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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of body mass index (BMI) values and 25(OH) vitamin D levels determined by Endocrine Society on serum Anti Mullerian Hormone (AMH) and antral follicle count (AFC) in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty infertile women with PCOS and 30 age-matched women with unexplained infertility (UEI), were included. Patients in PCOS and control groups were divided into three subgroups according to their BMI values as normal, overweight and obese. Each BMI group was divided into three subgroups according to vitamin D levels. While AMH and vitamin D levels were determined at first admission, AFC was measured on the third day of cycle. RESULTS: BMI, AFC, and AMH levels of women with PCOS were significantly higher than the UEI group. AMH values of women with PCOS with normal BMI were found to be significantly higher than UEI controls with normal BMI. AMH values of overweight and obese PCOS patients and controls were similar. As BMI values of the PCOS group increased, vitamin D levels decreased significantly. Vitamin D levels of the patients in the PCOS group were found to be significantly lower than the control group. When evaluated according to BMI, the vitamin D levels of normal, overweight and obese women with PCOS were significantly lower than the UEI. CONCLUSIONS: Rising BMI in PCOS leads to a significant decrease in vitamin D and AMH. Deficiency, insufficiency or normality of vitamin D do not affect the main markers of ovarian reserve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This study aims at investigating the effect of vitamin D (VD) replacement therapy on serum nuclear factor-kappa β (NF-kβ) levels in both lean and obese women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: 50 women with PCOS with VD levels lower than 20 ng/mL were included in the study. Participants were equally divided into two groups, as lean and overweight/obese PCOS, according to their body mass index (BMI) values. Patients in both groups received 2000 IU/day oral VD replacement for two months. Serum NF-kβ, VD, demographic and hormonal values of the patients were recorded before and after VD replacement therapy. RESULTS: Serum insulin and homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR) values of overweight/obese women with PCOS were significantly higher than lean women with PCOS. Pre-replacement NF-kβ levels were found to be significantly higher in the overweight/obese PCOS group (3.22 ± 1.09 ng/mL) than in the lean PCOS group (1.22 ± 0.43 ng/mL) (p < 0.03). Serum NF-kβ levels of the patients in the overweight/ obese group (1.10 ± 0.30 ng/mL) and the lean group (0.83 ± 0.10 ng/mL) decreased significantly after VD replacement. No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of HOMA-IR, insulin, and total testosterone levels at the end of VD replacement therapy. CONCLUSIONS: VD replacement therapy contributes to the improvement of subfertility and metabolic imbalance by reducing serum NF-kβ levels in both lean and obese women with PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between serum level of vitamin D, semen analysis parameters and sperm DNA damage in men with unexplained subfertility. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-eight men diagnosed with unexplained infertility and 50 age and BMI matched fertile men were included in the study. A participant whose semen parameter is normal but pregnancy is not achieved was accepted as unexplained male infertility. Blood samples were taken from all participants following three-day abstinence for measurement of vitamin D. Sperm DNA damage was assessed by Aniline Blue staining of the collected samples. RESULTS: Compared with the fertile men, male patients with unexplained infertility had significantly lower vit D levels (27.00 ng/mL (12.63-39.30) vs. 23.66 ng/mL (7.50-55.00), p<0.004). While the number of patients with vitamin D levels lower than 20 ng/mL was 26 (44.8%) in the infertile group, it was recorded as 5 (10.0%) in the fertile group (p<0.001). DNA damage was found in 31.50% (9.0-71.0) of the infertile men and 26.00% (11.0-54.0) of the fertile men. DNA damage was found to be significantly higher in the unexplained infertile group (p<0.002). In men with unexplained male infertility, serum vit D levels were positively correlated with total sperm count (r = 0.527, p<0.001), total motility (r = 0.527, p<0.001) and sperm morphology (r = 0.416, p = 0.001). There was a negative and significant correlation between vit D levels and sperm DNA damage (r = -0.605, p<0.001). In the logistic regression analysis, serum vit D > 20 ng/mL led to an improvement in fertility outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Men with unexplained infertility exhibit decreased serum vit D levels and increased sperm DNA damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Son yıllarda sürdürülebilirliğin bir bileşeni olan sorumlu tüketim kapsamında sade yaşam tarzı ve kuşaklar arasındaki farklılıklar ilgi konusu olmuştur. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma amaçlarına hizmet eden sorumlu tüketim bağlamında gönüllü sade yaşam tarzı bir toplumun yapısı hakkında bilgi verme adına önemlidir. Her ne kadar gönüllü sade yaşam tarzı toplumsal yapı hakkında bilgi vermekle birlikte kuşaklardaki farklılaşmalar gönüllü sade yaşam tarzlarını etkileyebilmektedir. Bu makalenin amacı, X, Y ve Z kuşaklarına göre gönüllü sade yaşam tarzı arasındaki farklılıkları analiz etmektir. Çalışmada 21 maddeden oluşan Gönüllü Sade Yaşam Ölçeği ve 6 adet sosyo-demografik sorular kullanılarak yüz yüze ve sosyal medya aracılığı ile Türkiye-Sivas ilindeki 414 kişiden anket yoluyla veri toplanmıştır. Kuşaklar ile gönüllü sade yaşam tarzı arasındaki farklılığın anlamlılığını test etmek için Kruskal Wallis Testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucuna göre, X kuşağı gönüllü sade yaşam tarzını Y ve Z kuşaklarına göre daha çok benimsediği anlaşılmıştır. Buna benzer olarak Y ve Z kuşağı karşılaştırıldığında ise Y kuşağının Z kuşağına göre gönüllü sade yaşam tarzını benimsediği ortaya konuldu. Sonuç olarak X ve Y kuşağının gönüllü sade yaşama daha duyarlı olmasının nedeni tarihsel arka planındaki toplumsal sorunlarla karşı karşıya kalmış olması, zor zamanlarda yetişmiş olmaları ve hayat tecrübelerinin Z kuşağına göre fazla olması ile ilgili olarak açıklanabilir.

Global climate change is a threat to Turkiye, especially in the agricultural sector. In recent years, the impact of climate change has been felt seriously in Çorum Province. The present study was carried out after it was observed that the average temperature in Çorum province, which was 10.8 °C in 1929-2019 period, rose up to 13.15 °C in 2020. The aim of the present study was to determine the factors that affect the climate change adaptation behavior of the farmers in Çorum, where 37% of the land is devoted to wheat production. A survey was conducted with 385 farmers in January and February, 2021. It was revealed that personal experience had a positive effect of 54% on adaptation behavior, 50% on risk perception and 81% on climate change beliefs. In addition, although belief in climate change had a 45% positive effect on risk perception, risk perception and beliefs had no significant effect on the adaptation behavior. As a result, raising the awareness of farmers about adaptation using agricultural extension services and personal experience teaching method before incurring economic loss is critical to reduce climate risks and to better adapt to climate change.

Every year in the world, a significant amount of food is wasted at the consumption stage. Since food waste awareness is the determinant of food waste behaviours, the aim of this paper is to determine the effect of materialist values, personality, religious norm, food choice, food expenditure, recycling and environmental awareness on food waste awareness. Survey data were obtained from consumers in urban areas of Corum in March, April and May 2019. Structural Equation Model was conducted to determine the factors affecting food waste awareness of consumers. According to the results of the path analysis, religious norms were influenced only by personality, while environmental awareness was influenced by food expenditure and recycling. Although recycling was positively affected by environmental awareness, food expenditure and food choice, it was negatively affected by materialist values. The most important way to reduce food waste is to raise environmental awareness. Consumers should be informed about the impact of recycling, food expenditures, materialistic values and food choice on the environment in order to increase environmental awareness of consumers.

Global climate change, the effect of which has been increasingly felt in the last ten years, has made itself felt more in many regions in Turkey, especially in 2020 and 2021, and a serious temperature increase, floods and forest fires have been seen. Climate change affects the most vulnerable agricultural production. Since the adaptation of farmers to climate change is important in terms of food prices and sustainability of agricultural production, it is important to identify the barriers to adaptation of farmers to climate change. The aim of this research is to investigate the barriers to the adaptation to climate change of wheat producing farmers in Çorum province, where wheat is produced on 37% of the total agricultural land. In order to achieve this aim, 424 farmers were interviewed and their climate change 'understanding', 'perceptions', 'attitudes' and climate change adaptation 'barriers' were examined. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the farmers perceive climate change as "drying of water resources" and “increase in drought”, and they have an attitude that "we should strive together to adapt to the changing climate" rather than an individual struggle. In addition to these, it has been determined that “climate change is perceived as a serious problem” by the farmers and as a result of all these, the lack of “access to water resources” is the most important obstacle in adapting to climate change. In order to accelerate the adaptation of farmers to climate change, to protect them against the negative effects of climate change and to make local adaptation strategic plans, politicians, non-governmental organizations, public, private sector, universities, national and international organizations have important duties.

Turkey has recently made some regulations on environmental issues. Perceptions and participation of households are important for the implementation of legal regulations. Since women were more interested in household waste than men, in this study, environmental behaviours of women was investigated in Çorum province. Analysis of women's approach to separation of recyclable wastes in their source were investigated using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The research was conducted in 2018 with 414 participants. According to the results of the research, it was determined that the most important factor of separation behaviour at source was consequences awareness. It was determined that almost all of the participants were willing to separate the wastes at source if necessary facilities were provided. For this reason, the work should be done to create consequences awareness in the province. Finally, for the sustainable environmental applications, separation facilities must be provided at all locations in the province.

The OECD estimates that greater work absenteeism is one of the main drivers behind the impact of air pollution on gross domestic product loss, but research linking air pollution with work absenteeism is scarce. With air pollution increasingly being linked to poor mental health, and poor mental health having become one of the main reasons for work absenteeism, we examined whether the onset of work incapacity related to mental health conditions is associated with short-term fluctuations in ambient black carbon (BC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), estimating the contributions of these pollutants jointly, while accounting for relative humidity, total solar radiation and temperature. We conducted a bidirectional time-stratified case-crossover study with daily air pollution estimates by municipality linked with 12 270 events of work incapacity related to mental health conditions in 2019 in Belgium. We ran single- and multi-pollutant conditional logistic regression models for three different exposure windows (lag 0, 0–1 and 0–2), considering potential confounding by relative humidity and total solar radiation. We observed positive associations between work incapacity related to mental health conditions and BC, NO2, and O3 exposure, but findings for PM2.5 were inconsistent. Results from multi-pollutant models showed a 12% higher risk of work incapacity for an IQR increase in NO2 and O3 at the day of the event (lag 0), with estimates increasing to about 26% for average concentrations up to two days before the event (lag 0–2). We found evidence for effect modification by age and season in the association with NO2, with highest effect estimates in the age group 40–49 years and in spring and summer. For O3, we observed effect modification by type of mental health problem. This country-wide study suggests that air pollution aggravates within 48 h a likely existing propensity to enter work incapacity because of mental health conditions.

The purpose of agricultural policies is to meet the food demand that the society needs. While supports and incentives for agricultural production increase production, they can have negative consequences on climate change. In parallel with the increase in agricultural production and climate change in the world, there has been a serious increase in both food waste and obese numbers recently. While the overproduction effort of agricultural products creates pressure on the environment, it causes obesity and overweight problems. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Turkey is at the forefront among the countries where there are obese and overweight people. In the 11th Development Plan in Turkey, in 2018 the prevalence of obesity is 30% (for ages 15 and over) in 2023 is targeted to be reduced to 29.1. The aim of this research is to draw attention to the relationship between climate change and obesity and to address the issue within the framework of the 11th Development Plan. Obesity issues for Turkey; since it is important in terms of food security, climate change and agricultural policies, it is necessary to develop political guidance and protection measures in terms of health, economy, education, environment and national security.

Objective: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with common, repetitive inflammation of the colon and rectum, which is highly defined by loss of blood on colon mucosa, ulceration and acute inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of gallic acid (GA) through a 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis rat model, using biochemical and histopathological parameters. Materials and Methods: The study consisted of four groups, each including seven rats, namely control group, colitis group, colitis-GA 50 mg/kg group and colitis-GA 100 mg/kg group. Colon tissue samples were analyzed for malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), cathepsin B and cathepsin L values. Results: Tissue MDA, MPO, cathepsin L and cathepsin B values increased significantly in colitis group (p=0.028, p=0.038, p=0.024, p=0.019, respectively). However, MDA, MPO, cathepsin L and cathepsin B values showed a significant decrease in animals with GA (at a dose of 100 mg/kg) administration in TNBS-induced colitis in rats (p=0.021, p=0.026, p=0.019, p=0.031, respectively). Colitis group was defined by the severe detriment of surface epithelium, submucosal edema and inflammatory cell infiltration. Treatment with GA significantly decreased inflammatory cell infiltration. Conclusion: GA can be used as an effective agent in the treatment of colitis due to its inhibitory properties in multiple pathways and its potent antioxidant effects.

In recent years, environmental pollution, climate change and excessive use of natural resources have caused problems in the ecosystem. Honey bees are among the most affected by this environmental pollution. Climate change and environmental pollutants cause irregularities in colony development, the formation of weak colonies, the spread of diseases, the inability to return to the hive of field bees, and their mortality and low productivity. Turkey ranks second after China in the production of honey in the world. Honey is a strategic product for Turkey. This study investigated the effect of some environmental pollutants on honey yield in Turkey. This study used the time series analysis covers the years 1990-2017. In the research, honey yield as dependent variable, as independent variables; methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), diazot oxide (N2O) release, pesticide, insecticide, fungicide, herbicide use and industrial production index were used. After the stationary of the series was tested with ADF Unit Root test, the relationship between the variables was examined by Johansen Co-integration analysis. The effect of environmental pollutants on honey yield was tested by the FMOLS analysis method. According to the FMOLS results, the increase of 1% pesticide use, CH4, CO2, and N2O resulted in a decrease in honey yield of 0.36%, 0.70%, 0.74%, and 0.37% respectively. On the other hand, the increase of 1% insecticide, fungicide, herbicide use and industrial production index caused 0.15%, 0.14%, 0.09% and 0.84% increase in honey yield, respectively.

Greenhouse gas emissions constitute the basis of global warming. One of the sectors contributing to the greenhouse gas emissions is the agriculture sector which accounts for 24% of the global greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, the effect of cattle husbandry, small ruminant husbandry, poultry husbandry, paddy production, which are the main causes of emissions in the agriculture sector, on agricultural CO2 release was investigated. The research covers the years 1991-2017 of Turkey and China. In the study, time-series analyses such as Augmented Dickey-Fuller Breakpoint Unit Root Test, Johansen Cointegration Test, Ordinary Least Square Regression, Full Modified Ordinary Least Square, Canonical Cointegrating Regression and Impulse-Response Analysis were used. According to the results of the analysis, the effects of cattle husbandry, small ruminant husbandry, and paddy production activities on agricultural CO2 emissions were statistically significant in Turkey. We determined that the most effective variable on agricultural CO2 emissions was cattle husbandry both in the long- and short-term. On the other hand, poultry farming had no statistically significant effect on agricultural CO2 emissions. According to the results of the analysis for China, all variables were statistically significant. As a result, it is important to adopt methods that will not cause environmental damage or will have minimal impact in determination processes of effective parameters on agricultural CO2. The government should determine the boundaries of agricultural production processes through legal arrangements and the relevant ministries should implement them seriously. To take these measures and implement them are seen as a necessity for a sustainable world and a sustainable agricultural sector.

Glaucoma is an eye disorder in which the optic nerve is damaged over time due to a sustained elevation of the intraocular pressure (IOP). Being the second leading cause of blindness according to the reports of the World Health Organization, glaucoma is not only a serious ocular disease that threatens individuals, but also a community health problem. In recent years, great improvement has been achieved in the technology of implants used in the treatment of the disease. Despite the great effort dedicated to the design and implementation of the glaucoma drainage devices (GDD), they still have unsolved problems and weaknesses. Most of the currently employed GDDs are very simple and have major problems such as reversed flow, choking and a coarse interval of pressure control. Experiments must be devised to investigate the flow behavior inside these devices. In this study, an accurate microfluidics experimental setup is constructed to analyze and characterize the in-vitro performance of actively employed GDDs on the glaucoma treatment. Proposed setup includes a pressurized fluid reservoir, ELVEFLOW microfluidics flow rate measurement/control unit, microfluidics flow/pressure sensors, and data analysis system. In the setup, more precise measurements than experimental setups in literature is planned to be provided. It is estimated that the results showing consistency with in-vivo measurements will be obtained, behavior of the fluid passing through the GDDs will be observed and issues with design flaws will be addressed.

Food waste and loss is an ecological, economic and social problem. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization states that approximately one third of all edible foods produced for human consumption are wasted or lost after harvest. The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting food waste behavior of consumers. In order to reach this aim, a questionnaire was conducted with 583 people in November and December of 2018 in Çorum province. The obtained data were analyzed and explained through Structural Equation Models. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, a 5-factor structure explaining 76,612% of the total variance was obtained. These factors were named as norm, intention, result awareness, purchasing behavior and planning. These factors were found to have validity, reliability and internal consistency. In addition, it was investigated whether the factors were compatible with the fit indices by means of Confirmatory Factor Analysis. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, it was determined that the obtained factors met the fit indices values. As a result of Confirmatory Factor Analysis, it was determined that the obtained factors met the fit index values. The effect of the factors on the relationship between each other and the waste behavior were measured by means of the path analysis. As a result of this study, although consumers have positive statements regarding consequence awareness, intent and norms, they have been determined to be unstable in planning and purchasing. Besides, although there was a direct effect of intent and result awareness on waste behavior, it was determined that planning and norms had indirect effects. Considering that the intention is the most influential factor on waste behavior, it should be focused on the activities that will create result awareness in society.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the potential P and trace element accumulation in the agricultural soil of a region experiencing strong growth of the broiler feeding industry (Bolu, Turkey). The broiler density increased from 40 to 140 head ha-1 of the utilized agricultural area within a decade (1998-2007). The OECD P balance and scenario analysis methods were used to assess the potential impact of the broiler industry's expansion on the P and trace element accumulation in the agricultural soil, respectively. The physicochemical characteristics (mainly N, P, As, Se, and metal composition) of fresh and stockpiled broiler litter were also determined and are presented with globally compiled data. The stockpiling practice significantly decreased the N content and increased the P, Ca, Mg, and Mn content of. The broiler litter. In general the Co, Mo, As, Se, Ag, Cd, Cr, Ni, and V concentrations were found to be less than 12 mg kg-1. The scenario results indicated that Zn and Cd could be the leading metals of environmental concern, since their projected loading rates and soil concentrations could exceed the guidelines relatively faster than the other elements. The relative time period required to reach the guideline soil concentrations was Zn ≈ Cd < Cu < Pb < Cr < Ni. The P imbalance almost doubled within a decade by increasing from 12 to 20 kg P ha-1. A linear equation (F = 0.81) relating the P imbalance to the broiler density was developed. This study highlights the need for the simultaneous implementation of effective agricultural nutrient management with the rapid growth of the animal feeding industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the efficiency of a new E/F-speed film, Insight, at the determination of approximal carious lesion depths compared with Ultraspeed. Radiographs of 80 extracted human molars and premolars were taken with both films under standardized conditions. The presence or absence of caries and depth of lesions was determined by three observers using a predetermined scale. The actual status of each surface was determined histologically. Observer responses were assessed with the Gamma measure of association test. Differences between the observers' agreement levels were not significant. The efficiency of Insight and Ultraspeed at true depth diagnosis was found to be 54.9%; 55.8% and Gamma values were found to be 0.883 and 0.922, respectively, at p<0.001. The difference between the two films was not statistically significant (p=0.852). This study suggested that there was no statistically significant difference between the two films at detecting the depths of approximal carious lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, impact of the real effective exchange rate (REER) and its volatility (REERV) on Turkey's agricultural foreign trade was investigated. 25importantcountries in agricultural trade of Turkey and 1990-2012 periods were examined, and panel data analysis was used in this research. IGARCH model was applied to obtain for the REERV. Influence of the REER and REERV on Turkey's agricultural trade was analyzed whit FMOLS model both individual country and groups panel. According to the results of FMOLS model; It was determined that Turkey agricultural import (7.61%) and export (2.24%) were increased when the REER was risen about 1%. The agricultural import was decreased 18.83% in case the REERV was increased 1%. On the other hand, when the REERV was increased around 1%, there was no significantly relationship between agricultural export and REERV. As a result, it can be stated that REER and REERV were caused an imbalance on Turkey's agricultural foreign trade. Agricultural producers and industrialists are often adversely affected by the REERV. For these reasons, it is important to take protective measures for them.

The aim of this study is to determine the factors that affect the development of bureaucratic knowledge and skills of farmers in rural areas. To achieve this aim, a questionnaire was administered face-to-face to 110 farmers. The survey was conducted in the central villages of Tokat Province in 2013. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to determine the factors that affect the development of farmers’ knowledge and skills regarding bureaucratic procedures. The exploratory factor analysis generated a structure with 4 factors and 10 variables. These factors which explained 76.063% of the total variance, and their reliability coefficients were determined as cooperation tendency (0.803), bureaucratic procedure experience (0.701), level of benefit from government support (0.900) and immediate environment communication (0.601). According to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis, the fit index values were 0.938 for GFI; 0.934 for CFI and 0.913 for NFI. The fact that the RMSEA and CMIN/DF coefficients were also consistent and significant indicates that the results fit the theory. The fact that the intended goodness-of-fit index values of these coefficients were significant also indicates that the results fit the theory. Thus, the factors that affect the bureaucratic knowledge and skills of farmers in the rural areas of Tokat Province were found to be: getting involved in agricultural organizations, the experience of performing formal procedures in public offices, attempts to benefit from agricultural support and immediate environment communication.

To assess the sagittal soft tissue morphology of patients with acromegaly in comparison with a healthy control group.

Bu makalede, 1924 yılından günümüze kadar Türk ve Batılı araştırmacılar tarafından Konya ve Karaman Bölgesi’nde yapılmış arkeolojik yüzey araştırmaları eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca Konya-Karaman Bölgesi’nin eskiçağ tarihi ve arkeoloji için ne gibi atılımlar yapılması gerektiği üzerine kısaca durulmuştur.

Introduction: Although most general anaesthesia procedures are performed without any complications, volatile agents may have adverse effects on various living systems. This study aims to compare the antioxidant effects of isoflurane and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on liver function. Methods: Forty-one patients in the ASA I-II risk groups, who were scheduled to undergo gynaecologic laparoscopy, were randomly divided into two groups: The placebo (group P, n=21) and the NAC group (group N, n=20). In both groups, anaesthesia was maintained with 1-2% isoflurane in 50% Oxygen-50% N 2 O at 6 l/min, also administered by inhalation. Venous blood samples were obtained before anaesthesia induction, and then in the postoperative 1 st hour and at the 24 th hour. The samples were centrifuged and serum levels of glutathione S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and international normalised ratio were determined. Results: GST levels were significantly higher in group N than in group P in the postoperative 1 st hour. Postoperative values of GST in the two groups were higher when compared to preoperative values (P

Bronz tabletin 1986 yılında keşfi ve 1988 yılında H. Otten tarafından yayımlanması ile, Tarḫuntašša ve Ĥulaia Nehri Ülkesi problemi konusunda pek çok sorun çözülme aşamasına gelmiştir. Buna karşılık tablette çözülemeyen bir kısım problem varlığını hâlâ devam ettirmektedir. Bu problemlerden biri de NA₄ ḫekur SAG.UŠ yapısıdır.

This study aimed to compare the dominant and non-dominant eyes of healthy individuals in terms of CT and CVI values to assess the effect of ocular dominance on choroidal morphology. Three hundred eyes of 150 individuals were included in this study. All patients underwent routine ophthalmological examinations and hole-in-the-card tests to determine the dominant eye. EDI-OCT was used to obtain choroidal images. Choroidal thickness (CT) was measured at three points on the choroid including the subfoveal region (subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT)), 1500 μm nasal (NCT) and temporal (TCT) to the fovea. Choroidal vascularity index (CVI), total choroidal area (TCA), luminal area (LA), and stromal area (SA) were measured at fovea-centered choroidal area by image binarization via Image J software. While 93(%62) participants were right-eyed, 57(%38) participants were left-eyed. We could not detect any difference in SFCT, NCT, TCT, TCA, LA, SA, and CVI measurements between the dominant and the non-dominant eyes. ( p  > 0.05 for all). We could not detect any effect of ocular dominance on choroidal structures. These results also support the use of randomized ocular data regardless of which eye is dominant when investigating CVI and CT in scientific research.

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between serum iron status indicators (ferritin) levels and POAG., Methods: The files of all glaucoma patients who applied to the ophthalmology clinic between January 2018 and January 2022 were reviewed retrospectively. Laboratory data from fasting blood tests, internal medicine outpatient clinic reports, and extensive ophthalmologic examination data, including fundus photographs showing the optic disc, were collected from the files. A control group was formed from individuals with adequate general and eye health, age- and gender-matched individuals who had undergone examination in the ophthalmology clinic within the same date range. Serum iron status indicators and some laboratory data of POAG patients and healthy controls were compared., Result: Of our participants, consisting of 65 patients with POAG and 72 healthy controls, 84 (61.32%) were female and 53 (38.68%) were male. It was observed that serum ferritin level was significantly higher in POAG patients compared to healthy controls, and the total iron binding capacity was significantly lower (respectively (p = 0.022), (p = 0.002). In logistic regression analysis, it was found that the risk of POAG increased in cases with high serum ferritin levels (OR = 0.982; p = 0.012). In addition, the risk of POAG was found to increase in cases where MCV was lower (OR = 1.121; p = 0.039)., Conclusion: This study shows that higher serum ferritin levels are associated with a higher risk of POAG., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Objectives: To determine the roles of small GTP-binding proteins Rac1, Rac2, and Rac3 expression in pterygial tissue and to compare these expressions with normal conjunctival tissue., Materials and Methods: Seventy-eight patients with primary pterygium were enrolled. Healthy conjunctival graft specimens obtained during pterygium surgery were used as control tissue. The real-time polymerase chain reaction method on the BioMark HD dynamic array system was utilized in genomic mRNA for the gene expression analysis. Protein expressions were analyzed using western blot and immunohistochemical methods., Results: RAC1, RAC2 , and RAC3 gene expressions in pterygial tissues were not markedly elevated when compared to the control specimens (p>0.05). As a very low level of RAC1 gene expression was observed, further protein expression analysis was performed for the Rac2 and Rac3 proteins. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis of Rac2 and Rac3 protein expression revealed no significant differences between pterygial and healthy tissues (p>0.05)., Conclusion: This is the first study to identify the contribution of Rac proteins in pterygium. Our results indicate that the small GTP-binding protein Rac may not be involved in pterygium pathogenesis., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors., (©Copyright 2023 by the Turkish Ophthalmological Association / Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology published by Galenos Publishing House.)

Aim: This study aimed to assess the effects of hygiene education on periodontal health and mouth/nasal halitosis in patients with cleft., Materials and Methods: 39 patients with cleft who were accepted for orthodontic treatment divided into two groups as with (Group1; n = 24) and without braces (Group2; n = 15). Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), and Tongue coating Index (TCI) values were recorded. The BANA test microbiological kit, was used to determine the amount of anaerobic bacteria. Values of volatile sulfur components (VSC) for the measurement of oral and nasal halitosis were measured with a Halimeter device. After the initial measurements, oral hygiene instructions were given to eliminate the plaque production on teeth, periodontal structure, tongue and palate. All measurements were repeated 4 weeks after the hygiene instructions. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis., Results: In both groups, the PI, GI, values were significantly decreased ( P  < .05). Tongue coating area, thickness and TCI were significantly reduced ( P  < .05). Oral halitosis values decreased significantly ( P  < .05). The PI values decreased significantly more in the Group 1 ( P  < .05). Non significant difference was detected in nasal halitosis in both groups. In unilateral cleft lip and palate cases cases (n = 23), no significant difference was found in nasal halitosis values between the cleft and the healthy sides ( P  > 0.05)., Conclusion: In patients with clet cases, periodontal health was improved and oral halitosis was reduced by the given hygiene education; brushing the teeth, especially the tongue and palate. However, hygiene education did not have a significant effect on nasal halitosis. Key Words: Cleft lip and palate, Halitosis, BANA test, Periodontal index., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Purpose: To investigate the effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection on the corneal endothelium in children., Methods: This retrospective study included 46 pediatric patients with COVID-19 infection and 38 healthy controls. Specular microscopy measurements were analyzed, and measurements were obtained from images showing at least 100 cells with clear borders. Mean endothelial cell density, mean hexagonal cell percentage (HEX), mean coefficient of variation (CV), central corneal thickness, and mean cell area were evaluated., Results: Specular microscopy data showed that the CV values were 2.442±6.517 in the healthy control group (HCG) and 2.659±5.119 in the COVID-19-affected group (CAG) ( P =0.003). The hexagonality of the HCG and CAG were 6.916±8.271 and 6.683±5.885, respectively ( P =0.011)., Conclusion: A decrease in the HEX and an increase in the CV were observed in the corneal specular microscopic examination of children with COVID-19 infection. These results are important in demonstrating the corneal effects of COVID-19 infection in children., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding or conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists.)