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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a photo chemotherapeutic strategy that is the application of photosensitizing agent and light on disease or tumor site. The aim of this study is to confirm the feasibility for femtosecond (fs) laser for aminolevulinate (ALA) mediated PDT on skin, breast and bladder cancer cells. Also the remarkable aspects of ALA mediated and laser induced PDT with respect to other literally known applications were investigated.

Purpose: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe, progressive condition characterized by muscle degeneration and weakness, significantly affecting respiratory function. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in children with DMD and investigate the relationships between sleep and respiratory function using spirometry, sniff nasal inspiratory pressure (SNIP), and polysomnography (PSG) along with capnography., Research Question: Can low SNIP be a guide for detecting respiratory muscle involvement early and determining the right time to perform early PSG and capnography in DMD?, Study Design: Prospective, observational, cross-sectional study., Methods: This study included DMD patients aged <18 years. Pulmonary function tests were conducted using spirometry and SNIP, and maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure were measured. PSG and capnography were performed within two weeks after the pulmonary function tests, and their relationships with each other were investigated., Results: The study included 44 children. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) was present in 70.5 % of patients, while nocturnal hypoventilation was observed in 4.5 %. SNIP values were significantly lower in patients with moderate-to-severe OSAS than in those without OSAS. An SNIP value below 40 cm H2O was associated with a 92.8 % prevalence of OSAS., Conclusion: SNIP is a valuable, noninvasive marker for the early detection of respiratory muscle involvement and SDB in patients with DMD. This study highlights the need for early and regular respiratory monitoring in children with DMD to enhance care and quality of life., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate the etiology, incidence, demographics, and characteristics of maxillofacial fractures treated at a university hospital over a seven-year period., Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of 1,757 patients with maxillofacial fractures who were referred to our department between May 2012 and March 2019. The patients' demographic and clinical characteristics were noted, as well as the fracture type, location, and etiology. The treatment modalities were also analyzed., Results: A total of 2,173 maxillofacial fractures were seen in 1,757 patients. The male to female ratio was 3.9:1, and the mean patient age was 31.89 ± 17.70 years (range: 0-95 years). Maxillofacial injuries were most prevalent in the 19-28 years age group (23.9% of cases), with a general increase in injuries observed between 2013 and 2018 across all age groups. The most common etiological factor was assault (29.1%), followed by falls (26%). In male patients, assault was reported as the main cause, while in female patients, falls were identified as the main cause. The nasal bone was the most common site of fracture, followed by the maxilla. The average time from admission to surgery was 2.8 days, with local anesthesia being the most frequent surgical intervention. The average time from admission to surgery was 2.8 ± 2.5 days (range: 0-20 days), with surgeries performed under local anesthesia being more frequent than those carried out under general anesthesia. Among the surgical interventions, the most common general anesthesia technique for fracture reduction was open reduction and internal fixation with plates and screws. Plate exposure, wound-site infection, and temporomandibular joint ankylosis were the major complications encountered in the study population., Conclusion: The study reveals significant variability in maxillofacial fractures based on gender, age, and etiology. Assault emerged as the leading cause of these fractures, followed by falls and road traffic accidents. Men were affected by maxillofacial trauma four times more often than women, with the highest incidence occurring in the 19-28 years age group. Nasal fractures were the most frequently observed (78.7%), while condylar-subcondylar process fractures were the most common type of mandibular fracture. Given these findings, a targeted, lifelong prevention strategy focused on high-risk groups could significantly reduce the burden of maxillofacial trauma., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Data in the literature on the use of ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI) in carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae bloodstream infections (CRKP-BSIs) are limited especially in OXA-48 (Oxacillinase-48) predominant regions. Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of CAZ-AVI use on outcomes in CRKP-BSIs in Turkey, where OXA-48 is endemic. A multicenter retrospective observational study was conducted between January 2017 and September 2021. The effects of clinical and treatment characteristics on 30-day mortality and relapse in CRKP-BSIs were analyzed. Predictors of outcomes were detected using a Cox regression model. The study enrolled 106 adults with CAZ-AVI-sensitive CRKP-BSIs who received CAZ-AVI for at least 72 h. Patients who received CAZ-AVI as initial therapy had lower mortality rates when compared to those who switched from last resort regimens [14.3% (n = 3/21) vs. 37.7% (n = 32/85), p = 0.04]. In multivariate analysis, older age and severe neutropenia were detected to be associated with higher mortality, significantly. Initiation of CAZ-AVI on the day of blood culture was obtained, was found to be significantly associated with lower mortality (HR: 0.25, CI: 0.07-0.84, p = 0.025). CAZ-AVI monotherapy is an important treatment option for CRKP-BSIs in OXA-48 endemic areas. Early initiation of CAZ-AVI should be preferred rather than switching from a last-resort regimen as it profoundly improves the survival rates., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Type of conditioning regimen impacts the outcome of patients who undergo allogeneic HSCT since graft versus host disease (GVHD), infections, regimen related toxicities (RRT) are important causes of post-transplant mortality. Despite the RRT profile of busulfan, it is frequently used worldwide. Treosulfan has advantages in terms of dose of administration, lower incidence of sinusoidal obstruction syndrome and lower neurotoxicity. We retrospectively investigated outcomes of patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT with treosulfan or busulfan based conditioning regimens in our institution., Methods: Treosulfan was administered to 94 patients while 85 patients received busulfan. Our outcomes were RRT, chronic and acute GVHD, relapse related mortality (RRM), non-relapse mortality, and fungal infection. The clinical follow up data, regarding the primary and secondary endpoints of our study, of the patients who received treosulfan or busulfan based conditioning regimens were statistically analyzed., Results: The median follow-up was 14 months for the treosulfan group while it was 11 months for the busulfan group (p = 0.16). RRT was 11.7% and 7.1% for treosulfan and busulfan respectively. The incidence of extensive chronic GVHD was less frequent in the treosulfan group compared to the busulfan group (15.7% vs. 32.1%) (p < 0.001). The incidence of acute GVHD (Grade 3 or higher) was 32.2% in the treosulfan group while it was 31.6% in the busulfan group. The RRM was 17% in the treosulfan group while it was 34% in the busulfan group. The non-relapse mortality was 35.5% and 29.4% in the treosulfan group and in the busulfan group respectively (p = 0.962)., Conclusion: Treosulfan, with a lower RRM, lower chronic GVHD incidence and with a similar RRT profile appears to be a safe alternative to busulfan., (© 2024 The Author(s). Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is characterized by high rates of recurrence, especially in patients with residual disease after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Capecitabine is being used as standard adjuvant treatment in residual TNBC. We aimed to investigate the real-life data regarding the efficacy of capecitabine in residual TNBC., Design and Methods: In this retrospective multicenter study, TNBC patients with residual disease were evaluated. Patients, who received standard anthracycline and taxane-based NAC and adjuvant capecitabine were eligible. Overall survival (OS), disease free survival (DFS) and toxicity were analyzed., Results: 170 TNBC patients with residual disease were included. Of these, 62.9% were premenopausal. At the time of analysis, the recurrence rate was 30% and death rate was 18%. The 3-year DFS and OS were 66% and 74%, respectively. In patients treated with adjuvant capecitabine, residual node positive disease stood out as an independent predictor of DFS ( p  = 0.024) and OS ( p  = 0.032). Undergoing mastectomy and the presence of T2 residual tumor was independent predictors of DFS ( p  = 0.016) and OS ( p  = 0.006), respectively., Conclusion: The efficacy of capecitabine was found lower compared to previous studies. Selected patients may have further benefit from addition of capecitabine. The toxicity associated with capecitabine was found lower than anticipated.

Objectives: The thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) and 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines are two well-known risk stratification systems for classifying thyroid nodules based on cancer risk. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of these two systems in predicting malignancy in patients undergoing thyroid surgery., Methods: We studied data on 120 individuals who were scheduled to undergo surgery for benign or malignant nodular diseases of the thyroid gland between October 2017 and October 2019. The TI-RADS category and ultrasound pattern based on ATA guidelines were assigned to dominant thyroid nodule categories by two experienced radiologists blinded to patients' previous thyroid ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration biopsy results. A pathologist with experience in thyroid diseases blinded to patients' sonographic and clinical data reviewed the thyroidectomy specimens., Results: A total of 120 patients, 88 women and 32 men, were included in our study. Final histopathological results were as follows: 50% (n=60) papillary thyroid carcinoma, 36.6% (n=44) benign nodular thyroid diseases, 4.1% (n=5) follicular adenoma, 2.5% (n=3) hurtle cell adenoma, 1.7% (n=2) follicular thyroid carcinoma, 1.7% (n=2) medullary thyroid carcinoma, 1.7% (n=2) hurtle cell carcinoma, and 1.7% (n=2) follicular tumor of uncertain malignancy potential. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for TI-RADS were 80%, 56%, 72%, and 67%, respectively, and that for ATA were 80%, 64%, 76%, and 69%, respectively., Conclusion: The TI-RADS and ATA showed similar rates of sensitivity, specificity, NPV, and PPV. Our observed risk of malignancy was higher than expected for the ACR TI-RADS 3-5 categories and the very low, low, and intermediate suspicion risk strata in the ATA guidelines. We found no difference between observed and expected malignancy risk for the ACR TI-RADS 2's and ATA's high suspicion categories., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: BK virus associated hemorrhagic cystitis(BKV-AHC) is a serious complication observed after allogeneic stem cell transplantation and the current therapeutic options are scarce with substantial renal side effects. Although the guidelines recommend intravenous cidofovir application with caution to nephrotoxicity, there are few studies which investigated intravesical administration and reported similar therapeutic results with less renal side effects., Methods: We administered low dose, daily and consecutive (75 mg/day, for 5 days) intravesical cidofovir to 25 patients with BKV-AHC that developed after (ASCT)., Results: The response rate in our cohort was 92% and relapse was not encountered in 84% of the patient population during one year of follow-up. The median BK urine viral load significantly decreased from 260,000,000 IU/mL to 53,000,000 IU/mL after a week of treatment (p = 0.0001). Rise in serum creatinine was observed in 5 patients during treatment and post-treatment nephrotoxicity was seen in only 1 patient., Conclusions: Daily low dose intravesical cidofovir might be an effective treatment option for BKV-AHC after ASCT with favorable less systemic side effects., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and The Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to determine the incidence of inadvertent parathyroid removal during thyroid surgery and define its associated risk factors. In this single-center record-based study, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical and pathological records of 462 patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Incidental parathyroidectomy was detected in 61 of 462 patients (13.2%). The incidence of inadvertent parathyroid removal was 17.6% (36 of 205 patients) in patients having malign thyroid diseases, compared with 9.7% (25 of 257 patients) in patients with benign thyroid diseases ( p  = 0.045). Incidentally removed parathyroid tissue was intrathyroidal in 8 of the 61 patients. Thus, the ratio of intrathyroidal parathyroid tissue among all patients was 1.7% (8 out of 462). Central neck dissection was carried out in 40 patients (8.7%). Fourteen of these 40 patients (35%) had an incidental parathyroid in their specimen compared with 47 of 422 patients (11.1%) who did not undergo central neck dissection ( p <0.001). Incidental parathyroidectomy occurred in 13.2% of patients undergoing thyroidectomy in our study. The majority of patients had one parathyroid identified in their specimen. Central neck dissection was significantly predictive for incidental parathyroidectomy. Well-trained senior otolaryngology residents can safely perform thyroid surgery with similar rates of incidental parathyroidectomy as their masters., Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12070-021-02590-0., Competing Interests: Conflict of InterestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (© Association of Otolaryngologists of India 2021.)

Introduction: Sunitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that binds to vascular endothelial factor receptor currently used for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, as well as for several other conditions such as gastrointestinal stromal tumors and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. We present a patient with invasive diarrhea who was treated with sunitinib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma., Case Report: Drug induced colitis was confirmed with colonoscopy from histopathological specimens. Clinical recovery of diarrhea was achieved with oral budesonide. Remarkably, the pathologic findings were observed in both the macroscopically normal mucosa and the mucosa with aphthous ulcers in the colon., Management & Outcome: The patient was treated for sunitinib associated diarrhea, after exclusion of the other reasons. Metronidazole and piperacillin/tazobactam treatment were prescribed., Discussion: Diarrhea is a frequent symptom in patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, however the described pathologic findings have rarely been reported. Our aim is to emphasize the importance of close follow-up in patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and to raise awareness on the management of sunitinib induced colitis.

Diabetes is a systemic metabolic disease with serious complications that cause significant stress on the healthcare system. Diabetic kidney disease is the primary cause of end stage renal disease globally and its progression is accelerated by various factors. Another major healthcare hazard is tobacco consumption and smoking has deleterious effects on renal physiology. Prominent factors are defined as sympathetic activity, atherosclerosis, oxidative stress and dyslipidemia. This review aims to enlighten the mechanism underlying the cumulative negative effect of simultaneous exposure to hyperglycemia and nicotine., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Gündoğdu and Anaforoğlu.)

Objectives: PAX8/PPARG chromosomal rearrangement is frequently seen in thyroid cancer, and PPARG overexpression has been shown in the follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma, but not in papillary thyroid carcinoma other than the follicular variant. The main aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of PPARG overexpression among papillary thyroid carcinoma and if there were any variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma with PPARG overexpression other than the follicular variant., Methods: Immunohistochemical analysis of PPARG overexpression was performed using a PPARG monoclonal antibody in a series of 111 paraffin-embedded blocks of thyroid tumours. Of the patients in our study, 100 were diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma, 9 with follicular adenoma and 2 with follicular carcinoma., Results: PPARG staining was detected in 19 of the 111 cases. Sixteen patients with PPARG overexpression had papillary thyroid carcinoma and 3 had follicular adenoma., Conclusion: PPARG overexpression was detected mainly in follicular-variant papillary thyroid carcinoma. Vascular invasion, lymphatic invasion, thyroid capsule invasion and lymph node positivity were lower in patients with PPARG overexpression., (Copyright © 2022 Società Italiana di Otorinolaringoiatria e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale, Rome, Italy.)

In this study, rhenium/rhenium oxide nanoparticles (Re / ReO 3 NPs) have been produced for the first time in ultrapure water by using Femtosecond Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid (fsPLAL) method. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements and results obtained for NPs show the existence of well-crystallized peaks and preferred phases. Re NPs have hexagonal structure while ReO 3 NPs have the perovskite-like cubic crystal structures. The Re / ReO 3 ratio is also determined to be 53 / 47 with ~ 20 nm crystallite size, while pure ReO 3 crystallite sizes were measured to be ~ 25 nm. The TEM results have shown that the produced particles have a spherical shape, and particle sizes changes between ~ 20 nm and ~ 60 nm. The crystallite size is similar due to XRD results. Obtained nanoparticles exhibit promising applications for photonic devices with broad bandgap values which have measured to be 4.71 eV for Re / ReO 3 NPs mixture and 4.36 eV for pure ReO 3 NPs., Competing Interests: CONFLICT OF INTEREST: none declared, (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s).)

Objective: The aim of this study is to share our surgical approach and results in patients with benign and malignant thyroid diseases., Methods: All patients who underwent thyroid gland surgery at our University Hospital Ear, Nose, and Throat Department between 2012 and 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. The study included 293 patients., Results: Of the 293 patients included in the study, 76 (25.9%) were male and 217 (74.1%) were female. Mean follow-up period was 47.1 months. Patients' ages ranged from 4 to 77 years. In terms of the pathology, 160 patients had benign and 133 had neoplastic thyroid diseases. None of the patients who underwent thyroid surgery due to benign diseases required revision surgery. Recurrence occurred in 15 out of the 116 patients that were operated on for well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Out of these 15 patients with disease recurrence, 11 had biochemically incomplete responses and four had structurally recurrent diseases., Conclusion: Thyroidectomy, when performed safely and correctly, is a very effective way of treating both benign and malignant thyroid diseases. Total thyroidectomy or total lobectomy and isthmectomy are the gold-standard surgical approaches to prevent recurrence. A national form is needed regarding thyroid surgery for following up on patients and for the regular and systematic collection of data., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (© Copyright 2020 by Official Journal of the Turkish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery.)

In this study, the thin films were produced by using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique from gold (Au) nanoparticles deposited on two kinds of substrates under different argon (Ar) gas pressure. Microscope glass slides and silicon (100) wafers were used as amorphous and crystal substrates. The films were deposited under 2 × 10 -3 mbar, 1 × 10 -2 mbar, 2 × 10 -2 mbar argon (Ar) ambient gas pressure. Effect of the background gas pressure on the plasma plume of the ablated Au nanoparticles was investigated in details. Morphology of Au nanoparticle thin films was investigated by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique. Absorption spectra of Au nanoparticles were examined by using UV-Vis spectrometry. Extinction spectra of Au nanoparticles were calculated by using metallic nano particles boundary element method (MNPBEM) simulation programme. Both experimental spectra and simulation data for Au nanoparticles were obtained and compared in this work. It was concluded that they are also in good agreement with literature data. The measurements and the simulation results showed that localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peaks for Au nanoparticles were located in the near infrared region (NIR) because of the larger size of the disk-like shape of Au nanoparticles, and the near-field coupling between Au nanoparticles. It was demonstrated that as the ambient gas (Ar) pressure was increased, the size and the density of Au nanoparticles on the substrate were decreased and the LSPR peak shifts toward the short wavelength region in the spectrum. This shift has been explained by the changes in the morphology of produced thin films.

Background: Femtosecond (fs) Laser Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (fs-LIMS) on colon tissues are described and investigated using ionization/fragmentation processes in details to present a new application in this study. Linear Time of Flight (L-TOF) mass analyzer was utilized to investigate paraffin-embedded human tissue in this study. The effect of fs laser intensity on the spectral characteristics was investigated and interpreted due to mass spectra obtained using 800 nm wavelength with 90 fs pulses at 1 kHz repetition rate., Objectives: Mass spectra of tissues were recorded from L-TOF system and then analyzed by performing a statistical approach called Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The fs-LIMS method applied is proposed as a new and pioneering technology to analyze tissues using L-TOF system, as a human free fast and reliable intra-operative cancer diagnosis method for guiding surgeon to clean the edges of cancerous tissues to be applied during the surgical operation, for pathological examinations. Fs-LIMS provides some unique diagnosis opportunities to investigate biochemical characteristics of cancerous tissues leading to obtain sensitive, fast, and reliable results. The analysis of tissue is based on distribution of molecular ion (m/z) peaks in low mass region (

Background: Femtosecond laser mass spectrometry (FLMS) has become an important tool for investigation of chemical and biological materials in many areas from medical to industrial., Objective: In medicine, the morphological examination of tissues is determined by performing pathological investigations under microscope. However, some novel improvements or developments must be performed for much faster diagnosis of the tissue during the operation when patient is under anesthesia., Methods: The information obtained from the tissue under the microscope remains very limited because it cannot reveal characteristics of the whole molecules. For this reason, some novel methods for analysis of tissues are important issues to be achieved. This process can be performed using FLMS much quicker than traditional techniques. The aim of this study is to develop a new procedure for interpretation of mass spectra obtained from different types of muscle tissues, such as lamb, bones, and beef obtained from the butcher., Results: The results obtained in this study are believed to open a new window for these kinds of applications for cancer diagnosis on human tissue studies, as a faster analysis technique to give some concrete contributions to pathological examinations. Both, principal component analysis statistical approach and FLMS technique offer a great opportunity to identify the biological materials from mass spectra. In conclusion, this present study interprets a great data from bone, beef, and lamb, which show that we can distinguish these different types of materials using FLMS data and statistical approaches., Conclusions: Eventually, the experimental results obtained from our group studies present that these types of tissues can easily be distinguished using small m/q peaks in the lower region (m/z ≤100 amu) of the mass spectra by courtesy of FLMS.

Duplication of the internal auditory canal is an uncommon, congenital malformation that can be associated with sensorineural hearing loss owing to aplasia/hypoplasia of the vestibulocochlear nerve. Only 14 such cases have been reported to date. We report the case of a 13-month-old girl with bilateral, congenital, sensorineural hearing loss caused by narrow, duplicated internal auditory canals and discuss the challenges encountered in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.

Purpose: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a type of photo-chemotherapy that is based on the application of photosensitizer and irradiation of the region by laser sources. Photosensitizer and light interaction will develop reactive oxygen radicals ((1)O2) in the cells and elimination of cells by apoptosis or necrosis., Methods: Metastatic skin cancer cells SKMEL-30 were treated by 5-ALA in dark and then they were irradiated by 90-femtosecond (fs) laser with different pulse powers for different durations. The effects of 5-ALA mediated photodynamic therapy on the cells were determined by XTT proliferation kit and by flow cytometry measurements of Annexin V, 7-AAD and mitochondrial membrane potential alterations. Fluorescent accumulation of protoporphyrin IX was investigated by fluorometry and confocal laser microscope., Results: The viability tests for SKMEL-30 cells treated with different 5-ALA doses and femtosecond laser power and durations demonstrated that 635 nm, 45 mW pulse energy at 90 fs laser pulse applications for 60 sec to 1mM 5-ALA exposed cells decreased the cell proliferation by 30%. Flow cytometric measurements exhibit that PDT caused 63% of mitochondria membrane potential alteration, 30% of cell death in the population by apoptosis and 39% of cells by necrosis. There was 1mM 5-ALA exposure that also exhibited about 32% accumulation of fluorescence in the cells., Conclusion: The pretreatment of the cells with the precursor 5-ALA lets the imaging due to increased protoporphyrin IX fluorescence. This treatment method may be proposed as an effective theranostic strategy for melanoma because of its rapid and effective anticancer consequences., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)