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This study was carried out to determine the effect of the application of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) and gibberellic acid (GA3) on the antioxidant enzyme activity in 5 different strawberry cultivars (Albion, Aromas, Honeoye, Seascape, Sweet Ann). The application of 50 ppm and 100ppm GA3 and 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mM doses MeJA was applied as foliar spray. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde MDA levels were determined in the collected leaf. Samples sweet Ann cultivar had the highest CAT and SOD activity while Honeoye cultivar had the lowest values. CAT activity was decreased in Seascape and Aromas cultivars, and it was observed that CAT activity variability according to application and dose in other cultivars. The amount of SOD has increased with each application in the Albion and Seascape cultivars. In contrast to CAT and SOD activity, MDA concentration was determined the highest in Honeoye and the lowest in Sweet Ann. The present study, it was determined that the hormone (GA3, MeJa) applications affected the enzyme and MDA contents depending on the cultivars and the doses of the hormones. © 2019, Centenary University. All rights reserved. Bu çalışma, 5 farklı çilek çeşidinde (Albion, Aromas, Honeoye, Seascape, Sweet Ann) dışardan metil jasmonat (MeJA) ve gibberalik asit (GA3) uygulamasının antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. 50ppm ve 100ppm dozlarında GA3 ve 0.25, 0.50 ve 1.00 mM dozlarında MeJA uygulaması yapraktan uygulanmıştır. Alınan yaprak örneklerinde katalaz (KAT), süperoksidaz dismutaz (SOD) ve malondialdehit (MDA) miktarları okunmuştur. Sweet Ann çeşidi en yüksek KAT ve SOD aktivitesine sahipken, Honeoye çeşidi en düşük değerlere sahip olmuştur. CAT aktivitesi Seascape ve Aromas çeşitlerinde azalma göstermiş diğer çeşitlerde uygulama ve doza bağlı olarak değişkenlik görülmüştür. SOD miktarı Albion ve Seascape çeşitlerinde her uygulama ile artış kaydetmiştir. KAT ve SOD aktivitesinin aksine, MDA konsantrasyonu en fazla Honeoye çeşidinde, en düşük Sweet Ann çeşidinde belirlenmiştir. Yapılan araştırmada, GA3 ve MeJa uygulamaları çilek çeşitlerine ve uygulanma dozlarına bağlı olarak yaprakların enzim ve MDA içeriklerini etkilediği saptanmıştır.

Üzüm hem taze hem de kuru tüketilebilen, suyundan ve meyve etinden pek çok ikincil ürünün yapıldığı ve dünyada üretimi en çok yapılan meyvelerden biridir. Türkiye’de de en çok üretilen meyve konumundadır. Ülkemizde üretilen üzümlerin büyük çoğunluğunu Sultani Çekirdeksiz üzüm çeşidi oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma Sultani Çekirdeksiz üzüm çeşidinin oda koşullarında muhafaza olanaklarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çalışma bölünen bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre kurulmuş olup 4 farklı uygulama (Kontrol, UV-C, Ultrason ve MAP) ve 3 farklı zaman (3 gün, 6 gün, 9 gün) denenmiştir. Çalışma bulgularına göre, MAP uygulamasının ağırlık kaybı bakımından diğer uygulamalara nazaran daha başarılı olduğu görülmüştür (%2.99). Ağırlık kayıpları zamana göre değerlendirildiğinde ise tüm uygulamalar için artan bekleme süreleri ağırlık kayıplarını da istatistiki olarak artırmıştır. Uygulamaların renk değerleri üzerine etkisi kısıtlı görülürken, zamanlar arasında renk değerleri bakımından istatistiki farklılıklar oluşmuştur (p>0.05). Bu araştırma sonucunda Sultani Çekirdeksiz üzüm çeşidinin muhafazasında MAP uygulamasının diğer uygulamalara nazaran öne çıktığı görülmüştür. Grapes are one of the most produced fruits in the world that can be consumed both fresh and dry, which many secondary products are made from juice and fruit flesh. It is also the most produced fruit in Turkey. The majority of the grapes produced in our country are Sultani Çekirdeksiz grape variety. This study was carried out to determine the possibilities of preserving the Sultani Çekirdeksiz grape variety fruits under room conditions. The study is established in split-split plot arrangement and 4 different treatments (Control, UV-C, Ultrasound and MAP) and 3 different times (3 days, 6 days, 9 days) were tried. According to the findings of the study, it was seen that MAP application was more successful than other applications in terms of weight loss (2.99%). When the weight losses are evaluated by time, the increased waiting times for all treatments also increased the weight losses statistically. While the effects of the applications on the color values were limited, there were statistical differences between the times in terms of color properties (p>0.05). As a result of this research, it was observed that MAP treatment was more prominent in preserving the Sultani Çekirdeksiz grape variety compared to other treatments.

Çilek üzümsü meyve grubu içerisinde üretim ve tüketim değerleri bakımından birinci sıradadır. Tüketici taleplerindeki artış, geliştirilen birçok ticari çeşit ve değişik iklim koşuluna uyumu sayesinde çilek yetiştiriciliği günden güne artış göstermektedir. Çok sayıda geliştirilen çilek çeşidinin değişik iklim ve toprak şartlarında verim ve kalitelerinin değerlendirilmesi ve bu çalışmalar sonucunda üreticilere önerilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma ile Amasya’nın Merzifon ilçesinde dört ticari çilek çeşidinin (Albion, Sweet Charlie, San Andreas, Monterey) verim özellikleri ve üretim imkanları incelenmiştir. Çalışmada bitki başına verim en yüksek 307.8 g ile Monterey çeşidinde belirlenmiş olup bunu 283.7 g ile Albion, 243.7 g ile San Andreas ve 64.41 g ile Sweet Charlie çeşidi takip etmiştir. Bitki başına meyve sayısı en fazla Monterey çeşidinde (26.08 adet) tespit edilmiştir. İrilik indeksi bakımından da Albion çeşidi 12.8 g meyve-1 ile en iri meyvelere sahip olurken, en küçük meyvelere sahip çeşit Sweet Charlie (7.39 g meyve-1) olmuştur. Suda çözünebilir kuru madde miktarı (SÇKM) bakımından çeşitler arasında istatistiksel olarak önemli bir fark gözlenmemesine rağmen en yüksek SÇKM içeriği %9.81 ile Monterey çeşidinde tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma ile iklim ve toprak özellikleri bakımından bitkisel üretim için uygun koşullara sahip olan Merzifon ilçesinde çilek üretiminin yapılabileceği ve özellikle Albion, Monterey ve San Andreas çilek çeşitlerinin yöre halkı için alternatif ürün olarak değerlendirilebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Strawberry is ranked as the first within berry fruit group in terms of production and consumption values. With the increase in consumer’s demands, strawberry production increases day by day due to the fact that strawberry has many developed commercial cultivars and adaptation to various climate conditions. It is necessary to evaluate the yield and quality under various climate and soil conditions of many developed strawberry cultivars and recommend them to producers as a result of these studies. This study was conducted to investigate yield characteristics and production opportunities of four commercial strawberry cultivars (Albion, Sweet Charlie, San Andreas, and Monterey) grown in Merzifon district of Amasya city. In the study, Monterey cultivar had the highest yield with an average of 307.8 g plant-1, followed by Albion cultivar (283.7 g plant-1), San Andreas cultivar (243.7 g plant-1), and Sweet Charlie cultivar (64.41 g plant-1). Monterey cultivar gave the highest result with the average of 26.08 in fruit number per plant. In fruit index, Albion cultivar had the largest fruits (12.8 g berry-1), whereas, the cultivar having the smallest fruits was Sweet Charlie (7.39 g berry -1). Even though no statistically significant difference was observed between the examined cultivars in terms of soluble solid content, Monterey cultivar had the highest soluble solid (9.81 %). It was concluded in the present study that strawberry production could be realized and especially Albion, Monterey and San Andreas strawberry cultivars could be evaluated as an alternative product for locals in Merzifon district that have suitable conditions for plant production in terms of climate and soil conditions.

Inthe study, the effect of gibberellic acid treatments on fruit quality of strawberrycv. Seascape grown in Bolu ecological conditions was examined. The fruitquality parameters were identified under the application of two concentrationof GA3 (50 ppm and 100 ppm). It was determined that the values ofSSC, pH, TA and fruit hardness were not statistically affected by both GA3applications. The highest values related fruit weight and size wereobtained at 50 ppm GA3 application. The SCC and firmness values weredetermined as 6.67 brix° and 1.31 kg/cm2 in 100 ppm concentration,respectively. The fruits treated with 50 ppm GA3 had lower pH thanthose treated 100 ppm GA3 and control. In addition, the highestfruit weight (46.01 g) and fruit acidity (1.11%) were obtained at theapplication of 50 ppm GA3. It was also found that the GA3application did not cause a significant change in the flavor, taste and juicevalues., Boluekolojik koşullarında yetiştirilen Seascape çilek çeşidine ait meyve kaliteleriüzerine gibberelik asit uygulamasının etkisi araştırılmıştır. İkikonsantrasyonda hazırlanan (50 ppm and 100 ppm) GA3 uygulamasınınmeyve kalite parametreleri üzerindeki etkisi belirlenmiştir. SÇKM, pH, toplamasitlik ve meyve sertliği değerlerinin her iki uygulamada da istatistikselolarak etkilenmediği ve uygulamalar arasında fark bulunmadığı tespitedilmiştir. Diğer kalite parametrelerine ait değerlerin ise en yüksek 50 ppmuygulamasında elde edildiği görülmüştür. Yapılan araştırmada SÇKM ve sertlikdeğerleri 100 ppm'lik konsantrasyonda sırasıyla 6.67 briks° ve 1.31 kg/cm2olarak belirlenmiştir. Kontrol meyveleri en yüksek pH değerine (4.08) sahipken,50 ppm GA3 uygulanan meyveler en düşük pH değerine sahip olduğubelirlenmiştir. Buna ek olarak, en yüksek meyve ağırlığı (46.01 g) ve meyveasitliği (% 1.11), 50 ppm GA3'ün uygulamasında elde edilmiştir.Ayrıca GA3 uygulamasının aroma, tat ve meyve suyu değerlerindeönemli bir değişime neden olmadığı görülmüştür.

Pomegranatefruit is an important fruit species in human nutrition due to its richbiochemical content. In this study, organic acids (malic, citric, tartaric,succinic, oxalic and fumaric acid) and vitamin C contents of fruits ofpomegranate genotypes grown in Çukurca (Hakkari) district were determined.Correlations between these biochemical contents were examined by basiccomponent analysis and the statistical distributions of pomegranate genotypesin terms of bioactive contents were determined. The variation of in genotypesin terms of organic acid and vitamin C contents is explained as 44.73 % withtwo main components. When the organic acid contents in the study wereevaluated, it was determined that the dominant acid was citric acid except forone genotype, followed by malic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, oxalic acid,and tartaric acid. Oxalic acid, malic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, fumaricacid, and tartaric acid contents of pomegranate fruit juices were determined torange from 0.02 to 0.59 g l-1 from 1.01 to 2.84 g l-1,from 1.92 to 7.84 g l-1, from 0.06 to 0.28 g l-1, 0.13 to0.68 g l-1, 0.03 to 0.10 g l-1, respectively. In the study,30HAK02 genotype (30.84 mg l-1) was found to contain higher vitaminC than other genotypes., Nar meyvesi, biyokimyasal içeriğinin de zengin olmasısebebiyle insan beslenmesinde önemli meyve türleri arasında yer almaktadır.Yapılan bu araştırmada Çukurca (Hakkari) ilçesinde yetiştirilen nargenotiplerine ait meyvelerin organik asitler (malik, sitrik, tartarik,süksinik, okzalik ve fumarik asit) ve C vitamini içeriklerinin tespit edilmesiamacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu biyokimyasal içerikler arasındaki korelasyonlar temelbileşen analizi ile incelenmiş ve nar genotiplerinin biyoaktif içerikleraçısından istatistiksel olarak dağılımları belirlenmiştir. Organik asit ve Cvitamini bakımından incelenen genotiplerde meydana gelen değişimin % 44.73’üiki temel bileşen ile açıklanmıştır. Söz konusu araştırmada organik asitiçerikleri değerlendirildiğinde, bir genotip haricinde genel olarak hakim olanasidin sitrik asit olduğu, bunu sırasıyla malik asit, fumarik asit, süksinikasit, okzalik asit ve tartarik asidin takip ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Nargenotiplerine ait meyve sularının okzalik asit içeriğinin 0.02-0.59 g/l, malikasit içeriğinin 1.01-2.84 g/l, sitrik asit içeriğinin 1.92-7.84 g/l, süksinikasit içeriğinin 0.06-0.28 g/l, fumarik asit içeriğinin 0.13-0.68 g/l vetartarik asit içeriğinin 0.03-0.10 g/l arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir.Araştırmada, genotipler C vitamini içeriği açısından kıyaslandığında 30HAK02(30.84 mg/l) genotipi diğer genotiplerden daha yüksek oranda C vitaminiiçerdiği görülmüştür

Kullanım alanı geniş olan cevizin kültür tarihi çok eskilere dayanmakta olup biyokimyasal içeriği bakımından insan beslenmesinde vazgeçilmez meyve türleri arasında yerini almıştır. Özellikle son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalarda fitoaleksin, allelopati, antioksidant, antikanser, antimutagen ve anti bakteriyel gibi özelliklere sahip metebolitlerin içeriği bakımından cevizin önem arz ettiği ortaya konulmuştur. Sekonder metabolitler içersinde sınıflandırılan ve meyve türlerinde yoğun olarak bulunan maddelerin başında fenolik bileşikler yer almaktadır. Bu bileşikler özellikle cevizin kabuğunda yoğun bir şekilde olup fizyolojik olarak meyve kalitesini pomolojik ve biyokimyasal olarak etkilemektedir. Flavonoidler yoğun olarak ceviz yaprağında yer almaktadır. p-Kumarik asit, o-kumarik asit, vanilik ve klorojenik asit gibi fenolik bileşikler yaprak ve meyvede bulunan bitkinin savunma sistemini oluşturan sekonder metabolitler arasında yer almaktadır. Ceviz meyvesi, yaprağı ve diğer organlarının içerdiği biyoaktif içerikler sayesinde yaygın kullanım alanı olan ve özellikle sağlık sektöründe etkin olarak tüketilen bir meyve türüdür content of walnut in human nutrition and with large areas and date a long history cultures and, the usage area of walnut is broad and culture dates back to ancient times. Especially in recent years, in researches have been revealed importance of walnut in terms of the content of metabolite as phytoalexin, allelopathy, antioxidant, anticancer, antimutag, and anti–bacterial properties. Phenolic compounds that in secondary metabolites classified are located in the beginning of dense substances found in fruit species. These compounds are densely located particularly in walnut shell and its impact on biochemical and pomolojik fruit quality as physiological. Flavonoids are located as dense in walnut leaves. Phenolic compounds such as p–coumaric acid, o–coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid and vanilic acid that forming plant’s defense system are among the secondary metabolites in the leaves and fruit. Walnut fruit, leaves and other organs are widely used thanks to its bioactive ingredients and it is a kind of fruit that particularly as effective consumed in the health sector

Bu çalışma; Mardin bölgesinde yetiştirilen nar (Punica granatum L.) genotiplerine ait meyvelerin makro ve mikro besin elementleri içerikleri arasındaki korelasyonun belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada nar genotiplerine ait meyve sularının fosfor içerikleri 329.123-943.684 ppm, potasyum içerikleri 93.375-985.600 ppm, kalsiyum içerikleri 63.477-142.703 ppm arasında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada demir içerikleri 1.337-41.741 ppm, mangan içerikleri 0.281-3.346 ppm, çinko içerikleri 0.050-0.223 ppm, bakır içerikleri 0.253-2.388 ppm ve magnezyum içerikleri 38.672-92.948 ppm arasında değiştiği saptanmıştır. İncelenen 21 nar genotipine ait meyvelerin makro ve mikro besin elementleri içeriklerinin dağılım sıralamasının P?K?Ca?Mg?Fe?Mn?Cu? Zn şeklinde gerçekleştiği tespit edilmiştir CORRELATION AMONG NUTRIENTS CONTENTS OF POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum L.) GENOTYPES FRUITS GROWN IN MARDIN REGION This study aimed to determine of macro and micro nutrients contents, and the correlations among of nutrients of some pomegranate genotypes fruits are grown in Mardin. In the study, the juices of studied pomegranate genotypes, phosphorus content ranged between 943.684–329.123 ppm; potassium content ranged between 985.600–93.375 ppm; calcium content ranged between 142.703–63.477 ppm. It was determined that iron content ranged between 41.741–1.337 ppm; manganese content ranged between 3.346–0.281 ppm; zinc content ranged between 0.223–0.050 ppm; copper content ranged between 0.253–2.388 ppm; and magnesium content ranged 92.948–38.672 ppm. It has been found to distribution of macro and micro nutrients contents of 21 pomegranate genotypes in the form of P?K?Ca?Mg?Fe?Mn?Cu?Zn

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye'de yetiştirilen farklı frenküzümü çeşitlerinin rutin, protocatechuic, catechin, p- hydroxy benzoic, chlorogenic, caffeic, kuersetin, luteolin, kamferol, p-coumaric, vanilin ve ferulic asit içeriklerinin belirlenmesidir. Kırmızı ve siyah frenküzümü çeşitleri (Goliath, Red Lake, Rovada, Rosenthal, and Booskop Giant) ters fazlı yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi kullanılarak fenolik asit içeriklerini belirlemek için analizleri yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar p-coumaric asitin (1.66-0.04 ?g g-1) frenküzümü çeşitlerinde baskın fenolik asit olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca frenküzümü meyvelerinden elde edilen ekstraktlardan elde edilen diğer sınuçlarda rutin (35.41-7.23 ?g g-1), protocatechuic (3.28-2.84 ?g g-1), chlorogenic (65.49-2.38 ?g g-1), ve kuersetin asit (2.29-1.50 ?g g-1) fenolikleri gözlemlenmiştir The present work aimed the study of rutin, protocatechuic, catechin, p- hydroxy benzoic, chlorogenic, caffeic, kuersetin, luteolin, kamferol, p-coumaric, vanilin and ferulic acids composition in different currant varieties in Turkey. Red and black currant varieties (Goliath, Red Lake, Rovada, Rosenthal, and Booskop Giant) were analyzed for phenolic acids by using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that p-coumaric acid (1.66-0.04 ?g g-1) was the predominant phenolic acid extracted from currant varieties. In addition, other acids, namely rutin (35.417.23 ?g g-1), Protocatechuic (3.28-2.84 ?g g-1), Chlorogenic (65.49-2.38 ?g g-1), and kuersetin acids (2.291.50 ?g g-1) were obtained in extracts from currant fruit

Hasat edilen ürünlerin sahip oldukları kalite özelliklerini koruyabilmeleri açısından muhafaza edilmeleri çok önemlidir. Muhafaza için ayarlanmış olan depo koşulları, hasat edilen ürünlerde başta solunum hızı olmak üzere birçok fizyolojik olayı etkiler. Muhafazada başarılı sonuçlara ulaşmanın en önemli koşulu hasadın ürün yapısına uygun ve zamanında yapılmasıdır. Hasat, sonrasında taşıma ve muhafaza ve nihayetinde pazarlama üretici ve tüketici açısından en yararlı sonucu sunacaktır.Iğdır iklimi birçok meyve ve sebzenin yetiştirilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Iğdır’da yetiştirilen ürünlerin bir kısmı iç pazarlarda tüketilirken ve komşu illere gönderilirken önemli bir kısmı da üç ülkeye komşu olmasının getirdiği avantajla ihraç edilmektedir. Sahip olduğu bu özelliği en verimli haliyle değerlendirebilmek amacıyla Iğdır’da meyve hasadı, muhafazası ve pazarlaması daha da önemli hale gelmektedir. Hasat ve sonrası işlemlerde üreticilerin bilinç düzeyini artırmak ve ürün kalitesinin korunmasına yönelik hem kamu kurumları hem de üniversite öğretim üyeleri tarafından birçok seminer ve kurs verilmiştir. Ayrıca devlet destekli tam veya kısmi hibeli kredilerle de ürün muhafazasında önemli bir yere sahip olan soğuk hava depoları da kurulmuştur. Ancak bu depolar kuruluş amacına yönelik olarak pek değerlendirilmemiştir. Kurulan depolardan sadece üç tanesi meyve muhafazasında kullanılmaktayken diğerleri ise amaç dışı kullanıma bırakılmıştır. Özellikle kayısı gibi, üreticiler için önemli bir gelir kaynağı olan ürünlerde olması gereken pazar değerine ve pazarlama sürecine ulaşılamamaktadır. Bunların sonucunda da üretici ürün ve kar kaybına uğrarken, tüketici de istediği fiyat, miktar ve kalitede ürün bulamamaktadır.Bu çalışma ile Iğdır ilinde üretilen meyve türleri, bunların muhafaza yolları, kurulmuş olan soğuk hava depolarının durumları ve ürün pazarlanmasına yönelik olarak mevcut durumun tespiti, yaşanan sorunlar ve bunların çözümüne yönelik faaliyetler ele alınacaktır. Ayrıca, yüksek oranda yaşanan ürün kayıplarının azaltılması ve pazar değerinin korunmasının üretici ve tüketici açısından kazanımlarının ortaya konmasıyla bu konuda etkin çalışmaların sağlanması için de bir temel oluşturulacaktır.

Heavy metals are of widespread occurrence as consequences of human, agricultural and industrial activities. Among heavy metals, lead is a potential pollutant that can accumulate in different tissues organs and thus restrict plant growth. In this study, mechanisms of plant tolerances to lead stress were studied on strawberry (Camarosa cv.) using pot experiment with different Lead Pb(NO3)2 applications ranging from 0 to 80 mg kg-1 using soil culture. The accumulation of Pb2+ and its influence on chlorophyll and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and ion concentrations were investigated in both root and leaves of strawberry plant. Despite severally decrease in the chlorophyll a and b contents, Pb2+ accumulation, MDA, SOD, and CAT activities were increased with the increase in the Pb2+concentrations both in roots and leaves. However APX activity was shown unsteady increase in roots and leaves. In the roots and leaves macro and micro ion concentrations were shown altered. While micro element concentrations decreased in contrary to macro element concentrations which were increased compare with control. These results indicate that lead stress cause reduction on growth and oxidative damage as shown by the decline in chlorophyll, increase in lipid peroxidase and antioxidant enzyme and alter levels of macro-micro ion concentrations.

The aim of this study was to determined some chemical and mineral contents of 17 promosing walnuts (Juglans regia L) genotypes selected from Bingol province. Promosing walnut genotypes had 9.98-13.10 g nut weight, 5.05-6.76 g kernel weight and %43.29-54.54 kernel ratio. While the protein that is main chemical component in promosing walnut genotypes was determined between 12.35% and 23.75, their fruits averagely contained 2.96 % N, 484.64 mg/100g K, 148.76 mg/100g Ca; 166.75 mg/100g Mg; 3.41 mg/100g Fe, 1.93 mg/100g Mn, 1.27 mg/100g Cu ve 2.01 mg/100g Zn. The Azote content was found higher than those of the other mineral contents in all genotypes. This was followed by Potassium, Magnesium, Calcium, İron, Zinc, Manganese and copper., Bu çalışmada, Bingöl Yöresi doğal ceviz populasyonundan seçilen 17 ümitvar genotipin bazı kimyasal ve mineral içeriklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. İncelenen genotiplerde ortalama meyve ağırlığı 9.98-13.10 g, iç ağırlığı 5.05-6.76 g, iç oranı %43.29-54.54 değerleri arasında bulunmuştur. Genotiplerde temel kimyasal bileşenlerden protein oranı % 12.35 - 23.75 arasında bulunurken, iç meyvelerdeki mineral madde içerikleri ortalama olarak %2.96 N, 484,64 mg/100g K, 148.76 mg/100g Ca; 166.75 mg/100g Mg; 3.41 mg/100g Fe, 1.93 g/100g Mn, 1.27 mg/100g Cu ve 2.01 mg/100g Zn olarak belirlenmiştir. Ümitvar genotiplerde en yüksek mineral azot bulunurken, bunu sırasıyla Potasyum, Magnezyum, Kalsiyum, Demir, Çinko, Mangan ve Bakır takip etmiştir.

In this study, a total of 55 wild-grown mulberry landraces belonging to Morus alba L., Morus rubra L., and Morus nigra L. species (Rosales order, Moraceae family, Morus L. genus) were sampled around the Van Lake basin, and some fruit characteristics were determined. All landraces are naturally grown in the Lake Van basin under pesticide-free conditions. As fruit character, phenolic compounds (gallic acid, catechin, quercetin, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, rutin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and phlorizin) and organic acids (malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid and ascorbic acid) were determined. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to determine the correlation between mulberry species in terms of biochemical compounds. As a result of PCA-biplot analysis, two variations were sufficient to explain the correlation between phenolic compounds and organic acids. This ratio reveals that mulberry species are separated with sharp boundaries in terms of biochemical compounds. Chlorogenic acid and rutin content were high in all mulberry landraces. The highest chlorogenic acid content was detected in landrace 65VN03 belonging to M. rubra (3.778 mg/g), 65GV12 belonging to M. nigra (3.526 mg/g), 13AD08 belonging to M. rubra (2.461 mg/g), and 13AH02 belonging to M. rubra (6.246 mg/g) landraces. In terms of organic acid content, malic acid was the dominant organic acid for genotypes. The rich bioactive compounds make M. alba, M. rubra, and M. nigra landraces as cultivar candidates for breeding purposes. It is a valuable source of bioactive agents that may have prevented humans from oxidative-stress-related diseases.

The importance of biochemical content of fruits in human health and nutrition is understood more and more day by day. In this study, new local varieties were added to apple genetic resources and the correlation between biochemical contents and agro-morphological properties of fruits belonging to them was revealed. It was observed that the total phenolics amount varied between 20.13 (“Bag”) mg GAE kg−1 and 80.59 (“Yeşil”) mg GAE kg−1. The highest total antioxidant capacity was determined as 90.96% in “Yeşil” variety. Potassium (K) content, which is among the macronutrients, was determined as the highest value in “Bağ” variety (7993.31 mg kg−1) and in “Zuza” variety (7983.31 mg kg−1). It was determined that the Fe content (iron) varied between as 14.17 mg kg−1 (“Zuza”) and 5.75 mg kg−1 (“Bağ”) and was higher than other micronutrients. In the light of the results obtained in this study, it was concluded that fruits belonging to new local apple varieties are rich in biochemical contents and these varieties can be used as genetic resources in plant breeding studies.

In recent years, significant portions of the fresh fruits and vegetables produced worldwide have been decaying before reaching the consumer because of insufficient preservation after harvest. In this direction, we carried the study out to investigate the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) and 1-methyl cyclopropane (1-MCP) applications on phenolic compounds and organic acid contents of the strawberry fruits (cv. Albion) during shelf-life. Gibberellic acid treatments, which prepared in two different concentrations (50 and 100 ppm), were performed by spraying the leaves before harvest. 1-methyl cyclopropane applied after harvest. The results of the study showed a greater decrease in organic acids (except oxalic and succinic acid) in Gibberellic acid-applied fruits during shelf-life. Citric acid was recorded as the most abundant organic acid in the control group. In phenolic compounds, gallic acid (15.22 mg 100 g&minus, 1) and ellagic acid (9.38 mg 100 g&minus, 1) were recorded as the highest phenolic compounds on the third day. 1-MCP and GA3 (50 ppm) + 1-MCP treatment reduced the breakdown of vitamin C during the shelf-life of strawberry fruits compared to the control group. As a result, phenolic compounds, vitamin C, and organic acids decreased during the shelf-life, and 1-MCP applications slowed down the breakdown of these compounds.

Strawberry trees (Arbutus unedo L.) are naturally grown in particular Black Sea and Mediterranean regions of Turkey with great diversity due to continuous seed propagation for centuries. The trees differ in terms of most of the horticultural characteristics. We investigated the phenolic compounds and the biochemical and pomological characteristics of the fruits of eight strawberry tree selections naturally grown in the western part of Turkey. Significant differences were found among the genotypes in terms of their phenolic compounds and their biochemical and pomological characteristics. Among soluble sugars, fructose (11.63 g 100 g−1) was the dominant sugar, followed by glucose (6.10 g 100 g−1) and sucrose (1.44 g 100 g−1) for all the genotypes. Positive correlation was found between fruit weight and soluble sugar content. Malic acid was the major organic acid (0.67-2.33 g 100 g−1), and the second major organic acid in strawberry tree fruits was citric acid (0.25-0.87 g 100 g−1). Vitamin C content was an average of 56.22 g 100 g−1 for the eight genotypes. Among phenolic compounds, gallic acid was dominant (1.62-7.29 mg 100 g−1), followed by chlorogenic acid (1.23-3.14 mg 100 g−1), on an average basis.

WOS:000429148700011 Currant successfully grown in a wide area in Turkey due to its environmental plasticity. The aim of this study is to determine variations in phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacity from certain currant cultivars and genotypes commercially grown in Turkey. Fruit samples taken from two red currant cultivars ('Red Lake', 'Rovada') and four black ('S. Nigrum', 'Tokat 2', 'Tokat 3' and 'Tokat 4') and the genotype 1310 (red currant) were subjected to analysis for phenolic compounds (protocatechuic, vanillic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, quercetin, gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, o-coumaricacid, phloridzin and ferulic acid), organic acids (citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic acid, and fumaric acid), vitamin C, antioxidant capacity (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity [TEAC] assay) and sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose). Results showed that phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities statistically varied among currant cultivars and genotype (p < 0.05). Caffeic acid was determined only in the genotype 1301. Ellagic acid (1.680 mg/100 g), gallic acid (2.022 mg/100 g), rutin (4.649 mg/100 g), catechin (8.005 mg/100 g) and chlorogenic acid (2.721 mg/100 g) were found the highest values in 'Tokat 3', 'Red Lake', 'Tokat 3', 1310 and 'S. Nigrum', respectively. Citric acid, fumaric acid, and malic acid were dominant among organic acids for all cultivars and the genotype 1310. Contents of glucose and fructose among sugars were measured to be higher than content of sucrose for all cultivars and the genotype. The highest antioxidant capacity was detected in cultivar of 'Rovada' and the genotype 1310.

WOS:000588322900012 In this study, methyl jasmonate were applied to strawberry cultivars, and the pomological and biochemical characteristics of the fruits were investigated. The highest increase in fruit weight was determined in the Honeoye cultivar and it was detected in the application of 0.50 mM MeJa according to the control group. When the organic acid contents of fruits were examined, it was determined that the dominant acid was citric acid and the maximum range (Control: 1.49 g kg(-1); 0.50 mM MeJa: 16.49 g kg(-1)) was in the Seascape cultivar. When the ellagic acid content of the fruits was examined, the highest increase (Control: 13.350 mg 100 g(-1), 0.25 mM MeJa: 22.768 mg 100 g(-1)) was found in the Sweet Ann cultivar. In this study, it was determined that appropriate concentrations of MeJa should be preferred in cultivation of strawberry and these concentrations affected the fruit quality parameters.

In this study, the molecular, biochemical and agro-morphological characterization of genotypes belonging to hawthorn species collected from Bolu province of Turkey was performed. Inter-priming binding sites (iPBS) markers based on retrotransposons were used for the first time in the molecular properties of hawthorn genotypes in the world. The marker system provided very useful information for revealing the genetic variation of the genotypes. Six iPBS markers amplified 68 fragments, of which 65 were polymorphic (95.59%) with an average of 10.83 polymorphic bands per primer. The polymorphism and resolving power per primers ranged from 0.12 to 0.42 and from 0.78 to 8.11 with the average being 0.32 and 5.95, respectively. Pomological properties of Crataegus tanacetifolia, such as fruit pomology and core weight were determined to higher than those of Crataegus monogyna. Citric acid was determined as the most predominant organic acid, followed by malic and succinic acid in the genotypes of both species. The highest citric acid content (26.745 mg 100 g&minus, 1) was noted for 14BL09 genotype. The vit. C content was recorded ranging from 2.681 to 9.621 mg 100 g&minus, 1. Catechin, chlorogenic, caffeic and rutin contents were varied between 4.140&ndash, 51.393 mg, 2.254&ndash, 42.361 mg, 0.624&ndash, 4.407 mg, and 1.241&ndash, 10.029 mg per 100 g of fruits, respectively. As a result, it has been determined that twenty-five genotypes belonging to different hawthorn species are important genetic resources to be evaluated in horticultural breeding studies in terms of their physical and biochemical contents.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L. ssp. caucasica Rousi) is one of the most important wild edible fruits, grown in Turkey for centuries without any chemical treatments. The plant is extremely resistant to adverse environmental conditions. In this study, the main agro-morphological and biochemical berry traits and, to a lesser extent, other plant morphological traits of 10 sea buckthorn genotypes sampled from the eastern Anatolia (Sivas province) region were assessed. Among the 10 genotypes, five of them presented a shrub growth habit, whereas five of them presented tree growth habit, with leaf area ranging from 2.56 to 4.22 cm2. The majority of genotypes had an oblong berry shape with variable berry skin color ranging from dark orange to orange, light orange, and yellow. The weight of 100 berries varied from 13.85 to 23.87 g, while juice yield and vitamin C content was found to be 44.87&ndash, 57.15% and 37.45&ndash, 62.85 mg/100 g fresh berry base, respectively. Soluble solid content (SSC) was in the range of 12.56&ndash, 14.67%. The genotypes exhibited a great variability in total anthocyanin content (from 9.1 to 38.7 mg/L), with relatively dark-orange sea buckthorn berries containing more anthocyanin than orange, light-orange, and yellow berries. Linoleic acid was the main fatty acid detected in the pulp of sea buckthorn berries, ranging from 24.11% to 36.37%, depending on the genotype. Investigated genotypes proved also to be rich in total phenolic content, showing at the same time great variability in this trait. The results obtained from the relatively limited number of genotypes show promising traits for further valorization of both horticultural and nutritional traits, suggesting potentially even higher variability, if more genotypes are going to be considered in the future.

Yapılan bu araştırmada, beyaz dut (M. alba) ve kara dut (M. nigra) meyveleri üç farklı şekilde kurutma işlemine tabi tutulmuştur. Bu yöntemler, güneşte kurutma, etüvde kurutma (70, 90 ve 110 °C) ve mikrodalgada (450, 600 ve 700 W) kurutmadır. Kurutma işlemlerine bağlı olarak, meyve ağırlığı, nem oranı, organik asit ve fenolik bileşiklerdeki değişimler incelenmiştir. Güneşte kurutulan beyaz ve kara dut örneklerinde meyve ağırlığı sırası ile 1.07 ve 1.59 g olarak bulunmuştur. Etüvde kurutmada, beyaz dutlarda meyve ağırlığı 0.57-0.88 g, kara dutlarda 1.57-1.87 g aralığında, mikrodalga uygulanan beyaz dutlarda 0.62-1.22 g, kara dutlarda 0.76-1.41 g aralığında tespit edilmiştir. Kurutma yöntemlerine bağlı olarak organik asitlerin miktarlarında değişimler görülmüştür. Beyaz dut meyvelerinde; en yüksek okzalik asit içeriği (2.88 g/100 g) güneşte kurutulan meyvelerde, en yüksek sitrik asit içeriği (14.15 g/100 g) ve en yüksek malik asit içeriği (17.67) etüvde (110 oC) kurutulan meyvelerde tespit edilmiştir. Kara dut meyvelerinin organik asit içerikleri incelendiğinde; en yüksek okzalik asit içeriği (2.88 g/100 g), malik asit içeriği (18.39 g/100 g) ve en yüksek sitrik asit içeriği (9.09 g/100 g) güneşte kurutulan meyvelerde belirlenmiştir. En yüksek C vitamini içeriği (31.66 mg/100 g) yaş kara dut meyvelerinde tespit edilmiştir. Beyaz dut meyvelerinde uygulanan kurutma yöntemlerine göre fenolik bileşik içeriklerindeki değişimlere incelendiğinde; en yüksek gallik asit (76.39 mg/100g), klorojenik asit (63.44 mg/100 g) ve kafeik asit içerikleri etüvde yapılan kurutmada (110 oC) tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmada en yüksek rutin içeriği ise (16.79 mg/100 g) mikrodalgada yapılan kurutmada saptanmıştır. Kara dut meyvelerinde en yükse gallik asit içeriği (97.58 mg/100 g), en yüksek klorojenik asit içeriği (51.75 mg/100 g), en yüksek rutin içeriği (21.68 mg/100 g) mikro dalgada (450 W) yapılan kurutmada ve en yüksek elajik asit içeriği yine mikro dalgada 700 W'da yapılan kurutmada tespit edilmişti. Sonuç olarak yapılan kurutma yöntemlerine bağlı olarak beyaz dut ve kara dut meyvelerinin biyokimyasal içeriklerinde önemli değişimlerin olduğu ve C vitamini zenginliği açısından yaş meyvelerin daha önem arz ettiği görülmüştür. Black mulberry (M. nigra) and white mulberry (M. alba) fruits were dried in three different ways. These methods are drying in the sun, drying in the oven (70, 90 and 110 Co) and microwave (450, 600 and 700 W drying). Fruit weight, moisture content, organic acid and phenolic composition changes depending on drying processes. Fruit weight is higher in microwave applications than other applications. In sun dried samples, white and black fruit weight were found as 1.07 and 1.59 g respectively. In the dormitory drying, the fruit weight was 0.57-0.88 g in the white mulberry, 1.57-1.87 g in the black mulberry, 0.62-1.22 g in the white mulberry in the microwave, and 0.76-1.41 g in the black mulberry. In the research, changes in the amount of organic acids were observed depended on drying methods. When looking the major organic acid distribution, white mulberry fruits; the highest oxalic acid content (2.88 g / 100 g) was determined in sun dried fruits, the highest citric acid content (14.15 g / 100 g) and the highest malic acid content (17.67) were determined in dried fruits in oven (110 Co). The highest vitamin C content was detected in fresh fruits (26.30 mg / 100g). When the organic acid contents of black mulberry fruits were examined; The highest oxalic acid (2.88 g / 100 g), malic acid content (18.39 g / 100 g) and citric acid contents (9.09 g / 100 g) were determined in sun dried fruits. In this study, the highest vitamin C content (31.66 mg / 100 g) was identified in fresh black mulberry fruits. When examined the changes in the content of major phenolic compounds according to the drying methods applied in white mulberry fruits; highest gallic acid (76.39 mg / 100g), chlorogenic acid (63.44 mg / 100 g) and caffeic acid contents were determined in the oven drying (110 Co). The highest routine content (16.79 mg / 100 g) was determined in microwave drying. The highest gallic acid (97.58 mg / 100 g), chlorogenic acid (51.75 mg / 100 g) and routine contents in (21.68 mg / 100 g) black mulberry fruits were obtained in microwaves (450 W) drying. In this study, High elagic acid content was also determined in the microwave at 700 W drying. As a result, it has been observed that there are significant changes in biochemical contents of white mulberry and black mulberry fruits depended on drying methods and fresh fruits are important in terms of vitamin C richness.KEYWORDS: Mulberry, drying, phenolic compound, organic acid 71

Bu çalışma, Yalova Atatürk Bahçe Kültürleri Merkez Araştırma Enstitüsü kivi koleksiyon bahçesinde yetiştirilen Hayward, Bruno, Greenlight, Monty ve Topstar çeşitlerine ait meyvelerin farklı gelişme dönemlerindeki pomolojik ve biyokimyasal özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Çeşitlerden iki farklı dönemde (1. Dönem: hasat olumundan bir ay önce ve 2. Dönem hasat olumu) alınan meyve örneklerinde fiziksel ve biyokimyasal özellikler incelenmiştir. 1. dönem alınan örneklerde meyve ağırlığı (92.26 g), meyve eni (49.11 mm) ve meyve boyu (68.60 mm) bakımından en yüksek değere sahip çeşit Hayward olmuştur. 2. dönem toplanan örneklerde meyve ağırlığı (97.73gr) ve eni (50.23mm) en yüksek olan çeşit Hayward iken meyve boyunun en yüksek olduğu çeşit Monty (69.71mm) olmuştur. Yapılan çalışmada suda çözünür kuru madde (SÇKM), meyve eti sertliği ve meyve rengi incelenen diğer meyve özellikleri olmuştur. Araştırmada çeşitlerin organik asit içeriğine bakıldığında okzalik asit içeriği 1. dönem 2.206 mg 100g-1 (Bruno) ile 1.349 mg 100g-1 (Greenlight) arasında ve 2. dönem 1.578 mg 100g-1 (Bruno) ile 1.221 mg 100g-1 (Topstar) arasında, sitrik asit miktarı 1. dönem 1555.908 mg 100g-1 (Monty) ile 1030.876 mg 100g-1 (Topstar) arasında ve 2. dönem 1549,446 mg 100g-1 (Monty) ile 1007.023 mg 100g-1 (Topstar) değerleri arasında bulunmuştur. Ayrıca organik asitlerden malik asit, süksinik asit, fumarik asit, askorbik asit içerikleri de incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışmada toplam 12 fenolik bileşik incelenmiştir. Bu incelemede gallik asit miktarı 1. dönem 0.408 mg 100g-1 (Hayward) – 0.256 mg 100g-1 (Bruno) ve 2. dönem 0.655 mg 100g-1 (Monty) – 0.164 mg 100g-1 (Bruno) arasında, protokateşuik asit içeriği 1. dönem 0.237 mg 100g-1 (Hayward) – 0.067 mg 100g-1 (Greenlight) ve 2. dönem 0.221 mg 100g-1 (Hayward) – 0.035 mg 100g-1 (Greenlight) değerleri arasında bulunmuştur. Fenolik bileşiklerden kateşin, klorojenik asit, vanilik asit, kaffeik asit, siyringik asit, p-kumarik asit, ferulik asit, o-kumarik asit, rutin, kuersetin içerikleri de ayrıca tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma verileri göz önüne alındığında biyoaktif içerikleri bakımından kivi meyvelerinin hasat olgunluğuna geldiği dönemde (2.dönem) toplanmasının daha uygun olacağı kanaatine varılmıştır. This study was carried out to determine the pomological and biochemical properties of the fruits of Hayward, Bruno, Greenlight, Monty and Topstar varieties grown in the collection orchard of Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute in different maturation stages. Physical and biochemical properties of fruit samples taken in two different periods (1st period: one month before harvest and 2nd period: harvest) were examined. Hayward has the highest value in terms of fruit weight (92.26 g), fruit width (49.11 mm) and fruit length (68.60 mm) in first period. In the samples collected in the 2nd period, while Hayward had the highest fruit weight (97.73gr) and the highest fruit width (50.23mm), Monty had the highest fruit height (69.71mm). In the study, total soluable solids (TSS), fruit flesh hardness and fruit color were the other fruit characteristics examined. When the organic acid content of the varieties in the research is examined, the oxalic acid content was between 1.206 mg 100g-1 (Bruno) and 1.349 mg 100g-1 (Greenlight) and 2.478 mg 100g-1 (Bruno) and 1.221 mg 100g-1 (Topstar). ), the amount of citric acid was between the 1st period 1555.908 mg 100g-1 (Monty) and 1030.876 mg 100g-1 (Topstar) and the second period 1549.446 mg 100g-1 (Monty) with 1007.023 mg 100g-1 (Topstar) values. In addition, organic acids, malic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, ascorbic acid contents were also examined. A total of 12 phenolic compounds were investigated. The amount of gallic acid in this study was 1st period 0.408 mg 100g-1 (Hayward) - 0.256 mg 100g-1 (Bruno) and 2nd period between 0.655 mg 100g-1 (Monty) - 0.164 mg 100g-1 (Bruno), protocatechic acid The contents of the first period were between 0.237 mg 100g-1 (Hayward) - 0.067 mg 100g-1 (Greenlight) and 2nd period 0.221 mg 100g-1 (Hayward) - 0.035 mg 100g-1 (Greenlight). Catechin, chlorogenic acid, vanylic acid, caffeic acid, cyanoacetic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, o-coumaric acid, routine, quercetin content are also determined from phenolic compounds. Considering the research data, it was concluded that it would be more appropriate to collect the kiwifruit fruits in the period of harvest maturity (2nd period) in terms of their bioactive contents. 84

In this study, the individual phenolic compounds and relationship with each other of 21 genotypes of Siirt (Şirvan) region were determined. Protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, rutin, quercetin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic, p-coumaric, ferulic acid, and phloridzin content were recorded. Catechin was identified to be dominant phenolic. Statistically, 56 ŞİR 10 genotype had come to the fore with five phenolic compounds. The lowest content of three phenolic compounds was measured in 56 ŞİR 20 genotype. Syringic was recorded to be the lowest level phenolic compound. It was observed that there were positive correlation rutin, caffeic, vanillic and ferulic acid. However, the negative correlation was determined between syringic and caffeic acid. Pomegranate genotypes of Şirvan have been found to be rich in phenolic compounds which have significant health effects. Bu çalışmada, bireysel fenolik bileşikler ve Siirt (Şirvan) bölgesinde yetişen 21 genotipin birbirleriyle ilişkisi belirlenmiştir. Protocatechuic asit, vanillik asit, gallik asit, rutin, kersetin, kateşin, klorojenik asit, kafeik asit, şırınga edici, p-kumarik, ferulik asit ve ploridzin içerikleri kaydedilmiştir. Kateşin baskın fenolik bileşik olarak tanımlanmıştır. 56 ŞİR 10 genotipi, istatistiksel olarak, en yüksek beş fenolik bileşik içeriğine sahip olarak ön plana çıkmıştır. 56 ŞİR 20 genotipi ise üç fenolik bileşik açısından en düşük içeriğe sahip olmuştur. Syringic en düşük seviye fenolik bileşik olarak kaydedilmiştir. Rutin, kafeik, vanilic ve ferulik asit arasında pozitif korelasyonu olduğu görülmüştür. Ancak, siringik ve kafeik asit arasında negatif korelasyon belirlenmiştir. Şirvan yöresindeki nar genotiplerinin, sağlık üzerinde önemli etkileri olan fenolik bileşikler açısından zengin olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

In this study, biochemical compositions of three different blackberry genotypes found in the ecology of Bahçesaray district of Van province were identified. Five different organic acids and eight different phenolic compounds were identified in these genotypes. In the fruits, most common phenolic compound was rutin (4.490 mg/g) and most common organic acid was citric acid (1.132 g/100 g). Citric acid was followed by malic, succinic, fumaric and oxalic acid. The 65BS02 blackberry genotype was found to be rich in vanillin, rutin, gallic, chlorogenic, kaffeic and p-coumaric acid. In conclusion, it was seen that the components varied depending on the genotype. In addition, the 65BS02 genotype emerged as a valuable genotype due to its superior characteristics. Bu çalışmada, Van’ın Bahçesaray ekolojisindeki üç farklı böğürtlen genotipinin biyokimyasal bileşikleri tespit edilmiştir. Genotiplerde 5 farklı organik asit ve 8 farklı fenolik bileşik belirlenmiştir. Meyvelerde, fenolik bileşiklerden en fazla rutin (4.490 mg/g), organik asitlerden ise en fazla sitrik (1.132 g/100g) asit ön plana çıkmıştır. Sitrik asidi malik, süksinik, fumarik ve okzalik asit takip etmiştir. 65BS02 böğürtlen genotipi vanilik, rutin, gallik, klorojenik, kaffeik ve p-kumarik asit yönünden zengin bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak genotipe bağlı olarak bileşenlerin değişkenlik gösterdiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca 65BS02 genotipi üstün özellikleri ile değer kazanan genotip olarak ortaya çıkmıştır.

Blackberry is commonly used both in the fresh and the processing market. In the present study antioxidant capacity, organic acids, phenolic compounds, vitamin C, and sugars content of blackberry cultivars grown in the east of Turkey were determined. Phenolic compounds, organic acids, vitamin C, and sugars were determined by HPLC. Antioxidant capacity was determined by spectrophotometric methods. The cultivar Cherokee had the highest antioxidant capacity (48.900 μmol TE g–1), and the cultivar Jumbo had the lowest antioxidant capacity (30.855 μmol TE g–1). It was determined that the chief phenolic compounds in blackberry cultivars were catechin (ranging from 111.599 to 438.970 mg 100 g–1), followed by ellagic acid (ranging from 10.610 to 51.506 mg 100 g–1). Looking at the content of organic acids, citric acid and malic acid came to the fore, ranging from 3.182 to 7.131 g kg–1 and 1.349 to 2.881g kg–1, respectively. Fructose content of the studied cultivars was higher than the glucose and sucrose contents. Results indicate that blackberry cultivars with higher antioxidant capacity and biochemical content may be valuable for nutritional breeding efforts.

In recent times, pomegranate has been one of Turkey’s most important commercial fruit crops for consumption and export. In this study, the chemical composition of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits grown in the central area of Bitlis province (Eastern Turkey) was investigated. For this purpose, total phenolic content, ascorbic acid content, total anthocyanin and antioxidant activity and minerals content were evaluated. The highest total phenolic contents were determined in 13BIT1 (6477.78 mg gallic acid equivalents 100 g–1 fresh matter). The highest ascorbic acid was determined in 13BIT2 of pomegranate genotype (60.78 mg 100 g–1). Radical scavenging activity (DPPH) were determined between 13BIT18 (78.15) to 13BIT1 (31.49). Total anthocyanin of genotypes was measured between 13BIT19 (156.03) to 13BIT17 (55.37), respectively. The highest mineral compositions of the pomegranate genotypes were 998.00% N, 301.00 mg 100 g–1 P, 1708.61 mg 100 g–1 K, 55.21 mg 100 g–1 Ca, 116.79 mg 100 g–1 Mg, 5.1 mg 100 g–1 Fe, 1.91 mg 100 g–1 Cu, 0.41 mg 100 g–1 Mn and 1.20 mg 100 g–1 Zn, respectively. The results indicate that pomegranate genotypes have an important value of health and nutrition for the human. © Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Lublinie.

WOS:000418033200017 In the present study, fruit weight, fruit firmness, external fruit color, soluble solid content, pH, titratable acidity, vitamin C, total phenolics, total anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity of eight wild bilberry grown in Coruh valley in northeastern Turkey were determined. The blueberry cv. 'Bluecrop' was also studied to make comparison with bilberry genotypes. Antioxidant activity of bilberry and blueberry fruits were comparatively assessed by FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay. Significantly higher contents of phenolics and anthocyanins were found in bilberry fruits comparted with blueberry fruits. However, blueberry cv. 'Bluecrop' exhibited higher fruit weight and vitamin C content than bilberry fruits. Total phenolic and total anthocyanin content was 327 mg gallic acid equivalent and 142 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent in 100 g fresh fruit in cv. 'Bluecrop', while it was between 492-563 mg gallic acid equaivalent and 307-342 mg of cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent in 100 g fresh fruits of bilberry accessions. Moreover, wild accessions had approximately 2-3 folds higher antioxidant capacity than cv. 'Bluecrop'. The obtained results suggest the possibility of improving the bioactive and antioxidant properties of bilberry cultivars by using wild ones in cross breedings. It was also concluded that genotypes significantly affect the bioactive content of fruits and consequently the possibility of using wild bilberry fruits as a potential source of natural antioxidants in food industry is worth to be considered.

Knowledge about diversity of local apple cultivars is particularly important and helps to ensure that specific cultivars are available when and where farmers need them. The phenolic content, organic acids and sugars were investigated in the four historical apple cultivars ('Aslik', 'Cebegirmez', 'Bey Elmasi' and 'Arapkizi') grown in Van province, located in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. In the study, ellagic acid (63.034 mg per 100 ml) was found to be higher than other phenolic compounds and followed by vanilic acid, caffeic acid and routine, respectively. When examined the apple cultivars, it has been found that the 'Bey Elmasi' cultivar has the highest content of six phenolic acids (chlorogenic, ferulic, o-coumaric, p-coumaric, catechin and quercetin). The organic acid contents were as follows: malic > fumaric > succinic > citric > tartaric among cultivars. 'Arapkizi' cultivar possessed the highest value of four organic acids except of tartaric acid. It was determined that fructose was the major sugar for all apple cultivars. There was a positive correlation among gallic, ellagic acid and routine. Similarly, the positive correlation was observed among malic, fumaric and succinic acid. However the negative correlation between citric acid and all sugars was observed. As a result, 'Bey Elmasi' and 'Arapkizi' cultivars with higher phenolic content, 'Arapkizi' cultivar with higher organic acid content and 'Aslik' cultivar with higher sugar content comes to the foreground. Results indicated the importance of local apple germplasm to use of them for future apple breeding activities to increase inner quality. © 2018 Academic Press.

In this study, we aimed to determine biochemical contents of white (Morus alba L.) andblack (Morus nigra L.) mulberry genotypes grown in the Hakkari region. At the end of thestudy, organic acids, phenolic compounds, sugars, vitamin C and antioxidant capacitiesof mulberry species were determined. Black mulberry genotypes were found to containhigher antioxidant capacity than white mulberry genotypes. The highest antioxidantcapacity was detected in the 30YK03 (25.55 μmolTE/g) black mulberry genotype. Whilephenolic compounds varied in mulberry species, especially gallic acid (57.78 mg/100g),chlorogenic acid (53.13 mg/100g), and rutin (37.77 mg/100g) had the highest values.Malic acid was found to be higher than other organic acids and was found to be 13.51g/100g in the highest 30HK03 genotype. Although sugar contents varied in mulberryspecies, glucose was determined higher than fructose and sucrose in mulberries.

Yapılan bu araştırmada Bolu ilinde yetişen Crataegus tanacetifolia (Poir.) ve Crataegus monogyna Jacq. var. monogyna alıç türlerine ait genotiplerin pomolojik, biyokimyasal, moleküler karekterizasyonu yapılmıştır. Söz konusu çalışmada C. tanacetifolia türüne ait 12 genotip ve C. monogyna türüne ait 13 genotip belirlenmiştir. Pomolojik özelliklere bakıldığında genel olarak C. tanacetifolia türüne ait genotiplerin meyve ağırlığı, meyve eni, meyve boyu ve çekirdek ağırlığı değerlerinin C. monogyna türüne ait genotiplerden daha yüsek olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırmada, incelenen genotiplerin meyve ağırlığı en yükesk 14BL05 genotipinde 4.20 g ve en düşük 14BL07 genotipinde 0.29 g olarak tespit edilmiştir. SÇKM, pH ve asitlik oranlarına bakıldığında en yüksek değerler sırasıyla 14BL01 (% 32.00), 14BL25 (5.20) ve 14BL05 (% 3.90) genotiplerinde belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada ayrıca meyve renk değerleri (L, a, b, C, H), hacim, sap uzunluğu ve sap kalınlığı gibi pomolojik özelliklerde ortaya konulmuştur.Genotiplere ait meyvelerin organik asit içeriklerine bakıldığında hakim olan organik asidin sitrik asit olduğu, bunu malik asit ve süksinik asitin takip ettiği görülmüştür. Sitrik asit içeriği en yüsek 14BL09 genotipinde 26.745 g 100 g-1 ve en düşük 14BL15 genotipinde 3.711 g 100 g-1 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Organik asitlerin genel dağılımına bakıldığında askorbik asitin diğer asitlerden daha düşük olduğu ve ortalama değerlerin 2.681-9.621 mg 100 g-1 aralığında değiştiği saptanmıştır. Yapılan araştırmada genotiplerin fenolik bileşik içerikleri değerlendirildiğinde, genel olarak kateşin içeriğinin diğer fenoliklerden daha yüksek olduğu ve en düşük fenolik bileşiğin siringik asit olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada fenolik bileşik içeriği açısından ön plana çıkan kateşin, klorojenik, kaffeik ve rutin içeriğinin sırasıyla 4.140-51.393 mg 100 g-1, 2.254-42.361 mg 100 g-1, 0.624-4.407 mg 100 g-1 ve 1.241- 10.029 mg 100 g-1 aralığında değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca alıç genotiplerinin moleküler karakterizasyonu iPBS retrotranspozon markörlei kullanılarak gerçekleştirlmiştir. Alıç bitkisinde ilk defa defa kullanılan markör sisteminin genotiplerin genetik farklılıklarını ortaya koymakta oldukça faydalı bilgiler sağladığı ve genotipleri tür bazında iki ana gruba ayırdığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, incelenen iki farklı alıç türüne ait 25 genotipin fiziksel ve biyokimyasal içerikler açısından alıç ıslah çalışmalarında değerlendirilmesi gereken önemli birer genetik kaynak oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Alıç, fenolik bileşikler, organik asitler, iPBS retrotranspozon, pomoloji In this study, pomological, biochemical and molecular characterization of genotypes belonging to two hawthorn species of Bolu (Crataegus tanacetifolia (Poir.) Pers. and Crataegus monogyna Jacq. var. monogyna) were performed. Pomological traits of C. tanacetifolia, such as fruit weight, fruit width, fruit length and core weight were higher than those recorded in C. monogyna. Highest fruit weight (4.20g) was found in 14BL05 while lowest (0.29g) was noted in 14BL07. Maximum values of SSC, pH and acidity were observed in 14BL01 (32.00 %), 14BL25 (5.20) ve 14BL05 (3.90 %) genotypes, respectively. In addition, pomological properties such as color (L, a, b, C, H), volume, stalk length and width were also recorded in the present study. Citric acid was the most predominant acid followed by malic and succinic acid in organic acids of the genotypes of both species. Highest citric acid contents (26.745 g 100 g-1 ) was noted in 14BL09 genotype while lowest (3.711 g 100 g-1) in genotype `14BL15`. Ascorbic acid was found in lower contents compared with other organic acids and its contents varied between 2.681-9.621 mg 100 g-1. Among all studied phenolic compunds, catechin contents was found higher while syringic acid was lowest. Catechin, chlorogenic, caffeic and routine contents were found as 4.14-51.393 mg 100 g-1, 2.254-42.361 mg 100 g-1, 0.624-4.407 mg 100 g-1 and 1.241- 10.029 mg 100 g-1, respectively. The iPBS retrotransposon markers were used for the first time in the molecular characterization of hawthorn genotypes. The marker system provided very useful information for revealing the genetic differences of the genotypes and two main clusters were found within the genotypes according to their species. As a result, it has been determined that 25 genotypes belonging to different hawthorn species are important genetic resources to be evaluated in horticultural breeding studies in terms of their physical and biochemical contents.Keywords: Hawthorn, phenolic compounds, organic acids, iPBS, retrotransposon, pomology 88

WOS:000416256600013 The important role of fruits in human health and nutrition has been better understood with the recent studies on biochemical contents of fruits having antioxidant properties. Being one of the similar studies, in this study, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), phenolic compound, organic acid, and vitamin C contents of three plum species (Prunus domestica L., Prunus cerasifera Ehrh., and Prunus spinosa L.) grown in Van locality (Turkey) were identified, and the correlation between the measured values was investigated. Phenolic compound, organic acid, and vitamin C contents were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Analysis of phenolic compound indicated that chlorogenic acid was the predominant phenolic compound, and the highest value was measured in P. spinosa L. as 12.985 mg kg(-1). Malic acid was the predominant organic acids and the highest value was measured in P. spinosa L. as 1.245 g 100 g(-1). The highest TAC and vitamin C contents were also measured in P. spinosa L. as 1.021 mmol TE kg(-1) and 25.492 mg 100 g(-1), respectively. P. spinosa L. was found to be superior to the other two species with respect to antioxidant capacity and other biochemical contents. A significant (P