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Die Arbeitsmarktpolitik auf europäischer Ebene hat durch die Krisen der letzten Jahre wiederholt neue Impulse erhalten. Mit den Initiativen für eine europäische Arbeitslosenrückversicherung, einen europäischen Mindestlohn, eine europäische Jugendgarantie und – vor Kurzem – Europäische Sozialanleihen ist die EU mittlerweile eine arbeitsmarktpolitische Akteurin geworden, welche die nationalen Aktivitäten ergänzt oder unterstützt. Die Covid-19-Krise könnte ein Gelegenheitsfenster sein, den Europäischen Sozialfonds um bestimmte Elemente einer Europäischen Arbeitslebensversicherung weiterzuentwickeln. Das Ziel sollte nicht nur darin bestehen, in europäischer Solidarität auf zyklische oder pandemische Krisen des Arbeitsmarkts zu reagieren, sondern auch die nationalen Kapazitäten zu stärken, um Einkommensrisiken im gesamten Erwerbsverlauf abzusichern. Die Innovation dieses Essays besteht darin, die Grundzüge einer Arbeitslebensversicherung auf die revolutionäre Trias „Freiheit, Gleichheit, Selbstständigkeit“ von Immanuel Kant zurückzuführen. Kants Konzept der „bürgerlichen Selbstständigkeit“ – anstelle der „Solidarität“ – erweist sich als überaus fruchtbar, um ein institutionell fundiertes Grundrecht auf würdige Arbeit zu begründen.

The compromise that emerged from the lengthy debate on European unemployment insurance (EUI) involved the establishment of a ‘European Unemployment Reinsurance Scheme’. However, it was not until the shock waves of the COVID-19 pandemic were felt that any specific measures were actually taken to establish such a scheme. The reasons for such prevarication were, first, doubts as to whether moral hazard can be kept under control and, second, the huge diversity of EU Member States’ coverage and level of social protection. This article offers a third reason for this protracted stalemate: the neglect of moral assurance as a countervailing force of moral hazard. It argues that the concept of unemployment insurance itself needs to be fundamentally revised. Modern labour market policy must cover not only income risks related to unemployment, but also other serious income risks related to critical transitions over the life course. Finally, this article proposes the extension of the European Social Fund to create a European Employment and Social Fund with elements of work-life insurance and a reinsurance mechanism for shock absorption.Le compromis qui a émergé du long débat sur l’assurance-chômage européenne (EUI) impliquait la création d’un “régime européen de réassurance-chômage”. Il a néanmoins fallu attendre les ondes de choc de la pandémie du COVID-19 pour voir apparaître des mesures spécifiques visant à mettre en place un tel système. Ces hésitations étaient liées, d’une part, aux doutes quant à la possibilité de maîtriser l’aléa moral et, d’autre part, à la grande diversité de la couverture et du niveau de protection sociale dans les États membres de l’UE. Cet article propose une troisième raison à cet enlisement prolongé : le fait de négliger l’assurance morale comme contrepoids à l’aléa moral. L’auteur soutient que le concept d’assurance-chômage lui-même doit être fondamentalement révisé. La politique moderne du marché du travail doit couvrir non seulement les risques de revenus liés au chômage, mais aussi d’autres risques de revenus, importants et liés à des transitions critiques au cours de la vie. Enfin, l’article plaide en faveur d’un élargissement du Fonds social européen, avec la création d’un Fonds social et de l’emploi européen qui comporterait des éléments d’assurance vie-travail et un mécanisme de réassurance destiné à absorber les chocs.Nach einer langen Debatte über eine europäische Arbeitslosenversicherung tauchte eine europäische Arbeitslosenrückversicherung als Kompromiss auf. Konkrete Schritte in diese Richtung wurden jedoch erst unter dem pandemischen Schock von COVID-19 als Katalysator unternommen. Zweifel, ob “moral hazard” unter Kontrolle gehalten werden kann, sind ein Grund für dieses Zögern, die enorme Diversität von Deckungsgrad und Niveau des Sozialschutzes in EU-Mitgliedstaaten ein anderer. Dieser Essay hebt einen dritten Grund für das lange Patt hervor: die Vernachlässigung von “moral assurance” als Gegengewicht von “moral hazard”. Er argumentiert, dass das Konzept der Arbeitslosenversicherung selbst einer fundamentalen Revision bedarf. Moderne Arbeitsmarktpolitik sollte nicht nur Einkommensrisiken bei Arbeitslosigkeit decken, sondern auch andere ernsthafte Einkommensrisiken bei kritischen Übergängen im Lebensverlauf. Er schlägt vor, den Europäischen Sozialfonds zu einem Europäischen Beschäftigungs- und Sozialfonds mit Elementen einer Arbeitslebensversicherung und einer Rückversicherung für Schock-Absorption zu erweitern.

Zu dem Zeitpunkt, als ich zustimmte fur dieses Buch „Werteorientierte Fuhrung“ einen Beitrag zu liefern, wusste ich nicht, wie sehr sich die Welt und das Weltgeschehen innerhalb kurzer Zeit andern konnen. Mit Covid-19 war die gesamte Welt gezwungen, sich neu formieren zu mussen. Inwiefern die damit verbundenen Veranderungen und die damit verbundenen neuen Prioritaten tatsachlich und nachhaltig Fus fassen, moglicherweise das Wertegerust der Wirtschaft neu pragen, das wird sich noch zeigen. Doch eines ist gewiss, die Masnahmen zur Eindammung der Verbreitung von Covid-19 waren so heftig, dass das Weltgeschehen und die Wirtschaft sich noch langerfristig mit den Folgen und moglichen Umbruchen auseinandersetzen muss. Was das konkret fur die Zukunft der Wirtschaft bedeuten kann, in welcher Weise die Wirtschaft und wirtschaftstreibenden Werte durch Covid-19 in Frage gestellt werden, die Werte der Unternehmen an Kraft und Relevanz verlieren, das mochte ich in meinem Beitrag zur Diskussion stellen, die Werte der Wirtschaft aus einer neuen Perspektive heraus analysieren und reflektieren.

Die Entwicklung der Arbeitsmarktpolitik auf europäischer Ebene hat durch die Krisen der letzten Jahre immer wieder neue Impulse erhalten, die als Lernprozesse charakterisiert werden können. Mit den Initiativen für eine europäische Arbeitslosenversicherung, für ein europäisches Mindestlohnniveau und gegen Jugendarbeitslosigkeit ist die EU im Bereich der Arbeitsmarktpolitik mittlerweile ein Akteur, der die nationalen Aktivtäten zu ergänzen und zu unterstützen versucht. Die Covid-19-Krise könnte ein Gelegenheitsfenster sein, den Europäischen Sozialfonds um bestimmte Elemente der Arbeitsversicherung weiter zu entwickeln. Das Ziel sollte nicht nur darin bestehen, in europäischer Solidarität auf zyklische Krisen des Arbeitsmarkts zu reagieren, sondern auch die nationalen Kapazitäten zu stärken, um Einkommensrisiken im gesamten Erwerbsverlauf abzusichern. The crises of recent years, which have repeatedly given momentum to the development of labour market policy at the European level, can be characterised as learning processes. With the initiatives towards a European unemployment insurance scheme, a European minimum wage level and against youth unemployment, the EU has become an actor in the field of labour market policy that attempts to complement and support national activities. The Covid-19 crisis could be a window of opportunity to further develop the European Social Fund (ESF) through certain elements of employment insurance. The aim should not only be to respond in European solidarity to cyclical labour market crises, but also to enhance the national capacities for social protection against income risks throughout the whole work-life course.

Metal combustion is currently under discussion as a possible basis for a closed energy loop. One potential metal with several benefits for such a process is lithium. While the reaction products in conventional combustion processes are gaseous, the reaction products of lithium combustion are solid (Li 2 CO 3 , Li 2 O) and, hence, easy to capture and to recycle. The current paper describes the lay-out and optimization of a 100 MW th lithium slag tap furnace by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) using CO 2 as oxidizer for the lithium. ANSYS Fluent has been extended by two lithium combustion models developed by the authors. The first reference model is one-step model directly converting Li to Li 2 CO 3 , neglecting the intermediate species Li 2 O. The second extended model is a two-step model considering Li 2 O as intermediate species. Simulations were carried out using a fixed geometry of the slag tab, varying the injection angle of gas and lithium spray and the CO 2 -Li ratio with respect to the lithium conversion level and lithium product capture efficiency. The simulations show that a high capture efficiency of lithium combustion products is possible when a large injection angle is used. The conversion level is highly dependent on injection angle, CO 2 -Li ratio and the Li combustion model used. While the conversion level of the reference model is inherently limited and lies between 84 and 87.6%, the extended model predicts significantly higher conversion levels in the order of 96.7–99.2% which would be needed for industrial application.

The inclusive growth agenda prioritises a broad based, employment centred pattern of growth as a foundation of social development. Welfare goals cannot be pursued solely through taxes and transfers ‘after the economic event’. The focus must also be upon the predistribution of economic endowments such as human capital, on the distribution of opportunities within the labour market as well as the wages and conditions of the workforce. This means raising the general level of education and training in the workforce, promoting inclusion of marginalized employees, encouraging transitions between various employment relationships over the life course, and ensuring the potential of social mobility.

Lithium combustion has been studied for several decades, with a primary focus on safety issues, such as lithium fires resulting from spills in nuclear reactors. Several studies have also considered the use of lithium as a fuel within propellants, or within propulsion systems that burn lithium in the atmospheric “air” of other planets. Lithium safety has typically been investigated through combustion of molten pieces of lithium or within pool fires. For propulsion applications, experiments were carried out using packed beds of lithium particles. A novel approach that has recently been proposed is the use of lithium as a recyclable fuel, or energy carrier that can compactly store renewable energy. In this scheme, lithium is burned with air, or power-plant exhaust, to generate heat for thermal power systems when power is needed. The solid-phase combustion products would be collected and recycled, via electrolysis, back into elemental lithium when excess renewable power is available. This paper summarizes the existing knowledge on lithium combustion. It presents the available findings on lithium combustion for large single pieces of lithium, on pool fires, reaction in packed beds, as well as the combustion of sub-mm sized particles and droplets which are needed for the use of lithium as an energy carrier. The combustion reactions of lithium with O 2 , H 2 O, CO 2 and N 2 are discussed. Modelling of lithium-particle combustion is at the early stages of development and available results are discussed.

In this paper general equation system for linear dynamic soil-structure interaction (SSI) in frequency domain is presented. The main objective of the paper is to provide and investigate a possibility to use spectral elements in SSI domain. Spectral elements reduce considerably number of unknowns and in some cases, e.g. in frame structures coupled with analytically obtained impedance functions of sub-grade, produce no modelling errors. Results for two different shallow-founded beam structures with identical foundations excited by harmonic free-field motions are presented.

New social risks have arisen due to the deepening of global labour division and the invasion of digital technologies into the production of goods and the delivery of services, but also due to changing preferences and individual work capacities over the life course. As these risks are not only connected with unemployment but also with income volatility due to critical life-course transitions (in particular, between family work and labour-market work, lifelong learning and employment), the need to extend unemployment insurance (UI) towards a system of employment insurance becomes evident. This argument is developed by focusing on the investment character of social insurance against the mainstream view of moral hazard related to any insurance, and by providing good practices or opportunities from various European member states.

This chapter provides an overview of the key factors shaping individuals’ skill formation challenges and options by referring to the growing literature of ‘Transitional Labour Markets’ (TLMs) that examines the changing links between work and life beyond standard employment relationships. It starts by clarifying the key problems that must be addressed for understanding the skill formation challenges and highlights the need for a life course as opposed to a life cycle framing of the issue. A short overview of the TLM approach and a brief sketch of the main challenges of skill-capacity formation over the life course in Europe follow. The bulk of the chapter then examines the key issue of how risks associated with investing in the development of individuals’ skills capacities are shared. The paper concludes by reflecting on the utility of seeing working life as being centrally concerned with lifelong learning.

The increasing polarization of the labour market is closely related to the spread of non-standard employment relationships that largely results from poor risk management of critical transitions over the life course. The question, therefore, arises whether labour market regulation, in particular unemployment insurance, is still properly designed for the new world of work. This article argues for an extension of unemployment insurance towards a system of employment insurance by summarizing the concept of transitional labour markets, indicating the risks that challenge current and future labour markets, laying the theoretical groundwork, and discussing the main features of an employment insurance system.

Dieses Papier basiert auf der jahrlichen Vorlesung zu Ehren von Hugo Sinzheimer am 10. November 2005, Hugo-Sinzheimer-Institut der Universitat Amsterdam. Sinzheimer schrieb 1928 einen Artikel uber 'Die Demokratisierung des Arbeitsverhaltnisses'. In diesem Artikel hob er nicht nur die Beteiligung der Sozialpartner an der Verwaltung der Arbeitslosenversicherung, die gerade ein Jahr zuvor in Kraft getreten war, als einen Fortschritt der Demokratisierung hervor. Vielmehr betonte er einen anderen Aspekt der Demokratisierung, namlich die Erweiterung der Risikogemeinschaft auf alle Arbeiter, ja auf die gesamte Wirtschaft. Das Argument dieses Papiers ist, dass eine universelle und staatlich garantierte Arbeitslosenversicherung nach wie vor gultig ist wie zu Zeiten Hugo Sinzheimers. Es gibt keine Grunde, den Wohlfahrtsstaat zuruckzufahren. Es gibt sogar Grunde, das Prinzip der Sozialversicherung auf neue Risiken des Arbeitsmarktes auszudehnen. Durch die Kombination einer Art Arbeitslebensversicherung und weicher Formen von Steuerung kann das Prinzip solidarischer Risikoteilung auch auf die Einkommensrisiken im Zusammenhang mit kritischen Ereignissen im Lebenslauf angewendet werden. Dieses Argument wird durch die Beantwortung folgender vier Fragen entwickelt: Erstens, welches sind die neuen Risiken, auf die etablierte soziale Sicherungssysteme zu reagieren haben? Zweitens, welche Vorteile hat die Sozialversicherung gegenuber privatem Sparen? Drittens, wie sollen beispielsweise die Risiken im Zusammenhang mit Elternschaft und beruflicher Weiterbildung geteilt werden? Viertens, wie kann der verbreiteten Risikoaversion begegnet werden, um individuelle Risikobereitschaft und damit verbundene Verantwortung zu stimulieren?

Special dynamic soilstructure analysis procedures demonstrated for two tower-like structuresMany problems in Earthquake Engineering require the modeling of the structure as a dynamic system including the sub-grade. A structural engineer is usually familiar with the Finite Element Method but has a problem modeling the sub-grade when its infinite extension and wave propagation are the essential features. If the dynamic equation of a soil-structure system is written in a frequency domain and the variables of the system are total displacements, then the governing equations are given as in statics. The dynamic stiffness matrix of the system is obtained as the sum of the stiffnesses of the structure and sub-grade sub-structures. To illustrate the influence of the sub-grade on the dynamic behavior of the structure, the frequency response of two tower-like structures excited by a seismic harmonic wave field is shown. The sub-grade is modeled as an elastic homogeneous half-space. The structure is modeled as a finite beam element with lumped masses

The dual reciprocity boundary element method (DRBEM) is studied thoroughly in the present paper. To the best knowledge of the authors, the DRBEM has never been applied to 3D half-space dynamics previously. In the present paper, the mathematical derivation of the method is presented, with stress placed on peculiarities of the method when applied to transient half-space dynamics. It has been found that semi-infinite domains (half-space) are more difficult to simulate, since the truncation of the discretization of the half-space surface by boundary elements results in excessive spurious wave reflection on the border of the discretized region. Mathematical derivation of the method is followed by its numerical implementation. Wave propagation due to various kinds of loading in the time-domain is studied afterward, aimed at the validation of the method. The main advantage of the DRBEM over its counterparts, used to model infinite and semi-infinite domains (such as classical BEM formulation, integral transformations, thin layer method), is that it produces time- and frequency-independent matrices (mass and stiffness matrix), by preserving a boundary-only discretization (no internal nodes necessary). This makes the method very attractive, since this feature is very close to the common engineering understanding and the final equation of motion has a similar form like the one known from the finite element method. Moreover, the formulation allows for seamless incorporation of non-homogeneous initial conditions, i.e. non-zero initial displacements and velocities and surface tractions can be prescribed.

Based on the theory of Transitional Labour Markets (TLM), this article derives normative criteria for ‘active ageing’. We argue why and under what conditions more employment for older people can help to improve their quality of life and can thus be considered an important part of future social policy. To this end, the article presents a brief review of the employment situation of older workers (aged 55–64) in the different European countries so as to identify what precisely might be required at the level of labour market policy. It systematically discusses the promoting and inhibiting factors behind the significant variation in the employment of older workers across Europe, and tests their explanatory value in a simple statistical model. Finally, we put the quantitative evidence into the perspective of policy examples, summing up some general strategies for ‘active ageing’.

The model of the “ensuring state” determines also the reform agenda of the German labour market, evidenced for instance in slogans such as “Fordern and Fordern” (actively supporting and demanding). The article defines the most important elements of this model and tests the concept using the reformed German “Federal Agency for Labour” as an example. Objectives and experiences of these reforms are compared with the analytical and normative premises of the “ensuring state” in order to sharpen and to modify them.

This essay takes the intrusion of the term 'risk management' into the social policy discourse as a 'moral opportunity' to reconsider the balance between solidarity and individual responsibility. The argument is developed in three stages: first, the psychology of intuitive beliefs and choices provides evidence of the bounded rationality of risky choices. The paper demonstrates how the institutionalization of opportunity structures recommended by the concept of transitional labour markets can overcome various kinds of asymmetries in risk perception. Second, imperfect or strategic information may also cause biased risk perception. Examples, therefore, are provided of how the analysis of labour market transitions throughout the life course can considerably improve the methodology of risk management. Third, the consideration of risk asymmetries and the reduction of information deficits do not yet provide any starting point for constructing acceptable risk sharing institutions. Normative principles of justice therefore have to be reconsidered. It is suggested that Rawls' theory of justice should be enriched by Dworkin's ethical theory and Sen's capability approach.

The growing segment of artists and journalists provides rich insights into the possible future of the labour market. Many artists work under structural conditions of professional networks which give them an ambivalent position between dependent wage workers and autonomous entrepreneurs. Such employment relations hint to a more realistic strategy of job creation than the strategy to increase the traditional low wage sector, the non-profit sector or conventional self-employment. This article studies the particular conditions of this labour market, the ways how artists and journalists manage the greater risks connected with their status, and suggests new strategies of social protection to foster such innovative employment relations on a broader scale.

This article develops the concept of ‘transitional labour markets': legitimised and collectively insured sets of mobility options between paid and unpaid work. Such mobility options could constitute a basis for both a new gender contract and a new concept of full-employment, the latter being based on the flexible target of 30 hours a week, from which employees would constantly deviate over their life course to allow for periods of training, child-care, higher-income phases etc. Of five different types of transitional labour market, this article focuses on the transition between paid and unpaid work and between work and retirement. Greater flexibility in the mobility between various labour market statuses, it is argued, would make a major contribution to overcoming gender inequality.

The rapid development of high-speed trains like the TGV or the ICE in recent years results in high dynamic loads causing vibrations which propagate from the train-track structure into the ground and further into nearby buildings. In this context it is important to develop rigid tracks with improved dynamic behaviour and to investigate possible means of vibration reduction. The boundary element method in frequency and time domain is used to simulate train-track structures subjected to dynamic loading and the reduction of vibrations which for instance can be achieved via a trench running parallel to the rigid track. In this context the non-causality error, which arises when the time-domain BEM algorithm is applied to mathematically concave domains, is discussed and the substructure method is proposed as a solution to this problem. A two-layered cylindrical elastic structure on a half-space with a trench is added as an example of a possible application.

Over the past 50 years revenue sharing and intergovernmental grants between the central government and the states have become increasingly important in the Federal Republic of Germany. Although this system is shown to be highly inefficient no serious attempts to reform can be observed yet. This paper examines the institutional mechanisms underlying the centralization process in Germany. It is argued that the erosion of competitive elements of Germany’s fiscal constitution can be explained by a common interest of federal and state politicians to establish a fiscal cartel. Furthermore, the system of intergovernmental grants softens the states’ budget constraints, and democratic control of governments at both levels is weakened by non-transparent rules of the Laenderfinanzausgleich. Despite a latent instability of the fiscal cartel, due to distributional struggles for tax revenues between the Laender and the federal government, we conclude that a far-reaching reform of intergovernmental fiscal relations in Germany cannot be expected.

Over the last few years, ‘benchmarking’ advanced to a key word in organizational development and change management. Originally a tool in business studies to search for best practice that led to superior performance, increasingly benchmarking also became practice in non-profit and public institutions. Notably, the European Commission uses benchmarking as an instrument to monitor its employment guidelines. The radar chart approach is one of a number of special analytical tools that has been developed in this connection. The paper discusses the advantages and limits of benchmarking labour market performance by radar charts, recommends a broadening of the scope by using the employment systems approach and provides, in both cases, examples of application.

Over the past two decades, all major industrial western societies have been plagued with increasing unemployment. The member states of the European Union have been particularly hit by this phenomenon. Corresponding re- employment strategies, notably in the White Book of the European Commission in 1993, were formulated. But these proposals are still contested, partly because of lack of knowledge about the impact of existing policies. Thus, there is reason enough to draw closer attention to the evaluation of labour market policy. What do we know about the effectiveness and efficiency of labour market policies? Which approaches to measure the impact and the cost-effectiveness do exist? How do policymakers, agencies and their officials administering the policies and programmes use the results of evaluation researchers? The aim of this paper is to consider the progress made in evaluation research of labour market policy. The emphasis is more on methodological questions of evaluation and less on substantive questions of labour market policy. Section I outlines the rationale for a target-oriented approach to evaluate labour market policy; section 2 addresses general methodological issues of assessing policy impacts; section 3 discusses why experiments are so little used in labour market policy evaluation, particularly in Europe; section 4 turns to practical conclusions related to monitoring as a necessary complement to sophisticated evaluation research: and section 5 summarizes the arguments.

In response to the industrial revolution, two important institutions have been established to deal with labor market failures—unemployment insurance (UI) and active labor market policy (ALMP). The actual forms which these two institutions take is a matter of each country's process of institutional choice. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the variety of choices actually taken and to suggest ways of evaluating those choices. The article presents detailed descriptions of UI and ALMP schemes found in Europe, Japan, and the United States. The analysis suggests three general guidelines for making “good institutional choices”— bounded requisite variety, institutional consistency and coherence, and flexible coordination of institutional equivalences.

Since the mid 1990s, the focus of European employment and social policy has shifted from protection to promotion. This book provides a timely analysis of this new form of governance, and the new forms of policy delivery and audit which accompany it.