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Purpose: The aim of the study explores probable toxic effects of vancomycin on kidney and analysis of the probable protective effects of melatonin. Materials and Methods: In this study, rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group; the melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) group; the vancomycin-treated (200 mg/kg) group; and the vancomycin (200 mg/kg) + melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) group. Rats in the treatment group were given two doses of vancomycin a day with an interval of seven consecutive days and melatonin (10 mg/kg/day) once daily for seven consecutive days. The experiment was continued for 15 days. In each group, seven rats were grouped together. 15 days after the experiment, the rats were sacrificed under anesthesia and among all groups. Kidney tissues were collected and processed for further TNF- expression analysis, as well as histological analyses such as hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson's tricrom, and Periodic acid schiff (PAS) staining to assess pathological severity. In addition, a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to evaluate apoptosis. Results: While vancomycin upregulated TNF-α expression, melatonin reduced levels of TNF-α immunoreactivity intensity and clearly improved pathological severity in rat kidneys. Further, melatonin significantly inhibited vancomycin-induced TUNEL-positive cell numbers. Conclusion: Melatonin has protective activity against vancomycin-induced pro-inflammatory and proapoptotic effects in kidneys during organ preservation time and improves kidney function.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate miR-20a expression in glioblastoma cell line (U87) after applying cyclopamine and temozolomide (TMZ) treatment separately and in combination and to evaluate the efficiency of miR-20a in glioblastoma treatment.Materials and Methods: U87 MG was placed on a 35 mm culture dish before treatment. Within the scope of the study, 7 groups were formed: Group 1: Control group, Group 2: Sham group (Dimethyl sulfoxide), Group 3: 2 Days TMZ, Group 4: 5 Days TMZ, Group 5: 3 Hours Cyclopamine, Group 6: 2 Days TMZ + 3 Hours Cyclopamine, Group 7: 5 Days TMZ + 3 Hours Cyclopamine Total miRNA isolation and qRT-PCR was performed after treatment. Results: MiR-20a expression in the glioblastoma cell line was found to be significantly decreased in group 3, group 4, group 5, group 6 and group 7. However, it was determined that this decrease was highest in group 7. In addition, it was observed that the number of cells decreased in group 7. Conclusion: MiR-20a is highly expressed in glioblastoma cells; however, it was determined that the expressions decreased after Cyclopamine and TMZ treatments. miR-20a can be used as a new therapeutic target and biomarker for glioblastoma, Cyclopamine and TMZ can be used for treatment in glioblastoma, but further studies are needed on this subject., Amaç: Bu çalışmada, glioblastoma hücre hattında (U87) siklopamin ve temozolomid (TMZ) tedavisinin ayrı ayrı ve kombine olarak uygulanmasından sonra miR-20a ekspresyonunun araştırılması ve bu miRNA’nın glioblastoma tedavisindeki etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: U87 MG, tedaviden önce 35 mm'lik kültür kabı üzerine yerleştirildi ve çoğaltıldı. Çalışma kapsamında 7 grup oluşturuldu: Grup 1: Kontrol grubu, Grup 2: Sham grubu (Dimetil sülfoksit), Grup 3: 2 Gün TMZ, Grup 4: 5 Gün TMZ, Grup 5: 3 saat siklopamin, Grup 6: 2 Gün TMZ + 3 saat siklopamin, Grup 7: 5 Gün TMZ + 3 saat siklopamin. Tedaviden sonra total miRNA izolasyonu ve qRT-PCR yapıldı. Bulgular: Glioblastoma hücre hattında miR-20a ekspresyonunun grup 3, grup 4, grup 5, grup 6 ve grup 7’de belirgin olarak azaldığı tespit edildi. Ancak bu azalmanın en fazla grup 7 de olduğu saptandı . Ek olarak grup 7’de hücre sayısının azaldığı görüldü. Sonuç: Glioblastoma hücrelerinde miR-20a’nın yüksek oranda eksprese olduğu; ancak siklopamin ve TMZ tedavilerinden sonra ekspresyonun azaldığı tespit edildi. miR-20a’nın glioblastoma için yeni bir terapötik hedef ve biyobelirteç olarak kullanılabileceği, siklopamin ve TMZ’nin glioblastomada tedavi amaçlı kullanılabileceği ancak bu konuda daha ileri çalışmaların yapılması gerektiği sonucuna varıldı.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical agent known to have detrimental reproductive and developmental effects. The tissue-specific impacts of BPA exposures and target tissues sensitiveness to BPA are still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the short- and long-term dose-dependent toxic effects of BPA on rat testes. Forty-eight Wistar albino male rats were divided into four groups each containing 12 rats. To induce toxicity, BPA was administered orally at three different dosages (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) for 14 and 28 days, respectively. Testis tissues were examined using light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and biochemical methods. Serum testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured. Additionally, insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) as a marker of Leydig cell function was evaluated immunohistochemically. Groups administered high doses of BPA showed severe degenerations such as testicular atrophy, spermatogenic arrest, and interstitial edema in testis. Also, a significant decrease in INSL3 immunoreactivity and serum LH and T levels was found. The results indicated that both increased exposure time and dosage of BPA caused more serious detrimental effects on testes in the rat. Decreased INSL3 and T levels was evidence of Leydig cell function impairment due to BPA.

In this study, the expression of the androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) in testicular tissue of male patients with obstructive azoospermia (OA) and non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. NOA (n = 23) and OA (n = 21) groups were created according to clinical and laboratory archival records. Testicular sperm extraction tissue sections were evaluated according to Johnsen's tubular biopsy scoring (JTBS) method. ERα and AR immunostaining results were evaluated semiquantitatively. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, and estradiol were analyzed. Serum FSH and LH concentrations were greater, and testosterone concentrations were lower than the normal values in the NOA group, whereas the OA group revealed normal hormonal values. Serum estradiol concentrations in groups were in the normal range. JTBSs were significantly lower in the NOA group. Decreased AR expression and increased ERα expression were observed in the NOA group compared to the OA group. This suggests that ERα and AR are expressed in Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, and myoid cells and are required for normal testicular function. Decreased expression of the AR and increased expression of ERα in the testis may negatively affect spermatogenesis.

PubMedID: 30712387 We investigated the myotoxic effects of bupivacaine, ropivacaine and levobupivacaine on rat skeletal muscle and compared its apoptotic activity and acute effects on pro-nflammatory cytokines. We divided 40 Wistar albino rats into four equal groups. Rats were injected intramuscularly with 0.5% bupivacaine (group B), 0.5% ropivacaine (group R), 0.5% levobupivacaine (group L) or 0.9% normal saline (group SF). Animals were sacrificed on the second day after the injection. TNF-?, IL-1 and IL-6 levels were examined in muscle tissue using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Apoptotic cells were visualized by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. We found that levobupivacaine caused the lowest TNF-?, IL-1 and IL-6 expression levels, while the bupivacaine group caused the highest level compared to the other two agents. The greatest number of apoptotic cells was found in the bupivacaine group. Bupivacaine was more myotoxic than other anesthetic agents and increased apoptosis. The number of TUNEL positive apoptotic cells was lowest in the SF group. The greatest IL-1 immunoreactivity was found in the bupivacaine group. Bupivacaine and ropivacaine produced greater IL-6 expression than the SF group. Bupivacaine and ropivacaine caused greater TNF-? expression than the SF group, whereas the immunoreactivity of TNF-? was similar in the bupivacaine and ropivacaine groups. © 2018, © 2018 The Biological Stain Commission. Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit: TSA-2016-6208 Oure study was supported by the Erciyes University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (ERU/BAP, Project No: TSA-2016-6208).

In this study, the effects of curcumin, glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, advanced protein oxidation products (AOPP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in experimental liver damage with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) in Swiss albino mice were investigated. Subjects (n = 9) were divided into 5 as tumor control 1, tumor control 2, curcumin preservative and treatment, and healthy controlgroup. Curcumin oral gavage (in 150 mg/kg of ethylalcohol) was given to the protecting group for 19 days, 5 days before the administration of Diethylnitrosamine, and 24 hours after the administration of Diethylnitrosamine. 100 μl of ethylalcohol oral gavage was given to the healthy group for 19 days. While MDA levels decreased significantly in the curcumin preservative group (p 0.05), (p = 0.128). AOPP levels decreased significantly in the curcumin protective group (p 0.05), (p = 0.073). SOD activities increased significantly in both groups. It was found as (p

Erkeklerde spermatogenezin normal şekilde gerçekleşebilmesi için testislerin karın boşluğu dışında, vücuttan 2-3°C düşük sıcaklıkta skrotum adı verilen kese içerisine inmeleri gerekmektedir. Testis iniş mekanizması türler arasında farklılık göstermekle birlikte, testislerin intrabdominal seviyeden skrotuma inmeleri hormonal ve mekanik etkilere bağlı olarak transabdominal ve inguinoskrotal evreler sonunda gerçekleşmektedir. Kranial süspansör ligament dejenerasyonu ve gubernakular şişme reaksiyonu ile karakterize olan transabdominal evre Leydig hücrelerinden salınan INSL3 (İnsülin benzeri faktör-3) kontrolündedir. Testislerin inguinal kanaldan geçerek skrotuma indiği son evre olan inguinoskrotal evre ise androjen bağımlıdır. Testislerin iniş süreci INSL3 ve androjenler dışında, Sertoli hücrelerinden salınan MIS (Mülleryan inhibe edici madde), genitofemoral sinir uçlarından salınan CGRP (Kalsitonin gen-bağımlı peptid), peritoneal bir divertikül olan vaginal prosses, meme hattı altındaki MFP (Meme yağ yastıkçığı) ile Hox genlerinin rol oynadığı kompleks bir süreçtir. Testis iniş mekanizmasında meydana gelen herhangi bir aksaklık durumunda, infertilite ve testiküler kanser nedenleri arasında sayılan anorşi, refraktil testis, kriptorşidizm ve ektopik testis görülebilmektedir.

Background/aim: The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidative effect of curcumin on nicotine-induced mice testis. Materials and methods: Sixty Swiss albino male mice were divided into five groups, each containing 12 mice. The first group was used as a control. To induce toxicity in the second and third group, nicotine (0.4 mg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally into mice for 14 and 28 days, respectively. The mice in the fourth and fifth group were injected with nicotine (0.4 mg/kg/day) and orally treated with curcumin (200 mg/kg) for 14 and 28 days, respectively. Testosterone levels were measured from blood samples and testis tissues were examined under light and electron microscopes. Results: Light and electron microscopic examinations of the nicotine-induced groups showed evident degenerations in spermatogenic cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells. The groups treated with curcumin had less testicular alterations. The mice that were sacrificed after 28 days in the groups treated with curcumin showed minor degenerations. Furthermore, the median levels of testosterone significantly decreased in the nicotine-induced groups in comparison with those in the control group. Conclusion: The results indicated that curcumin might be a potential therapeutic agent for testicular injury caused by nicotine addiction. Background/aim: The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidative effect of curcumin on nicotine-induced mice testis. Materials and methods: Sixty Swiss albino male mice were divided into five groups, each containing 12 mice. The first group was used as a control. To induce toxicity in the second and third group, nicotine (0.4 mg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally into mice for 14 and 28 days, respectively. The mice in the fourth and fifth group were injected with nicotine (0.4 mg/kg/day) and orally treated with curcumin (200 mg/kg) for 14 and 28 days, respectively. Testosterone levels were measured from blood samples and testis tissues were examined under light and electron microscopes. Results: Light and electron microscopic examinations of the nicotine-induced groups showed evident degenerations in spermatogenic cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells. The groups treated with curcumin had less testicular alterations. The mice that were sacrificed after 28 days in the groups treated with curcumin showed minor degenerations. Furthermore, the median levels of testosterone significantly decreased in the nicotine-induced groups in comparison with those in the control group. Conclusion: The results indicated that curcumin might be a potential therapeutic agent for testicular injury caused by nicotine addiction.

PubMedID: 29693500 Recent studies suggest that nerve growth factor (NGF) protects olfactory cells and axons from injury in vitro. Eighteen Wistar-Albino rats randomly divided into three groups: control group, diabetic group without NGF, and diabetic with NGF. Intranasal NGF (6 µg/day) was administered over a 5-day period. At the end of 30 days, the olfactory epithelium (OE) of NGF-applied diabetic rats regenerated, the epithelium thickness was significantly higher, and caspase-3 expression was not significantly different from the control. The current results demonstrate that intranasally administered NGF significantly reversed OE morphological changes in diabetes by decreasing diabetes-related cell death and inflammation. © 2018 Taylor & Francis.

PubMedID: 25941920 The aim of this study was to investigate the myotoxic effects of bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and levobupivacaine which were applied intramuscularly to rat skeletal muscle. Forty Wistar-Albino rats were divided into four groups. In the study, .5% bupivacaine (Group B), .5% ropivacaine (Group R), .5% levobupivacaine (Group L), or .9% normal saline (Group SF) was applied intramuscularly to the right gastrocnemius muscle of rats. The rats in each group were sacrificed on the second day after injection. Sections of muscle samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for light microscopic investigation and prepared for the evaluation of ultrastructural changes in the subcellular level with transmission electron microscopy. All three local anesthetic agents caused qualitatively similar skeletal muscle damage. The most observed muscle damage was in Group B, muscle damage of Group R was less than that of Group B, and the least damage was seen in Group L quantitatively. Electron microscopic examination of each group that caused cellular damage was qualitatively similar. The most subcellular damage was observed in the group receiving bupivacaine, less was seen in the ropivacaine group, and the least was observed in the levobupivacaine group. The results indicated that bupivacaine caused more myotoxic damage than the other two agents in the skeletal muscle of rats and that levobupivacaine caused less myotoxic damage than both bupivacaine and ropivacaine at the cell and tissue levels. © 2015 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted. Firat University Scientific Research Projects Management Unit This study was supported by Erciyes University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit. ERÜ/ BAP, Project no. TSU-10-2956.

Bone which has movement and support functions, is the largest organ of the body. Bone is regulated by hormonal signal but it also acts as an endocrine organ. Many peptide hormones such asosteocalcin are secreted from bone. Osteocalcin which is an osteoblast derived hormone, has two forms: “carboxylated (inactive) osteocalcin and decarboxylated (active) osteocalcin”. While inactive osteocalcin is found in bone matrix, active osteocalcin is given to blood circulation and acts as a multifunctional hormone. In the past ten years, numerous epidemiological, genetic and biochemical studies have revealed hormonal links between bone and pancreas, adipose tissue, gonads via active osteocalcin. In this review, a newly defined pathwaycalled pancreas-bone-testis axis which stimulates testosterone synthesis independent of hypothalamic hypophyseal testicular axis, is discussed., Kemik; hareket ve destek fonksiyonuna sahip vücudun en büyük organıdır. Hormonal uyarılarla regüle olan kemik dokunun, kendisi de endokrin bir organ olarak davranır. Osteokalsin başta olmak üzere pek çok peptid yapıda hormon salgılar. Osteoblastlarda sentezlenen osteokalsin’in: “karboksile (inaktif) osteokalsin ve dekarboksile (aktif) osteokalsin” olmak üzere 2 formu bulunmaktadır. İnaktif osteokalsin, kemik matriksinde bulunurken aktif osteokalsin kan dolaşımına verilir ve multifonksiyonel hormon olarak davranır. Aktif osteokalsin; enerji metabolizması ve erkek fertilitesini regüle eder. Geçtiğimiz on yılda sayısız epidemiyolojik, genetik ve biyokimyasal çalışmada, kemik dokunun aktif osteokalsin aracılığıyla pankreas, adipoz doku ve gonadlar ile arasındaki hormonal bağlantıları gösterilmiştir. Bu makalede hipotalamohipofizyal testis ekseninden bağımsız olarak testosteron sentezini uyaran yeni tanımlanmış pankreas-kemik-testis ekseninin mekanizması tartışılmıştır.

PubMedID: 26305144 Objective: Necrotizing enterocolitis has been investigated and debated extensively in recent years; however, there is still no effective treatment. The aim of this study was thus to examine the effects of ß-estradiol on intestinal injury in rats. Methods: Twenty-four newborn female rat pups were divided into three groups. In group 1 (sham), hypoxia-re-oxygenation was not performed. In group 2 (saline), the rats were injected with saline after hypoxia-re-oxygenation, and the process was repeated for 5 d. In group 3 (ß-estradiol treatment), the rats were subjected to hypoxia-re-oxygenation and then given ß-estradiol intraperitoneally once a day for 5 d. After these procedures, the terminal ileum was removed for analysis. Results: Statistically significant differences in histological grades were found between groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.000), groups 1 and 3 (p = 0.028), and groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.021). There were also differences in TNF-? and IL-6 levels between groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.000 and p = 0.038, respectively) and between groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.000 and p = 0.000); there was no difference between groups 1 and 3 (p = 0.574 and p = 0.195, respectively). Electron microscopy examination revealed a decrease in lipid droplets at the apical cytoplasm of the columnar cells in group 2; in group 3, the absorption of the lipids as lipid droplets was similar to that of group 1. Conclusion: In this study, ß-estradiol was found to decrease the intensity of intestinal injury significantly by inhibiting TNF-? and IL-6. © 2015 Taylor & Francis.

The present study aimed to investigate phenolic acid composition, antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of Stachys pumila extract (SPE) against CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity. Pretreatment of rats with SPE significantly (P