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Rabbits are frequently used in research because of their human-like biological structure. In the present study, 10 male rabbits were preferred. Arterial vascularization of the genital system organs were dissected. Morphometric and macroanatomical results of these organs were taken, and some organs were examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, right testis length was measured at 67.24 ± 5.36 mm and left testis length was 62.25 ± 6.55 mm in New Zealand rabbits. Testicular weight was 10.21 ± 1.17 g on the right and 9.90 ± 1.15 g on the left. Right caput epididymidis 0.68 ± 0.08 g, left caput epididymidis 0.80 ± 0.13 g; right corpus epididymidis 0.14 ± 0.03 left corpus epididymidis 0.15 ± 0.03 g; right cauda epididymidis 1.87 ± 0.26 g left cauda epididymidis 1.90 ± 0.31 g. In the present study, right ductus deferens weight was 0.30 ± 0.29 g, and left ductus deferens weight was 0.25 ± 0.03 g; the ampulla ductus deferentis weight was 0.35 ± 0.16 g on the right side and 0.37 ± 0.16 g on the left side. The length of the vesicular gland glandula vesicularis was calculated as 18.54 ± 0.35 mm on the right and 17.55 ± 0.59 mm on the left. The width of the vesicular gland was measured as 16.54 ± 0.28 mm on the right and 16.70 ± 0.45 mm on the left. Vesicular gland weight was 0.91 ± 0.07 g on the right side and 0.96 ± 0.09 g on the left side. The prostate length was recorded as 11.68 ± 2.01 mm and width as 13.02 ± 1.38 mm. The length of the bulbourethral gland was 13.36 ± 2.00 mm on the right side and 12.39 ± 1.21 mm on the left. Its width was recorded as 6.73 ± 0.98 mm on the right and 5.80 ± 0.90 mm on the left. Respectively, it weighed 0.40 ± 0.20 g on the right and 0.44 ± 0.24 g on the left. The prostate consisted of three parts in rabbits: the proprostate, the corpus prostate and the paraprostate. The bulbourethral gland was a green lentil-sized gland found in pairs. It is thought that the obtained results will contribute to the scientific researches on male genital system in laboratory animals and other animal species, artificial insemination studies, reproductive system diseases and operations in rabbits.

The Red fox is the largest of the true foxes and the most abundant wild member of the carnivora. This study aimed to determine the anatomical and histological structure of the ovary and salpinx of the Red foxes. The ovary and salpinx of four Red foxes of similar ages, which could not be rescued by the Center despite all interventions, were dissected. Measurements were taken from the right-left ovary and salpinx using digital callipers. The weights of each ovary and salpinx were measured using a precision scale (min: 0.0001 g, max: 220 g). The mean length of the ovary was 13.43 ± 2.38 mm, the width was 6.28 ± 1.99 mm, the thickness was 4.89 ± 0.18 mm, and weight was 0.93 ± 0.14 g. The mean length of the salpinx was 76.22 ± 3.02 mm, the width was 1.98 ± 0.07 mm, and the weight was 0.53 ± 0.31 g. Crossman’s triple staining method was applied for histological examination of the ovary tissue. It was observed that the ovary was surrounded by germinative epithelium from the outside and consisted of the cortex with different follicles in the development stage, and the medulla layer with plenty of blood vessels and nerve plexuses inside. In conclusion, we believe that the findings of this study may be useful for further studies on foxes and surgical operations (ovariectomy, ovariohysterectomy). In addition, it is aimed to eliminate the insufficient information regarding the reproductive system of wild animals in this study. © 2021, Chartered Inst. of Building Services Engineers. All rights reserved. This research received no grant from any funding agency/sector.

The Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is the largest of the true foxes and the most abundant wild member of the carnivora. This study aimed to determine the anatomical structure of the cervix uteri, corpus uteri and cornu uteri of the Red foxes. Animals that were taken to the Kafkas University Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Center, Kars, Turkey, because of various reasons, such as traffic accidents and firearm injuries, were used. The uterus of four Red foxes of similar ages, which could not be rescued by the Center despite all interventions, were dissected. Measurements were taken from the cervix uteri, corpus uteri and right-left cornu uteri using digital calipers. The weights of each organ section were measured using a precision scale. The mean length of the cervix uteri 11.54 ± 1.56 mm, width was 4.46 ± 0.52 mm, thickness was 5.18 ± 0.08 mm, and weight was 1.18 ± 0.04 g. The mean length of the corpus uteri was 20.68 ± 3.06 mm, width was 2.88 ± 0.50 mm, thickness was 2.22 ± 0.19 mm, and weight was 0.90 ± 0.01 g. The mean length of the cornu uteri was 79.85 ± 0.86 mm, width was 4.85 ± 0.79 mm, thickness was 4.33 ± 0.18 mm, and weight was 2.33 ± 0.12 g. In conclusion, information about the uterus of the female genital track of the Red foxes, was given in this study. We believe that the findings of this study may be useful for surgical and gynecological operations to be performed in red foxes and studies to be conducted on this subject., Kızıl tilki, tilkilerin en büyüğü ve vahşi yaşamın bir üyesi olan carnivorların en çok görülenidir. Bu çalışma ile cervix uteri, corpus uteri ve cornu uteri’nin anatomik yapısını belirlemek amaçlandı. Kafkas Üniversitesi Yaban Hayatı Kurtarma ve Rehabilitasyon Merkezi'ne (Kars, Türkiye) trafik kazası, ateşli silah yaralanması gibi çeşitli nedenlerle getirilen hayvanlar kullanıldı. Tüm müdahalelere rağmen merkez tarafından kurtarılamayan benzer yaştaki dört Kızıl tilkinin uterus’u diseke edildi. Dijital kumpas kullanılarak cervix uteri, corpus uteri ve sağ-sol cornu uteri'den ölçümler alındı. Her organ bölümünün ağırlıkları, hassas terazi kullanılarak ölçüldü. Ortalama cervix uzunluğu 11.54 ± 1.56 mm, genişliği 4.46 ± 0.52 mm, kalınlığı 5.18 ± 0.08 mm ve ağırlığı 1.18 ± 0.04 gr idi. Corpus uteri uzunluğu ortalama 20.68 ± 3.06 mm, genişliği 2.88 ± 0.50 mm, kalınlığı 2.22 ± 0.19 mm ve ağırlığı 0.90 ± 0.01 g idi. Cornu uteri'nin ortalama uzunluğu 79.85 ± 0.86 mm, genişliği 4.85 ± 0.79 mm, kalınlığı 4.33 ± 0.18 mm ve ağırlığı 2.33 ± 0.12 g idi. Sonuç olarak Kızıl tilkilerde, dişi genital sistem organlarından uterus hakkında bilgi verildi. Bu çalışmanın bulgularının kızıl tilkilerde, yapılacak olan cerrahi ve jinekolojik operasyonlar ile bu konu ile ilgili yapılacak çalışmalarda faydalı olabileceğine inanıyoruz.

Bu çalışmanın amacı kızıl tilkilerde testis, penis ve prostat’ın arteriyel vaskularizasyonu, makroanatomik ve histolojik yapısını incelemektir. Kafkas Üniversitesi Yaban Hayatı Koruma ve Kurtarma Merkezi’nden 5 adet erkek kızıl tilki temin edildi. Testis, penis ve prostat’ı besleyen arterler diseke edildi. Bu organların ortalama uzunluğu, genişliği, ağırlığı ölçüldü. Testis, penis ve prostat’ın anatomik özellikleri değerlendirildikten doku örneklerine standart histolojik prosedür uygulanarak parafinde bloklandı. İnternal iliac arter, daha kalın dorsal’e yönelen caudal gluteal arter ve daha ince ventral’e yönelen internal pudendal arter olarak ikiye ayrılıyordu. A. testicularis’ler L5 hizasında abdominal aorta’nın iki tarafından asimetrik olarak ayrılıyordu. Spermatik kanal boyunca seyredip testislerde sonlanıyordu. Sunulan çalışmanın bulgularının kızıl tilkiler ve carnivorlarda yapılacak olan suni tohumlama, kastrasyon, prostat ve ürolithiasis operasyonlarına katkıda bulunacağına inanmaktayız., The aim of this study was to examine arterial vascularization and the macroanatomic and histological structures of the testis, penis, and prostate gland in the red fox. Five male red foxes were provided by the Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Center of Kafkas University, Turkey. The arteries supplying the prostate, penis, and testes in the animals were exposed by dissection, the mean length, width, and weight of these organs were measured. After the anatomical features of the testis, penis, and prostate were assessed, tissue samples of each blocked in paraffin then handling standard histological procedures. The internal iliac artery was divided into two branches the caudal gluteal artery, which is the thicker branch and leads dorsally, and the internal pudendal artery, which is the thinner branch and leads ventrally. The testicular artery is asymmetrically separated from both sides of the abdominal aorta at the 5th lumbar vertebra, passes through the spermatic canal, and ends in the testes. It is thought that the findings of this study will contribute information to the literature on artificial insemination, castration, prostate, and urolithiasis surgeries on carnivores.

Respirationis one of the functions that has vital importance for the continuity ofmetabolism. The level of metabolic activity of a living organism is dependenton the respiratory system which mediates the transport of oxygen to tissues andthe accumulation of accumulated carbon dioxide. Naris, cavitas nasalis, larynx,trachea, syrinx, primer bronchi (mesobronchi), secondary bronchi, inferiorbronchi (parabronchi), air capillaries, pulmo, air sacs and pneumatic bonesform respiratory tract of a bird. Half of the air taken in inspiration goes tothe caudal air sacs, and other half goes to thecranial air sacs over the lungs (leaving oxygen and loading carbon dioxide). Inthe expiration while the air in the caudal sacs passes through the lungs(leaving oxygen and loading carbon dioxide) to the trachea, the air in thecranial sacs passes to the trachea., Solunum,metabolizmanın devamlılığı için hayati öneme sahip olan fonksiyonlardanbirisidir. Bir canlının metabolik faaliyet düzeyi dokularına oksijentaşınmasına ve birikmiş karbondioksitin toplanmasına aracılık eden solunumsistemine bağlıdır. Bir kuşta solunum yolunu naris, cavitas nasalis, larynx,trachea, syrinx, primer bronchi (mesobronchi), sekonder bronchi, tersiyerbronchi (parabronchi), air capillaries, pulmo, air sacs ve pneumatik kemikleroluşturur. İnspiration’da alınan havanın yarısı caudal hava keselerine, diğeryarısı ise akciğer üzerinden (oksijeni bırakıp karbondioksit yüklenerek) cranialhava keselerine gider. Ekspiration’da caudal keselerdeki hava akciğer üzerinden(oksijeni bırakıp karbondioksit yüklenerek)trachea’ya geçerken,cranial keselerdeki hava da trachea’ya geçer.

The aim of this study was to comparatively, morphometrically and macroanatomically investigate skeleton appendiculare. Atotal of 24 goose cadavers were used. Scapula length was 107.31 ± 1.05 mm in female geese; it was 116.63 ± 0.65 mm in male geese.While the length of the os coracoideum was 78.5 ± 0.6 mm in female geese; it was detected as 87 ± 0.8 mm in male geese. The claviculalength was 66.90 ± 0.71 mm in female geese and it was 73.39 ± 0.59 mm in male geese and it was determined that both claviculashaped furcula with a distinct curvature. While the length of the humerus in female geese was 175.02 ± 1.59 mm; it was measured as191.28 ± 1.44 mm in male ones. While the mean ulna height was 162.60 ± 1.26 mm in female geese; it was determined as 178.84 ± 0.83mm in male geese. The mean radius length was measured as 154.20 ± 1.63 mm in female geese, it was 169.75 ± 1.31 mm in male geese.It was detected that os carpi radiale was in a triangular shape, os carpi ulnare was in the form of a pipe. It was determined that theheight of carpometacarpus was 94.57 ± 0.75 mm in female geese; 100.95 ± 1.03 mm was in male geese. Pelvis length was measured as154.27 ± 1.81 mm in female geese; it was 169.91 ± 1.68 mm in male geese. While femur length was detected as 86.85 ± 0.98 mm infemale geese; it was 93.87 ± 1.12 mm in male geese. While tibiotarsus length was 160.94 ± 1.88 mm in female geese; it was 174.20 ±1.28 mm in male ones. While the tarsometatarsus length was 93.15 ± 1.19 mm in female geese; it was measured as 101.64 ± 0.88 mmin male geese. As a result, in this study, thought that obtained findings will contribute in scientific research, evaluations of sexualdimorphism, zooarchaeological studies and operations on poultry animals.

Çalışmada Hemşin koyun ırkında metapodium’ların morfometrik ve stereolojik olarak değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Bu amaçla 1 yaşında 10 adet erkek Hemşin koyunu metapodium’u kullanıldı. Maserasyondan sonra metapodium’lardan 16 morfometrik, 3 stereolojik toplam 19 adet ölçü alındı. Stereolojik olarak cavum medullare ve kemik hacmi Cavalieri prensibi kullanılarak ölçüldü. Elde edilen bu iki değer toplanarak metapodial hacme ulaşıldı. Çalışmada maksimum uzunluk metacarpus’ta ortalama 134.40 mm, metatarsus’ta ortalama 139.16 mm olarak belirlendi. Elde edilen verilere göre, metacarpus hacmi ortalama 26.88 cm3, metatarsus hacmi ortalama 36.39 cm3 olarak tespit edildi. Metacarpus ve metatarsus toplam kemik hacmi ve kemik hacmi bakımından karşılaştırıldığında farkın istatistiksel olarak önemli olduğu belirlendi (P< 0.05). Sonuç olarak çalışmanın koyunlarda metapodium üzerinde yapılacak morfometrik ve stereolojik çalışmalara katkı sağlayacağı ve arkeolojik kazılarda veri kaynağı oluşturacağı düşünülmektedir.

Sunulan çalışmada kızıl tilkilerde arteria celiaca ve dallarının araştırılması amaçlandı. Çalışmada 6 adet kızıl tilki kullanıldı. Arteria celiaca’nın 1. lumbal vertebra hizasında aorta abdominalis’ten ayrıldığı ve ilk ayrılan dalın ise arteria hepatica olduğu belirlendi. Arteria hepatica’dan ortalama 8.48 mm sonra kalın olan arteria lienalis ve daha ince olan arteria gastrica sinistra’nın ortak bir kök halinde başlangıç aldığı görüldü. Arteria gastroduodenalis’in arteria pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis ve arteria gastroepiploica dextra’ya ayrılarak sonlandığı görüldü. Arteria lienalis’ten biri dalağın extremitas dorsalis’ine, diğeri extremitas ventralis’ine giden iki damar ayrıldığı tespit edildi. Extremitas dorsalis’e giden arteria lienalis’in arteriae gastricae breves dallarının midenin fundus bölümünde sonlandığı görüldü. Arteria lienalis’in extremitas ventralis’e giden arteria gastroepiploica sinistra dalı önce 3 dala daha sonra çok sayıda dallara ayrılarak midenin curvatura major’unda arteria gastrica dextra ile anastomoz yaptığı belirlendi. Extremitas ventralis’e giden ana daldan pankreas’ı besleyen 2-3 ince dalın ayrıldığı görüldü. Sonuç olarak sunulan bu araştırmanın bulgularının evcil ve yaban hayvanı olan carnivorlar üzerinde yapılacak olan splenektomi, mide ve karaciğer operasyonlarına destek olacağı düşünülmektedir., This study aimed to conduct a research on arteria celiaca and its branches in Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). Six red foxes were used. It was determined that arteria celiaca was separated from the aorta abdominalis in the line of first lumbal vertebrae and arteria hepatica was the first branch derivated from arteria celiaca. The thick branch (arteria lienalis) and the thin branch (arteria gastrica sinistra) were found to derivate as a common root with a mean distance of 8.48 mm from arteria hepatica. Arteria gastroduodenalis was found to be terminated by giving branches such as arteria pancreaticoduodenalis cranialis and arteria gastroepiploica dextra. Arteria lienalis was found to have separated two vessels leading to the extremitas dorsalis and the extremitas ventralis of spleen. The branches of the arteria lienalis called as arteriae gastricae breves were found to terminated in the fundus part of the stomach are by leading to the extremitas dorsalis. Arteria gastroepiploica sinistra, which is the branch of arteria lienalis leading to the extremitas ventralis, was found to gave first 3 branches and then divided into a large number of branches by giving anastomosis with arteria gastrica dextra in the line of curvature of the stomach. It was seen that 2-3 thin branches feeding the pancreas were derivated from the main branch of the extremitas ventralis. We believe that the results of this study will provide further data supporting splenectomy, stomach and liver operations on domestic and wild carnivores.