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Late bilinguals who spend (part of) their adult lives in an environment where a language other than the one they learned in childhood is spoken typically experience a range of language development phenomena. Most obviously, they will acquire some level of receptive and/or productive knowledge of the new, or second, language (L2). How basic or advanced that level will be is determined by a range of environmental, experiential, attitudinal and individual factors. Secondly, they will most likely find the knowledge of their native language (L1) beginning to diverge from that of monolingual speakers in their country of origin, a process known as language attrition. In the course of this developmental process, some L2 skills may eventually match or even overtake the corresponding skill in the L1. This shift in the balance between L1 and L2 is the focus of investigations of language dominance. The present study explores language dominance in four migrant populations (Germans in the Netherlands and Canada, Turks and Moroccans in the Netherlands). Investigating both the development of formal/controlled skills and more automatic aspects of lexical access and fluency, we aim to attain an understanding of how extralinguistic factors contribute to the development of both languages. We argue that an integrated perspective can contribute more profound insights into the predictors of this complex process of bilingual development. In particular, our findings show that statistical models based on linear relationships fall short of capturing the full picture. We propose an alternative method of analysing data, namely discriminant function analysis, based on a categorisation of the populations, and demonstrate how this can enhance our understanding. Our findings suggest that different aspects of the bilingual experience contribute differently to language development, regardless of language combination and type of skill measured. Contrary to what previous research suggests, measures relating to the intensity of informal use of both the L1 and the L2 in daily life are important in determining whether someone is a good or a poor L1 maintainer, while high vs. low success in acquisition appears to be predominantly associated with personal factors such as educational level.

Amaç: D vitamini, kalsiyum absorbsiyonu ve kemik metabolizmasında etkilidir. Ayrıca düşük D vitamini düzeyleri DM, HT, kanser ve otoimmun hastalıkların yer aldığı çoğu kronik hastalık ile de ilişkilidir. Bu çalışmada laboratuvarımızda 2012 yılı Ocak-Aralık ayları arasında çalışılan D vitamini düzeylerinin incelenmesi amaçlandı.Materyal ve Metod: 2012 yılında Ocak-Aralık ayları arasındaki 4168 hasta değerlendirildi ve yaş, cinsiyet ve D vitamini düzeyleri aylara göre gruplara ayrıldı.Bulgular: Çalışmamızda 3242 (% 77,8) kadın ve 926 (%22,2) erkek yer aldı. Hastaların D vitamini düzeyleri ortalaması 22,80±13,27 ng/mL, kadınlarda 22,49±13,88 ng/mL, erkeklerde 23,75±10,57 ng/mL idi. Hastaların % 47’inde (kadınlarda % 50, erkeklerde %38) < 20 ng/mL D vitamini seviyeleri vardı (D vitamin yetersizliği için cut-off). D vitamini yetersizliğinde mevsimsel değişiklikleri incelemek için ortalama D vitamini düzeyleri karşılaştırıldığında tüm gruplar arasında istatiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulundu ( p