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Total suspended solids are an indicator of material constituted by sedimentable solids, suspended solids, and colloidal, whose origin is erosion, wastewater discharges, and agricultural waste. The objective of this research was to determine territorial water erosion, its relation with total suspended solids, and the water quality in the lower basin of the Usumacinta River in Tabasco. Three sampling points were established, located in the municipalities of Tenosique, Emiliano Zapata, and Jonuta, in the state of Tabasco. Water samples were collected during 12 monthly sampling campaigns in an annual cycle, and the total suspended solids were determined according to the provisions of the NMX-AA-034-SCFI-2015 standard. Water erosion was calculated based on the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and with the use of geographic information systems (GIS). The results obtained were statistically analyzed, finding that the measured maximum TSS concentrations are 130.92 mg.L-1 in Boca del Cerro, 165.28 mg.L-1 in Chablé, and 113.91 mg.L-1 in Jonuta which are within the permissible concentrations for protection of freshwater aquatic life and agricultural irrigation according to ecological criteria of water quality (CE-CCA-001/89), in Mexico. The lower basin of the Usumacinta River has areas with extreme erosion (990 tons.ha-1yr-1), with conditions that accelerate the erosion process, such as annual rainfall between 1805 mm and 2250 mm, clay soils located on slopes greater than 16%, and agricultural soils. These events cause loss of the soil fertile layer where agriculture is developed, also giving rise to the accelerated transport of suspended solids; which negatively alter the quality of the water of the Usumacinta River.

Environmental factors and lifestyle behaviors have an impact in future individual's health from early life through programming effect. For instance, early influence on the development of food preferences or the microbiome establishment that might lead to obesity development start at that time. In this sense, infancy is a crucial period from a growth and development point of view and to assure a good nutritional status must be an aim. The immaturity of the digestive organs followed by the wide list of advantages for the baby and the mother highlighted breastfeeding as the gold standard of nurture in this lifespan. Despite all the benefits, it is not always possible to breastfed infants, due to parental choice or medical complications such as human immunodeficiency virus infection, among others. In that sense, the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, based in its last revisions, agreed that infant ( 1y) formulas, constituting the feeding substitution, are also safe and adequate. They have also introduced new aspects to consider in terms of complementary feeding (>6m) in relation to physiological and neurological maturation, nutritional adequacy of exclusive breastfeeding, taste and preference development, and health outcomes.

Sun exposure during childhood is the main risk factor for skin cancer in later life. School-based sun protection policies and practices have proven to be the most effective and cost-effective strategies for preventing skin cancer.To develop a sun protection accreditation program known as «Soludable» (a play on the Spanish words sol [sun] and saludable [healthy]) to objectively identify schools that actively promote sun protection behaviors among students.The consensus method used was a 2-round Delphi technique with input from a panel of experts. We then calculated the median scores for the importance and feasibility of each of the recommendations proposed and the level of complexity assigned to each recommendation by counting the percentage of experts who chose each difficulty category.The resulting accreditation model consists of 14 recommendations with corresponding evaluation criteria divided into 7 domains: 1) organizational leadership (5 recommendations), 2) effective communication (2 recommendations), 3) structural elements (2 recommendations), 4) training of professionals (1 recommendation), 5) school curriculum (1 recommendation), 6) behavioral models (2 recommendations), and 7) student habits (1 recommendation). A high level of agreement among experts was observed for all recommendations, in terms of both their perceived importance and feasibility and their categorization by levels of complexity.This is the first sun protection accreditation program developed for Spanish schools. Studies are needed to evaluate how this program is received and how it affects students' sun protection behaviors.

Objective: To identify socio-cultural, obstetric and perinatal characteristics associated with complete breastfeeding (CBF) during the first 4 months of life, depending on maternal origin. Materials and methods: Socio-cultural, obstetric and perinatal aspects associated with breastfeeding depending on maternal origin were evaluated in a longitudinal study in a representative infant population from Aragon (n = 1452). Results: The prevalence of CBF was higher in immigrant mothers than in those from Spain. CBF was maintained in 37.2% of the mothers from Spain at 4 months, compared with 43% of the immigrants (p = 0.039) (RR Spanish/immigrants = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.58–0.99); at 6 months this occurred in 13.9% vs. 23.8%, respectively (p

Resumen: Objetivo: Identificar las características socioculturales, obstétricas y perinatales asociadas con la lactancia materna completa (LMC) durante 4 meses, en dependencia del origen materno. Material y métodos: Estudio de una cohorte representativa de la población de lactantes aragoneses (n = 1.452). Se han evaluado las variables socioculturales, obstétricas y perinatológicas asociadas a la modalidad de lactancia materna, en dependencia del origen de la madre. Resultados: La prevalencia de LMC en nuestro medio es más alta en las madres inmigrantes que en las de origen español. El 37,2% de las de origen español mantienen la LMC a los 4 meses frente al 43% de las inmigrantes (p = 0,039) (RR españolas/inmigrantes = 0,76; IC del 95%, 0,58-0,99); a los 6 meses, esto ocurre en un 13,9% vs. 23,8%, respectivamente (p

Resumen: Objetivos: Estudiar la prevalencia actual de la lactancia materna (LM) hasta los 12 meses de edad en Aragón, analizando los aspectos demográficos, perinatales y sociales que la modifican. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional longitudinal en una cohorte representativa de la población de lactantes aragoneses, nacidos desde marzo del 2009 a marzo del 2010, y controlados hasta los 12 meses de edad (N=1.602). Se han evaluado sus variables obstétricas, perinatológicas y de alimentación. Resultados: La LM exclusiva o predominante fue superior al resto de modalidades de alimentación durante los 4 primeros meses de vida. El mantenimiento conjunto de la LM en cualquiera de sus modalidades fue del 82,5% al mes de edad, el 71,8% al tercero, el 54,3% al sexto y 27,8% al año. Las variables maternas que se asociaron significativamente al mantenimiento de la LM, tanto al mes como a los 6 meses de edad fueron: tipo de parto (mayor probabilidad si el parto es vaginal), el nivel de estudios (mayor probabilidad si tienen estudios superiores), la procedencia (mayor probabilidad en las madres de origen africano), la adiposidad (mayor probabilidad en las madres que tienen un peso adecuado o sobrepeso frente a las obesas) y no fumar durante la gestación. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de LM en Aragón durante los primeros 12 meses de vida es alta y ha aumentado respecto a los datos que previamente se disponían. La LM se mantiene en más de la mitad de los lactantes de 6 meses y en una cuarta parte al año de edad. Los condicionantes maternos que influyen significativamente en el inicio y mantenimiento de la LM en nuestro medio son el tipo de parto, el nivel de estudios, la procedencia (inmigración), la adiposidad y el hábito tabáquico. Abstract: Objectives: To study the current prevalence of breastfeeding (BF) in Aragon (Spain) during the first 12 months of life, and analyse its demographic, perinatal and social influential factors. Material and methods: Obstetric, perinatal and feeding aspects were evaluated in a longitudinal and observational study, in a representative cohort of infant population from Aragon born between March 2009 to March 2010, controlled until 12 months of age (N=1.602). Results: Exclusive or predominant BF was more frequent than the rest of feeding modalities during the first 4 months of life. Maintenance prevalence of any BF modality was 82.5% at 1st month of age, 71.8% at 3rd, 54.3% at 6th, and 27.8% at 12 months of age. Maternal variables that were significantly associated with BF maintenance both at 1 and 6 months of age were: delivery modality (higher probability in case of vaginal delivery), academic level (higher probability if university studies), origin (higher probability in mothers from Africa), adiposity (higher probability of normal weight or overweight mothers compared with obese ones), and not to smoke during gestation. Conclusions: BF prevalence in Aragon (Spain) during the first 12 months of age is high and has increased compared with previous data. BF continues in more than half of infants at six months and in a quarter of infants at 12 months of age. Maternal factors that significantly influence BF initiation and maintenance are, delivery modality, academic level, origin (immigration), adiposity and smoking habit.

ResumenObjetivoDeterminar, mediante una revisión de literatura publicada, la existencia de estudios enfocados en la relación entre historia de caries y calidad de vida relacionada a salud oral (CVRSO) utilizando instrumentos validados.Material y MétodoArtículo de revisión bibliográfica de literatura publicada los últimos diez años usando la base de datos MEDLINE. Dos revisores independientes recopilaron y analizaron los artículos en dos etapas: En una primera etapa fueron seleccionados aquellos artículos en que en su resumen relacionaran historia de caries y calidad de vida utilizando un instrumento de medición validado, excluyendo todos aquellos en que los individuos tuvieran alguna patología base que por si misma afecta su calidad de vida y artículos de validación. En una segunda etapa fue analizado el texto completo de los artículos previamente seleccionados, se aceptaron estudios experimentales y observacionales, se excluyeron artículos de revisión. Los desacuerdos fueron resueltos por consenso.ResultadosDe un total de 311 artículos, 12 artículos relacionaban enfermedades orales y calidad de vida relacionada a salud oral siendo “historia de caries” uno más de los parámetros medidos y 6 artículos tenían como objetivo relacionar directamente “historia de caries” y “calidad de vida”, en estos últimos las dimensiones más afectadas fueron: dolor dental, comer-masticar alimentos, lavarse los dientes y sonreír.AbstractAimTo determine, through a review of published literature, the existence of studies focused on the relationship between history of decay and quality of life related to oral health (QOLROH), using validated instruments.Material and MethodLiterature review of reports published in the last ten years using the MEDLINE database. Two reviewers independently assessed and analyzed articles in two stages: In the first stage the articles whose abstract related dental caries and quality of life using a validated measurement instrument were selected, excluding those in which individuals had a systemic pathology affecting itself their quality of life, and excluding articles of validation. In a second stage the full text of the previously selected articles was analyzed, experimental and observational studies were accepted and review articles were excluded. Disagreements were resolved by consensus.ResultsOut of a total of 311 articles, 12 articles connected oral diseases and quality of life related to oral health, being “history of decay” one more of the measured parameters and only 6 articles related directly “history of decay” and “quality of life”. In the latter the most affected dimensions were: Dental pain, eat-chew food, brushing your teeth and smile.

Resumen: Introducción: El haber nacido pequeño para la edad gestacional (PEG) conlleva riesgos a corto y a largo plazo. El objetivo del estudio es describir las características perinatológicas y socioculturales, el patrón de crecimiento y el tipo de alimentación de los nacidos PEG en nuestro medio durante sus primeros 6 meses de vida. Materiales y métodos: Se ha evaluado durante 6 meses la antropometría y alimentación en una muestra de 1.596 lactantes representativa de la población aragonesa. Resultados: Las madres de los PEG (n = 94) ganaron menos peso durante la gestación (10,5 ± 5,8 vs 12,0 ± 5,07 kg; p = 0,012), el embarazo duró menos (37,84 ± 1,7 vs 39,06 ± 1,6 semanas; p

Resumen: Introducción: En España, una de cada tres mujeres fuma al inicio del embarazo; de ellas, un 25-50% dejan de fumar durante la gestación y la mayoría reinicia el consumo tras el parto. Entre los efectos del tabaquismo materno en el recién nacido, destaca el bajo peso al nacimiento con su consecuente morbilidad. El objetivo del estudio es comparar las características antropométricas y socioculturales de los hijos de gestante no fumadora con respecto a los de madre fumadora en nuestro medio. Materiales y métodos: Se han evaluado los hábitos de tabaquismo y las características socioculturales de una muestra de 1.499 embarazadas y las variables antropométricas de sus recién nacidos durante el año 2009 en Aragón. Resultados: Se observó en las 1.499 gestantes estudiadas una prevalencia de tabaquismo en la gestación de 19,6%; entre las españolas el 23% fumó durante la gestación frente al 11% de las extranjeras. Las madres fumadoras fueron más jóvenes y con un nivel educativo menor que las no fumadoras; sin embargo no se hallaron diferencias en sus características antropométricas. Los nacidos en Aragón hijos de madre fumadora tuvieron un menor peso al nacer respecto a los de no fumadoras (3.155 g vs 3.295 g: p

ResumenBasados en el respeto por la estructura dentaria junto a un adecuado tratamiento y detención de las lesiones de caries, se ha desarrollado ICON®, un sistema que penetra los tejidos afectados con una resina de baja viscosidad fotopolimerizable (infiltrante) sin necesidad de la apertura mecánica de una cavidad. De este modo se introducen los “infiltrantes” como herramientas para el tratamiento de las lesiones proximales. El “infiltrante” actúa bloqueando la progresión de la lesión de caries y estabilizando la estructura dentaria. En este reporte se muestra la técnica de infiltración con el uso del kit ICON®, mediante la presentación de un caso clínico de lesión proximal extendida al tercio externo de la dentina.AbstractBased on the respect for the tooth structure with adequate treatment and arrest of carious lesions, ICON ® has been developed. This system enters the affected tissue with a low-viscosity light-curing resin (infiltrant) with no need for mechanical opening of a cavity. This will introduce the infiltrants as tools for the treatment of proximal lesions. The “infiltrant” works by blocking the progression of caries lesion and stabilizing tooth structure. This report shows the technique with the use of the ICON ® kit, by presenting a case of proximal carious lesion extended to the outer third of dentin.

Resumen: Introducción: El estado nutricional materno es determinante para el crecimiento fetal y el peso del recién nacido (RN). El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar en nuestro medio la relación existente entre el IMC pregestacional materno y la antropometría de los niños desde el nacimiento hasta los 6 meses de vida, así como la prevalencia de lactancia materna. Material y métodos: Se han evaluado las variables antropométricas y el tipo de alimentación en una muestra de 1.547 RN durante 2009, representativa de nuestra población, en dependencia del IMC materno y en una cohorte de 759 lactantes de dicha muestra seguida hasta los 6 meses de vida. Resultados: El 72,9% de las gestantes presentaban normopeso, el 18,7% sobrepeso y el 8,4% obesidad. Las gestantes con IMC ≥ 25 kg/m2 ganaron menos peso durante el embarazo (p

Resumen: Las guías de práctica clínica son una importante herramienta para la mejora de la atención sanitaria. En los últimos años, se han ido acumulando evidencias sobre el impacto de la suplementación nutricional con probióticos en el recién nacido de muy bajo peso, sin que exista uniformidad en los microorganismos y las cepas utilizadas. Desde la Sociedad Española de Neonatología, a través de su Grupo de Nutrición y Metabolismo de SENeo, se ha acometido la elaboración de unas recomendaciones que sean útiles para orientar al neonatólogo en este campo. Abstract: Clinical practice guidelines are an important tool for improving healthcare. In recent years there has been accumulating evidence on the impact of nutritional supplementation with probiotics in the very low birth weight infants. With no uniformity in microorganisms and strains used. The Spanish Neonatology Society (SENeo), through its Nutrition and Metabolism Group has undertaken to develop recommendations that will be useful as a guide for the neonatologist in this field.

Clinical practice guidelines are an important tool for improving healthcare. In recent years there has been accumulating evidence on the impact of nutritional supplementation with probiotics in the very low birth weight infants. With no uniformity in microorganisms and strains used. The Spanish Neonatology Society (SENeo), through its Nutrition and Metabolism Group has undertaken to develop recommendations that will be useful as a guide for the neonatologist in this field.

This study aims to assess the psychometric properties of two measurement tools for patient satisfaction with nursing care in Primary Care, the satisfaction level, and the personal and consultation characteristics associated with its variability.Subjects randomly selected in 23 Health Care centres in the Community of Madrid were included. Satisfaction was measured by means of the AMABLE and Baker questionnaires, in which the psychometric properties were evaluated. Sociodemographic characteristics of the consultations, variables related to health status, and other related to the consultation process were collected. An explanatory model using Generalized Estimating Equations was constructed.The 662 subjects expressed a mean satisfaction of 4.95/5 (SD .25) with AMABLE, and 4.83/5 (SD .42) with the Baker questionnaire. AMABLE had a single dimension (Cronbach's alpha .85), and Baker three: professional care (mean 4.76, SD .48 Cronbach's alpha .74), depth of relationship (mean 3.76, SD 1.18, Cronbach's alpha .73), and perceived time (mean 4.42, SD .86, Cronbach's alpha .47). Ageing, a better perception of health status, and appointments arranged by nurses were associated with higher expressed satisfaction. Home care, hospital admissions, delayed consultation, extended family, or high family income were associated with lower satisfaction.Satisfaction with nurse consultations in Primary Care was very high, and varied depending on personal characteristics and on the type of consultation. The assessed tools allowed this outcome to be measured properly.

To identify socio-cultural, obstetric and perinatal characteristics associated with complete breastfeeding (CBF) during the first 4 months of age, depending on maternal origin.Socio-cultural, obstetric and perinatal aspects associated with breastfeeding depending on maternal origin were evaluated in a longitudinal study in a representative infant population from Aragon (n = 1452).The prevalence of CBF was higher in immigrant mothers than in those from Spain. CBF was maintained in 37.2% of mothers from Spain at 4 months, compared with 43% of immigrants (P=.039) (RR Spanish/immigrants=0.76; 95% CI: 0.58-0.99); at 6 months this occurred in 13.9% vs. 23.8%, respectively (P.001) (RR Spanish/immigrants=0.52; 95% CI: 0.37-0.72). The factors associated with CBF at 4 months are different between both groups. Mothers born in Spain are older (P=.002), have higher academic level (P=.001), greater parity (P=.003), and a higher probability of vaginal delivery (P=.005); and their children have the highest anthropometric values at birth. However, in immigrant mothers, the maintenance of CBF was associated with a higher maternal body mass index and with working at home. In both groups, CBF remains more frequently in those mothers who do not smoke (P=.001).The prevalence of CBF during the first months of life is higher in immigrant mothers than in those from Spain, and socio-cultural, obstetric and perinatal factors are different, depending on maternal origin.

To study the current prevalence of breastfeeding (BF) in Aragon (Spain) during the first 12 months of life, and analyse its demographic, perinatal and social influential factors.Obstetric, perinatal and feeding aspects were evaluated in a longitudinal and observational study, in a representative cohort of infant population from Aragon born between March 2009 to March 2010, controlled until 12 months of age (N=1.602).Exclusive or predominant BF was more frequent than the rest of feeding modalities during the first 4 months of life. Maintenance prevalence of any BF modality was 82.5% at 1(st) month of age, 71.8% at 3(rd), 54.3% at 6(th), and 27.8% at 12 months of age. Maternal variables that were significantly associated with BF maintenance both at 1 and 6 months of age were: delivery modality (higher probability in case of vaginal delivery), academic level (higher probability if university studies), origin (higher probability in mothers from Africa), adiposity (higher probability of normal weight or overweight mothers compared with obese ones), and not to smoke during gestation.BF prevalence in Aragon (Spain) during the first 12 months of age is high and has increased compared with previous data. BF continues in more than half of infants at six months and in a quarter of infants at 12 months of age. Maternal factors that significantly influence BF initiation and maintenance are, delivery modality, academic level, origin (immigration), adiposity and smoking habit.

Poster presentation (Abstract): Viral hepatitis, hepatitis C - clinical (except therapy)

ResumenEl conocer la historia natural de las patologías bucales sin intervenciones modernas, permite comparar el desarrollo de éstas con los datos actuales. Este estudio tiene como objetivo conocer la severidad de caries dental y de pérdida de dientes en una muestra de restos humanos de la cultura Atacameña (500 DC) en San Pedro de Atacama en el norte de Chile. Se estudiaron 139 restos humanos, en cada uno de ellos se realizó un examen clínico, consignado la información en una ficha individual donde se registró, el número de dientes presentes y perdidos pre y post mortem y el número de lesiones de caries. Estas variables permitieron calcular el índice CPD (Obturadas=0). El análisis estadístico incluyó una descripción de frecuencias y el cálculo de estadísticas de dispersión y tendencia central para las variables continuas. Los resultados muestran que el índice CPD mínimo, asume que las piezas perdidas post mortem estaban sanas fue 17.14 con un promedio de 3.93 lesiones de caries y 13.2 dientes perdidos en vida. Los restos humanos de la población estudiada presentan un gran daño de su salud bucal. Gran cantidad de piezas dentarias perdidas en vida y bajo número de dientes sanos.AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the severity of dental caries and tooth loss in a sample of 139 human remains of the Atacama culture (500 AD) in San Pedro de Atacama, northern Chile. A clinical examination was performed on each remain by a calibrated examiner. The number of present and missing teeth in pre-and post-mortem stages and the number of carious lesions were recorded. The DMT index (filled = 0) was calculated. Statistical analysis included a description of frequency and calculation of statistical dispersion and central tendency for continuous variables. The results reveal a DMT of 17.14 with an average of 3.93 carious lesions and 13.2 teeth lost in life. The oral health situation of the studied population presented severe damage, high rate of tooth loss and DMT scores.

Malnutrition among hospitalized patients has clinical implications, and interest has arisen to find screening tools able to identify subjects under risk. At present, there is no consensus about the most suitable nutrition screening tool for pediatric patients.To validate STAMP (Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition in Pediatrics) pediatric screening tool in Spain.Descriptive cross-sectional study of patients admitted to a 3rd level children's hospital with both medical and surgical specialities. During the first 24 hours of admission, STAMP screening tool was applied. For its validation, results were compared with those obtained from a nutritional assessment performed by specialist staff, which included clinical, anthropometric and body composition data.A sample of 250 children was studied. Nutritional assessment identified 64 patients (25.6%) under risk, 40 of whom were malnourished (16%). STAMP classified 48.4% of the patients as being under nutritional risk. This tool showed 75% sensitivity and 60.8% specificity when identifying patients under risk according to nutritional assessment. It showed 90% sensitivity and 59.5% specificity when identifying malnourished patients.Malnutrition was less frequent than that reported in other European countries, although diagnosis technique was different. STAMP is a simple and useful tool for nutritional screening, avoiding the need to assess all patients on admission in order to identify those under nutritional risk.

Being born small for gestational age (SGA) has short and long term risks. The aim of this study was to describe perinatal and socio-cultural characteristics, and the pattern of growth and diet of SGA infants during their first 6 months of life.Anthropometry and diet were evaluated during six months in a representative sample of 1596 newborns the population of Aragon (Spain).Mothers of SGA (N=94) infants gained less weight during pregnancy (10.5±5.8 vs 12.0±5.07 kg, P=.012), gestational age at birth was lower (37.84±1.7 vs 39.06±1.6 weeks, P.001), and the probability of cesarean delivery was higher (37.2% vs 20.5%, P=.001). The height of the mother was lower in the SGA group (1.61±0.58 vs 1.63±0.06 metres, P=.004), but their body mass index was similar. No differences were found between groups in social or cultural aspects. Mothers of SGA infants smoked more during pregnancy (32.3% vs 18.5%, P=.003) (RR = 1.92; 95% CI; 1.31 to 3.02). Infants born SGA remained smaller during the first 6 months of life, and the monthly weight gain was similar to the rest. In the SGA group, the prevalence of breastfeeding was lower at 4 months of age (54.9% vs 68.2%, RR = 0.58, 95% CI; 0.38 to 0.89).Infants born SGA are more likely to converge a number of characteristics that must be considered together because they may lead to health risks. SGA do not show a rapid recovery pattern of postnatal growth, and their smaller size persists at six months.

ResumenEl objetivo del estudio es estimar los recursos odontológicos para resolver las necesidades de tratamiento de los adolescentes de 12 años de Chile, pertenecientes a los niveles socio económicos alto, medio y bajo. El estudio se realizó a partir de los resultados del “Estudio Diagnóstico Nacional de Salud Bucal del Adolescente de 12 Años y Evaluación del Grado de Cumplimiento de los Objetivos Sanitarios de Salud Bucal 2000-2010”, proyecto FONIS el que fue realizado en una muestra de 2.232 adolescentes de 12 años, con representación regional proporcional a la población nacional. Para estratificar por nivel socioeconómico este estudio se usó la clasificación y ranking de pobreza por comuna de MIDEPLAN y la caracterización por NSE de los establecimientos del Ministerio de Educación Se calculó el recurso humano necesario mediante la aplicación de estándares de rendimiento del ministerio de salud, comparando estos parámetros en el eje de nivel socioeconómico. Se observan diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las necesidades de tratamiento entre los NSE, concentrándose la mayor necesidad en los grupos de NSE bajo y medio.AbstractThe aim of this study is to determine oral health care delivery team workforce necessary to tackle oral health treatment needs of 12-year-old adolescents from different socioeconomic status. The sample consisted of 2.232 individuals. There was a proportional representation of the Nation's regions. The Socioeconomic status (SES) was stratified through the MIDEPLAN's poverty municipality ranking and by means of description of SES of the selected school by the Ministry of Education. To determine oral health treatments needs we carried out dental examination and WHO diagnosis criteria were used. We calculated the oral health care delivery team workforce based on Ministry of Health recommendations and compare among SES. Differences upon health care delivery team workforce necessary to tackle oral health treatment needs of 12-year-old adolescents from different socioeconomic status were evident.

One in every four women smoke at the beginning of the pregnancy in Spain; of these, 25-50% give up smoking during gestation and most of them smoke again after childbirth. Maternal smoking has harmful effects on babies, such as low birth-weight with its resulting morbidity. The objective of this study is to compare the anthropometric and socio-cultural characteristics between newborns from smoking motheŕs and those from non- smoking ones.Smoking habits and the socio-cultural characteristics were assessed from a sample of 1499 pregnant women, as well as their newborn anthropometric variables of their newborn babies during 2009 in the Aragon region of Spain.In the sample of 1499 pregnant women the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy was 19.6%; among the Spanish women, 23% of them smoked during the gestation compared with only 11% in women from other countries. The smoker mothers were younger and they had a lower educational level than the non smoker ones; however, there were no statistical differences between their anthropometric characteristics. Newborns from smoker women in Aragon had a lower weigh at delivery (3155 vs. 3295 grams: p.001) and a relative risk of low weight at birth for their gestational age of 2.1 (95% CI: 1.35 - 2.97). The length and the rest of newborn anthropometric variables were also affected.The prevalence of smoking during gestation is high in Aragon. The mothers who smoke are younger and have different socio-cultural characteristics compared with non-smoker mothers. Maternal smoking habits have a harmful effect on newborn nutritional status, representing an avoidable risk of low weight at birth.

Maternal nutritional status is an important factor of adequate intrauterine growth and neonatal weight. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between pre-gestational BMI (Body Mass Index) and breastfeeding duration, as well as infant anthropometric measurements during their first six months of life.Anthropometric measurements and the type of feeding were evaluated in a representative sample of 1,547 newborns from our population during 2009, according to their maternal BMI, and also in a sub-cohort of 759 infants followed up to 6 months of life.A total of 72.9% of women had a normal weight, 18.7% were overweight and 8.4% obese. Women with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m(2) had lower weight gain during pregnancy (P.001), lower socioeconomic and cultural level (P.001), and their infants had higher weight at delivery (P=.003) and at 6 months of life, with no differences in body length. Newborn weight increased in relation to maternal BMI, but over 35 kg/m(2) it decreased progressively (P.001). Breastfeeding prevalence in obese women was 58.5% at hospital postpartum discharge, and 8.6% at six months of life; as opposed to 70.8% and 13.9%, respectively in women with normal BMI.In our sample, maternal obesity is associated with a low socioeconomic and cultural level, higher infant weight at delivery and at 6 months of life, and less prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding; all of them nutritional risk factors in the short and long term.

Population standards of intrauterine growth are necessary to evaluate if the newborn has grown well, if their nutritional conditions are appropriate and to identify groups at risk as those small for gestational age (SGA). Differences in the number of SGA newborns identified, depending on the standard applied, have been analyzed in this study.Cross-sectional study conducted in 4,486 Caucasian newborns (2,361 boys and 2,125 girls), born between 35 and 41 weeks. Weight and length valuation was performed following the standard methodology. Percentage of children under the 10(th) percentile for weight and length was calculated depending on the standard used (Olsen et al. 2010, Lubchenco et al. 1966, Delgado et al. 1996, Carrascosa et al. 2008), being diagnosed of SGA.Weight and length were significantly higher in boys than in girls at all ages. 10(th) percentile values defined for every gestational age are globally similar among the different standards and our population, with the clear exception of Lubchenco curves whose 10(th) percentile values are even 300 g. lower for the newborns at the highest gestational ages. Lubchenco charts do not fit the pattern of intrauterine growth of our population and identify a smaller number of SGA. The percentage of SGA of our sample ranged between 1.7% and 14% in depending on the standard, sex and gestational age considered.The number of children classified as SGA is different according to each standard used. Lubchenco charts identify a smaller number of SGA than the others. The rest of curves show similar values and seem to be well adapted for our population. The correct identification of SGA will allow a better assessment of short and long-term risks of these newborns.

Growth is a complex phenomenon that has in pediatric age special relevancy because it constitutes a fundamental indicator of nutritional status.To evaluate differences about weight analysis of infants aged 0-18 months depending on the population reference used.This is a longitudinal weight and length study in a representative sample of 383 infants from Aragon since birth until 18 months of age. A descriptive analysis was realized and "z-scores" were calculated from five growth curves. Finally there was calculated the percentage of children who were staying above or under 2DS for weight depending on the standard used.50.1% were males and 49.9% women. Weight and length of the children were higher in girls than in boys in all the ages (p0.01). Major differences between weight z-score averages from standards were at 6 months and later. The percentage of children on a weight2 DS ranged between 0.5 and one 3.3% at 18 months of age depending on the standard.Global differences exist when weight is evaluated in the same sample of infants up to 18 months of age depending on different population standards, as well as in the number of children who stay out of the limits of the normality with each of them.

Background Phenylketonuria (PKU) treatment requires a diet restricted from natural proteins and supplemented with phenylalanine (Phe)-free L-amino acid mixtures. Growth impairment and compromised bone mass have been described. This study aims to evaluate anthropometric characteristics and bone mineral density (BMD) in a cohort of PKU patients. Methods We conducted a retrospective longitudinal study collecting anthropometric characteristics (weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and BMD every 6 months from birth to 12 years of age in 34patients with diet restrictions. We compared the data results, expressed as z-scores, with the general population, as well as between patients with Phe 360 mmol/ml. Results Our PKU patients are shorter than the reference population; the sample mean was below z–score=0. Weight was comparable to that of the reference population and BMI had a tendency to be over the population mean. Growth impairment in PHA-deficiency is not related to plasma Phe concentration at birth but might be related to its levels throughout the follow up; patients with BMD was below the population mean in all cases (52% osteopenia). Conclusions PKU children in our study have a below than average height. Weight is consistent with the population average and BMI tends to be above it. Height seems more affected among those patients with better metabolic control. BMD is below the population mean. These data do not vary depending on the levels of Phe at diagnosis, but by the phenylalaninemia during growth. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of diet restriction in PKU.

To evaluate cardiac abnormalities in children with different neuromuscular diseases (NMD) PATIENTS AND METHOD: In 40 patients with NMD, cardiac abnormalities were evaluated by cardiac auscultation, chest X-ray, electrocardiography (ECG), ambulatory Holter ECG and Doppler echography.Sinus tachycardia, high R/S complex, deep Q waves, repolarization disorders, electrical conduction abnormalities, auricular and ventricular extrasystoles, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, mitral valve prolapse and dilated cardiomyopathy were found.The association of cardiac abnormalities in children with NMD is frequent. Conventional ECG monitorization, Holter ECG and echocardiography allow their diagnosis and follow-up.

To determine whether there is a significant difference between anthropometric measurements of prepubertal children and the measurements of another sample with similar characteristics, studied fifteen years ago.We studied 859 children, 453 males and 406 females, from the age of 5.0 to 10.0 years. Weight, height, arm circumference and skinfold thicknesses in the biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac were determined. Body mass index, body density, total fat and percentage fat were calculated and their values compared with those obtained 15 years ago in 1,617 children with similar characteristics. Difference between means were calculated with Student's single-sample t-test.Weight increased in all the ages, with significant differences in males at 7, 8 and 9 years (p0.001) and in females after the age of 6 years (p0.05). Height significantly increased at all ages and in both sexes, except in females at the age of 5 years. Body mass index increased only at the ages of 8 and 9 years in males (p0.01). Skinfold thicknesses significantly increased in both sexes and at all ages (p0.05). Body density decreased (p0.01) and body fat increased, both in kilograms and in percentage (p0.01).During the 15 years studied, height and weight increased significantly. Body mass index did not increase significantly, whereas body fat (skinfold thicknesses and fat compartment) significantly increased.

To quantify the differences between anthropometric measurements obtained nowadays in male and female adolescents and those obtained 15 years ago in a sample of similar characteristics.We have studied 658 healthy individuals, 329 males and 329 females from 10.0 to 15.0 years of age, from different socioeconomic levels. Weight, height, arm circumference and left skinfold thickness (biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac) have been measured. We have calculated the body mass index (BMI), density, total body fat, percentage of body fat and the body adipose muscular index (BAMI), which is the ratio between body fat (kg) and non fat mass (kg). The values obtained have been compared with those obtained fifteen years ago, in another sample of 1,465 children with similar characteristics. The research team and the material used were the same in both studies. Mean differences were compared using the unpaired t-test.Weight has increased significantly (p0.05), except for males at 12 years and females at 13 and at 14 years. Height has increased significantly at all ages and in males and females (p0.05). BMI has only increased significantly at 10 and at 11 years in males, and at 10 years in females. Skinfold thicknesses have also increased significantly, except for biceps in males between ages of 12 and 14 years and biceps and subscapular in females at 14 years. Body fat mass and percentage of body fat have also increased significantly and, in consequence, the density has decreased and BAMI has increased both significantly (p0.05).Secular increase in weight and height during fifteen years has occurred. In general, BMI has not increased but skinfold thicknesses and body fat have increased significantly, this fact demonstrates that there has been increase in the body fat compartment.

To describe the proportion of body fat mass, quantified from the measurement of 4 skinfold thickness, in a sample of male children of Zaragoza.In 1995, we have studied 701 males aged 6.0 to 14.9 years, from 6 schools of the province of Zaragoza. We have measured: weight, height, and biceps, triceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses. Body density has been calculated from the 4 skinfold measurements, with the formulas of Sarría et al. Fat mass (%), was calculated with the Weststrate and Deurenberg's formulas. In each age group, we present mean, standard deviation and 5, 25, 50, 75 and 95th percentiles.We present mean, standard deviation and 5, 25, 50, 75 and 95th percentiles of body fat mass (%), in each age group. Body fat mass (%) progressively increased until 10.5 years and, after, progressively decrease at least until 14.5 years.We present data of body fat mass (%), calculated from the measurement of 4 skinfold thicknesses, obtained from a reference population in the province of Zaragoza. These data are useful as more rationale criteria in the diagnosis of obesity in children and adolescents.

To describe the main anthropometric characteristics of a young adult population, to compare some measurements obtained with different formulas, and to compare these results with a reference population.We have studied 72 healthy female university students aged 19.0 to 20.9 years (mean age 19.63). We have measured weight, height, body mass index (BMI), cervical and arm circumferences, and biceps, triceps, and submandibular skinfolds. We have calculated total arm area, fat arm area and muscular arm area using traditional formulas and others recently published. Means were compared using Student's t test and we also calculated Pearson correlations.Concerning anthropometric measurements, they were similar to those of the reference population. Arm areas were different when calculated with different formulas (p0.000). All the anthropometric characteristics measured correlated with each other, except with height. Submandibular skinfold correlated with biceps skinfold (0.467), triceps skinfold (0.513), BMI (0.503), weight (0.476), cervical circumference (0.511) and arm circumference (0.505). Submandibular skinfold also showed a significant correlation with arm measurements, especially fat area (0.519, p0.001).Fat and muscular arm areas were different depending on the different formulas used to be calculated. Submandibular skinfold is easy to obtain and is related with the other indexes of body fat. This measure could be included in nutritional surveys.

The aim of this study was to examine if there were differences in the assessment of the nutritional status between values of bioelectric impedance (BI) measured in the morning (08:30) and in the afternoon (17:00).We have studied 30 boys between 6.5 and 10.9 years of age. Weight, stature, skinfold thickness and total body impedance (Z) were measured at 08:30 and at 17:00 on the same day.In 28 of 30 boys, Z at 17:00 was lower than Z at 08:30. The mean decrease in Z was 4.64% of the morning result (p = 0.0001). At 17:00 there was an increase in total body water (TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) measured by BI, 0.681, and 0.93 Kg, respectively (p = 0.0001), compared with morning values. We did not find differences between skinfold thickness values in the morning and in the afternoon, except for the suprailiac skinfold, which was a bit larger in the afternoon (p = 0.05). In the morning and afternoon there was a high correlation between FFM measured by skinfold thickness and values of TBW and FFM measured by BI.Z in boys decrease in the afternoon (17:00) compared with morning values (08:30). This fact must be considered by the pediatrician when IB is used for the assessment of nutritional status in children.

The aim of this study was to describe anthropometric indexes of fat distribution in 6.0 to 14.9 year old children and to estimate the timing of differentiation of fat patterning in male and female children and adolescents.We have studied a sample of 1,360 children (701 boys and 659 girls) from Zaragoza, Spain. We have measured triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknessess and waist and hip circumferences. With these measurements, we have calculated the indexes of fat distribution including waist-to-hip circumference ratio and triceps-to-subscapular skinfold thickness ratio. We present the percentiles of these indexes.All percentiles of the waist-to-hip ratio were higher in males than in females. Percentiles 5, 50 and 95 of the triceps-to-subscapular skinfold thickness ratio showed similar values in males and females, except that percentile 95 was higher in males than in females after 10.5 years.The waist-to-hip ratio seems to define earlier the pattern of fat distribution in children than does the triceps-to-subscapular skinfold thickness ratio. If we take into account the waist-to-hip ratio, the pattern of fat distribution is already present in school age children.

ResumenObjetivoEl objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la prevalencia y severidad de caries de piezas permanentes y algunos factores de riesgo relacionados en un grupo de escolares de Isla de Pascua.Materiales y Métodos116 niños de 6 a 15 años de edad fueron seleccionados al azar. Se efectuó examen clínico individualizado y se registraron los índices COP-D, significante de caries (SIC), de Higiene Oral de Greene y Vermillon (G-V) y se realizó una encuesta de dieta. Para conocer la frecuencia y recuento de Streptococcus mutans y Streptococcus sobrinus, se tomaron muestras de saliva estimulada a 23 niños Rapa Nui elegidos al azar. Finalmente, se analizaron muestras de agua potable en 3 sitios distintos de la isla para medir la cantidad de flúor disponible.ResultadosLa prevalencia de caries en piezas permanentes fue 38%. El COP-D fue 1.19. El valor promedio del G-V fue 1.63. Se aisló e identificó S. mutans y S. sobrinus en el 56.2% y 13.2% respectivamente. El recuento promedio para S. mutans fue de 3.3×105UFC/ml saliva y para S. sobrinus fue de 7.2×104UFC/ml. Se observó un promedio de 0.223ppm/Fluoruro en el agua. Desviación Estándar 0.025ppm. Según la encuesta de dieta el 30% de los niños presenta bajo riesgo de caries, el 47% presenta mediano riesgo y el 23% presenta alto riesgo.ConclusiónEl 38% presenta historia de caries en piezas permanentes. El COP-D promedio es 1.19. En niños Rapa Nui 0.9 y en No Rapa Nui 1.77.AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of caries and some related risk factors in a group of school children from Easter Island.Materials and Methods116 children aged 6 to 15 years were randomly selected. Individual clinical examination was performed and index COP-D, significant caries index (SIC), Greene and Vermillon Oral Hygiene index (GV) were recorded. A diet survey was performed. To determine the frequency and count of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, stimulated saliva samples were collected from 23 Rapa Nui children randomly selected. Finally, samples of drinking water in 3 different places of the island were analyzed to measure the amount of fluoride available.ResultsCaries prevalence was 38%. COP-D index was 1.19. The mean value of G-V was 1.63. S. mutans and S. sobrinus were isolated and identified in 56.2% and 13.2% of the samples, respectively. The average count for S. mutans was 3.3 ×105CFU/ml saliva and for S. sobrinus was 7.2 ×104CFU/ ml. A mean of 0.223 Standard Deviation 0.025ppm/Fluoride was observed in drinking water. According to the diet survey, 30% of children have a low risk of caries, 47% have medium risk and 23% a high risk.ConclusionAccording to this study 38% have caries history in permanent teeth. Mean COP-D index was 1.19. In Rapa Nui children 0.9 and Not Rapa Nui children 1.77.