoylglycerol caused a decrease in fluorescence from tryptophan-214 when measured at 350 nm while oleic acid had no effect on fluorescence at this wavelength and did not compete with monooleoylglycerol. In contrast, oleic acid caused an increase in fluorescence at 330 nm whereas monooleoylglycerol did not affect fluorescence intensity at this wavelength. These results suggest that these two ligands do not bind to the same site on HSA. From competition studies using dansylglycine, dansylsarcosine, 11-(dansylamino)-undecanoic acid and 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonic acid it was proposed that monooleoylglycerol binds at the dansylsarcosine site (site II) of HSA. Monooleoylglycerol was a competitive inhibitor of dansylsarcosine binding with a Kd of about 2.5 microM whereas oleic acid was not competitive with dansylsarcosine binding.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the success of gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) and superovulation with intra-uterine artificial insemination (S-IUI) in couples with long-term unexplained infertility. Thirty-nine couples were offered three attempts at each treatment. Sixty-three IUI cycles were completed with a pregnancy rate of 1.5% per cycle. Forty-nine GIFT procedures were carried out with a pregnancy rate of 26.5% per cycle. The cumulative conception rate after three cycles of GIFT was 0.56. GIFT appears to offer a far greater chance of pregnancy than S-IUI in unexplained infertility.

A case is described of the diagnosis by ultrasound scanning during the second trimester of Conradi-Hunermann' s syndrome (asymmetrical rhizomelic limb shortening or chondro-dysplasia calcificans punctata). The prenatal diagnosis of limb shortening deformities is discussed.

With time bridges deteriorate but traffic loads increase. There is insufficient money available to replace all deficient bridges, so in the last decade efforts have been under way in Canada to identify with more accuracy than before which bridges are deficient, which parts are critical and by how much they fall short.

The upgrading of suspension bridges, if required, is an extremely costly procedure. It is therefore worth some considerable effort on the part of the engineer to determine if rehabilitation is in fact really needed for the safety of the bridge or whether it is only required in order to satisfy a code.

The 85 kDa, cytosolic phospholipase A, (cPLA, ) hydrolyses arachidonic acid from the sn-2 position of phospholipid substrates. Anionic phospholipids, particularly phosphatidylinositol-4,5bisphosphate (PIPJ, have been shown to enhance the activity of cPLA, [ 13. PIP, has become increasingly important because of its ability to specifically bind to many proteins, e.g. phospholipase C, via a Pleckstrin Homology domain (PH domain). Although the presence of a PH domain has not been reported in the case of cPLA,, the sensitivity of the enzyme to low molar concentrations of PIP, suggests the possibility of a specific interaction between the anionic phospholipid and cPLA,. In this study we have investigated the specificity of the effect of phosphoinositides on the activity of human cPLA,, using a continuous, fluorescence displacement assay. Small, unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) were prepared by mixing stock solutions of 1 -stearoyl-2-arachidonyl phosphatidylcholine (SAPC) and the appropriate amount of phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP) or PIP,, up to 5mol%. The mixtures were dried under nitrogen, resuspended in 0.2M Tris/HCI, 0.2M NaC1, pH 8.0 and after gentle vortexing at room temperature, were subjected to probe sonication. The resulting solution of SUVs was added to assay buffer containing 0.1M Tris/HCI, 0.1M NaC1, pH 8.0, 300pM CaCI, and 1 I-(dansy1amino)undecanoic acid (DAUDA), to yield a final phospholipid concentration of l2.3nmoles/ml. The activity of cPLA, on the phospholipid vesicles prepared was measured using a rapid and continuous fluorescence displacement assay [2]. This assay utilises the interaction of DAUDA with fatty acid binding protein (FABP) to provide a high starting fluorescence, Hydrolysis of phospholipid substrate by CPLA, liberates fatty acids that displace DAUDA from FABP, resulting in a drop in fluorescence that is proportional to enzyme activity. The assay system is calibrated by the addition of known amounts of arachidonic acid. The effect of the incorporation of PI, PIP and PIP, into SAPC S W s , up to 5mol%, is shown in Fig. 1. The presence of PI appears to have no effect on the hydrolysis of SAPC by cPLA, at the molar ratios used. However incorporation of PIP and PIP, enhances this

Measured frequencies of a suspension bridge were found to differ from those calculated by a wide margin. The discrepancies were found to be caused by sliding deck joints not sliding at small amplitudes, which affected the stiffness. When these and other minor effects were correctly modeled the agreement was excellent. Lateral-torsional coupled motion caused by a channel type cross-section was found to influence the position of the center of rotation, which has an effect on the aerodynamic behavior. Measured values of structural dampling are given, and a comparison is made between "approximate" and "exact" methods of computing natural frequencies and mode shapes. /Authors/

The many achievements of the Educational Foundation for Visual Aids and the National Committee for Audio-Visual Aids to Education, under the leadership of the late Dr J A Harrison from their inception until his death last year, might lead many ‘Educational Media’ leaders to think that the audio-visual movement in Education was essentially a postwar development. That this is not so is evidenced by the fact that more classroom teaching films were being made in Britain n i each of the years 1934—39 than are being made today! There were annual conferences organised by the British Film Institute and the Educational Handwork Association; there were frequent articles on the subject and reviews of new films in Sight & Sound, World Film News, The Schoolmaster, The Times Educational Supplement, British Journal of Photography, even one on Schools' television etc, and several books had been published: ‘The Cinema in Education’ in 1925, ‘Report on Educational and Documentary Films’ by the British Association for the A...

The publication of the new Clause 12 Existing Bridge Evaluation of CAN3-S6-M78 Design of Highway Bridges marks a radical departure from the conventional format of bridge design codes. For the first time bridges may be evaluated on the basis of reliability or probability of failure. The philosophy of Clause 12, a guide to its use, the derivation of the theory, and a discussion of the various coefficients used in the clause are given.

Solutions are presented for the design of reinforcement for a wide range of holes in steel webs. Methods are derived for situations not covered in available published literature. Both elastic and plastic solutions are given for round holes, either unreinforced or reinforced with doubler or tripler plates. Welds and web stability are considered. A solution is given for small holes and a comparison is made with the recent research. For noncircular holes Vierendeel and finite element analyses are discussed, as well as a plastic analysis of rectangular doubler plates. Five methods of dealing with multiple holes in a web panel are presented, each appropriate for different circumstances: elastic analysis, Vierendeel action, plastic summation, the use of stiffeners for “trussing”, and the powerful “checkerboard” technique. It is found that reliance on the ductility of steel has considerable advantages. Fatigue is considered.The methods are appropriate for square or rectangular web panels with central or noncentral holes subjected to any applied in-plane stresses. Key words: webs, holes, girders, steel, design.

Load effects for four bridge design live load models are compared over a broad span range for three simple influence line shapes. The models are American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) HS20, Ontario Highway Bridge Design Code (OHBDC), Canadian National Standard CAN3-S6-M78 MS250, and one from the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). Comparisons are made on a number of grounds including maximum effect, simplicity, and accuracy. The span range 30–300 m is considered.

A careful investigation of the Lions' Gate suspension bridge yielded new information and techniques relevant to suspension bridges. These included traffic loading, wind loading, natural frequencies, structural damping, the effect on aerodynamics of the centre of rotation and turbulence, criteria for aerodynamic stability, concrete strength, crevice corrosion, long term cable stretch, relationships of structure temperature to ambient temperature, limit states design for towers, and the influence of various effects on stiffening truss stresses.

Two completely different methods have been derived for predicting the loading on a long-span bridge, given a knowledge of the average mix of traffic. Both methods are in good agreement. It is shown that the load can be represented as a uniform load and a concentrated load to give maximum moments and shears with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Unlike the findings of previous authors, the concentrated load is found to increase with the length of bridge that is loaded, whereas the uniform component decreases with length as would be expected. Examples are given for four levels of traffic ranging from very light to very heavy and comparisons show that the loading is not unduly sensitive to the percentage of trucks in the traffic stream.

The entire roadway of the approach viaduct was replaced with minimal disruption to traffic. The design, tolerant of errors and maximizing prefabrication, achieved quick replacement. Foundations were rotated by inserting hinges and cutting through the mass concrete piers. Plans were prepared for replacing the suspended structure of the main spans without disrupting Monday to Friday traffic. Design criteria are given for limit states of old steel, buckling of rivetted compression members, fatigue resistance of welded tubular construction, and temporary obstructions in the roadway. The effects of turbulence on aerodynamic stability led to the use of solid guard rails. Problems associated with progressive replacement of the suspended structure are discussed. The importance of public information during reconstruction is emphasized.