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Basketbol, küresel olarak en yaygın sporlardan birisidir ve bununla birlikte dünyada iki organizasyon ön plana çıkmaktadır: Amerikan Ulusal Basketbol Ligi (NBA) ve Avrupa Ligi (EuroLeague). Takım sporlarında performans analizi, antrenman ve müsabaka sürecine ilişkin verilere erişim kolaylığı ile son on yılda giderek hızlanmıştır. Basketbolun değişen oyun yapısı ve bazı parametrelerin basketbolun oyun stiline etkileri konusunda çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Sayı, ortalama atış denemesi ve ortalama isabetli atış, ortalama üç sayılık atış denemesi ve ortalama isabetli üç sayı, asist, ribaunt, blok, top çalma, top kaybı parametreleri değerlendirilerek oyunun yapısındaki değişikliklerin neler olduğunu belirlemek bu çalışmanın amacı olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma, 2002 – 2020 yılları arasında Amerikan Ulusal Basketbol Ligi (NBA) ve Avrupa Basketbol Ligi (EuroLeague) normal sezonlarında oynanan müsabakaları kapsamaktadır. Takımların maç başına sayıları, atış denemeleri ve isabetli atış sayısı, takımların maç başına üç sayılık atış denemeleri ve isabetli atış sayısı, ribaund, asist, top çalma, top kaybı ve blok ortalamaları parametreleri gruplandırılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan analizlerde EuroLeague ve NBA’de sezonlar ilerledikçe en çarpıcı değişimlerin maç başına sayı denemesi, atılan sayı, maç başına üç sayılık atış denemesi ve isabetli üç sayılık atışlarda meydana geldiği tespit edilmiştir. Oyun içerisinde meydana gelen sürekli değişim ve gelişim göz önüne alındığında yapılan çalışmaların güncellenmesi ve farklı istatistiksel yöntemler/yaklaşımlar kullanılarak her iki ligin de analiz edilmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Amerikan futbolu, ragbi, boks, kick boks (K1) ve bu sporlara benzer temas sporlarında, beyin sarsıntısı riski darbeler ve çarpışmalardan dolayı çok fazla görülmektedir. Oluşan beyin sarsıntıları, taşıdığı riskler ve tedavi yöntemleriyle ilgili bilgiler sınırlıdır. Araştırmanın amacı, beyin sarsıntısının nedenleri-sonuçları, bazı sporlardaki etkileri ve sakatlanma oranlarını inceleyip, yapılan araştırmalarla ilgili derleme sunabilmektir. Çalışmada, PubMed, Google Scholar, Ankara ve Kırıkkale Üniversitesi veri tabanları, Ebscohost veri tabanı kullanılarak; ‘’concussion’’ ya da ‘’concussion syndrome’’, ‘’American football’’ ya da ‘’American football and concussion’’, ‘’Ragbi’’ ya da ‘’Ragbi and concussion’’, ‘’ kick boks’’ ya da ‘’kick boks and concussion’’, ya da ‘’boks’’ ya da ‘’boks and concussion’’ birincil arama terimleri ile tarama yapılmıştır. Tanımlanan literatürün referans listeleri de incelenmiş; çalışmalar, dahil etme kriterlerini doğrulamak için eleştirel analiz ve ön yargı değerlendirilmesinden sonra ayrıntılı olarak gözden geçirilmiştir. Çalışmalar, saha performansı ve oyuna dönüş, fiziksel fonksiyon, bilişsel bozukluk, hafıza bozukluğu, reaksiyon zamanı, testler ve tedaviler başlıkları altında değerlendirilmiştir. Saha performansı ve oyuna dönüş çalışmalarında, sarsıntı geçiren oyuncuların çoğunun sarsıntıdan kurtulduğu ve farklı sürelerde de olsa oyuna geri dönüş yaptığı; fiziksel fonksiyon ile ilgili çalışmalarda sarsıntı ile fiziksel işlevsellik arasında anlamlı ilişkiler olduğu; bilişsel bozukluk çalışmalarında sarsıntı geçiren kişilerde bilişsel bozukluk ve depresyon olduğu görülmüştür. Hafıza bozukluğu ve reaksiyon zamanı ile sarsıntı arasında anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Yapılan testler ve tedaviler sonrasında ise vestibuler sistemde düzelme, beyin kan akışı ve hacminde düzelme, bilişsel puanlar ve motor becerilerde artış ve semptomlarda azalma görülmüştür. Beyin sarsıntısı riskinin yer aldığı tüm spor branşlarında, sporcu ve antrenörlerin sarsıntıya bağlı riskleri göz önünde bulundurmaları gerekmektedir., In American football, rugby, boxing, kickboxing (K1) and contact sports similar to these sports, the risk of concussion is high due to blows and collisions. There is limited information about the concussions that occur, the risks and treatment methods. The aim of the study is to examine the causes and consequences of concussion, the effects in some sports and the rates of injury, and to present a review about the researches. In the study, using PubMed, Google Scholar, Ankara and Kırıkkale University databases, Ebscohost database; ''concussion'', or ''concussion syndrome'', ''American football'', or'' American football and concussion'', ''Rugby'', or ''Rugby and concussion'', ''kick boxing'', or ''kick boxing and concussion'', or ''boxing'', or ''boxing and concussion'' have been searched with primary search terms. Reference lists of the defined literature were also examined; the studies were thoroughly reviewed after critical analysis and bias assessment to validate the inclusion criteria. The studies were evaluated under the headings of field performance and return to play, physical function, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, reaction time, tests and treatments. During the field performance and return to the game, most of the players who had a shock survived and returned to the game at different times; that there are significant relationships between shaking and physical functionality in studies on physical function; in cognitive impairment studies, cognitive impairment and depression were found in people with concussion. Significant relationships were found between memory impairment, reaction time and shaking. After the tests and treatments performed, improvement in the vestibular system, improvement in cerebral blood flow and volume, increase in cognitive scores and motor skills and decrease in symptoms were observed. In all sports branches where there is a risk of concussion, athletes and trainers should consider the risks associated with concussion.

Caffeine is widely consumed among elite athletes for its well-known ergogenic properties, and its ability to increase exercise performance. However, studies to date have predominantly focused on the anhydrous form of caffeine in male participants. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of caffeinated coffee ingestion on lower-upper body muscular endurance, cognitive performance, and heart rate variability (HRV) in female athletes. A total of 17 participants (mean &plusmn, standard deviation (SD): age = 23 &plusmn, 2 years, body mass = 64 &plusmn, 4 kg, height = 168 &plusmn, 3 cm) in a randomized cross-over design completed three testing sessions, following the ingestion of 3 mg/kg/bm of caffeine (3COF), 6 mg/kg/bm of caffeine (6COF) provided from coffee or decaffeinated coffee (PLA) in 600 mL of hot water. The testing results included: (1) repetition number for muscular endurance performance, (2): reaction time and response accuracy for cognitive performance, (3): HRV parameters, such as standard deviation of normal-to-normal (NN) intervals (SDNN), standard deviation of successive differences (SDSD), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), total power (TP), the ratio of low- and high-frequency powers (LF/HF), high-frequency power (HF), normalized HF (HFnu), low-frequency power (LF), and normalized LF (LFnu). A one-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed that 3COF (p = 0.024) and 6COF (p = 0.036) improved lower body muscular endurance in the first set as well as cognitive performance (p = 0.025, p = 0.035 in the post-test, respectively) compared to PLA. However, no differences were detected between trials for upper body muscular endurance (p = 0.07). Lastly, all HRV parameters did not change between trials (p &gt, 0.05). In conclusion, ingesting caffeinated coffee improved lower body muscular endurance and cognitive performance, while not adversely affecting cardiac autonomic function.

Background: Carbohydrate (CHO) and caffeine (CAF) mouth rinsing have been shown to enhance endurance and sprint performance. However, the effects of CHO and CAF mouth rinsing on muscular and cognitive performance in comparison between male and female athletes are less well-established. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of CHO and CAF rinsing on squat and bench press 1 repetition maximum (1-RM) strength, 3 sets of 40% of 1- RM muscular endurance and cognitive performance in both male and female athletes. Methods: Thirteen male and fourteen female resistance-trained participants completed four testing sessions following the rinsing of 25 ml of i) 6% of CHO (1.5 g); ii) 2% CAF (500 mg), iii) combined CHO and CAF (CHOCAF) solutions or iv) water (PLA) for 10 s. Heart rate (HR), felt arousal (FA), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and glucose (GLU) were recorded throughout the test protocol. Results: There were no significant differences in squat and bench press 1-RM, HR, RPE and GLU (p > 0.05) for males and females, respectively. FA was significantly increased with CAF (p = 0.04, p = 0.01) and CHOCAF (p = 0.03, p = 0.01) condition in both males and females, respectively. Squat endurance performance in the first set was significantly increased with CHOCAF condition compared to PLA in both males (p = 0.01) and females (p = 0.02). Bench press endurance was similar for all conditions in both genders (p > 0.05). Cognitive performance was significantly increased with CHOCAF compared to PLA in males (p = 0.03) and females (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Combined CHO and CAF mouth rinsing significantly improved lower body muscular endurance and cognitive performance in both males and females.

Aim: Carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinsingin the oral cavity has been shown to increase especially endurance exerciseperformance. Mechanisms responsible for this ergogenic effect may be related toreceptors in oral cavity that detect CHO, in turn, increase neural drive to themotor unite. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of CHO mouthrinsing on intermittent sprint performance in soccer players.Materialand Method: Withrandomised, double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced research design, fifteenamateur male soccer players (Mean±SD age:20.00±2.44 years, height:177.66±4.80cm, body mass:75.02±6.42 kg) completed 3 sessions consisting of 12x4 secondsintermittent sprint tests with administering 10-second mouth rinse protocolsbefore each sprint; a-) %6.4 carbohydrate solution (CHO) b-) water as a placebo (PLA) and 3-) no rinseas a control (CON). At rest, immediately after test and in active and passiverecevory periods, blood glucose (BG), blood lactate (BL), heart rate (HR) andrating of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed.Results: Compared withthe CON condition, CHO and PLA increased significantly peak and mean poweroutput (P0.05)but HR were significantly different in CON than CHO and PLA. Morover, RPE wassignificantly different in CON than PLA but not than CHO.Conclusion: CHO mouth rinsing does not improve peak and mean power whencompared to PLA, but as a nocebo effect, CHO and PLA improve peak and meanpower output with regard to CON., Amaç: Ağız boşluğunda karbonhidratın (CHO) çalkalanması özellikledayanıklılık performansında artışlar yaratmaktadır. Bu ergojenik etkidensorumlu mekanizmalar CHO'yu algılayan ağız boşluğundaki reseptörlerle ilişkiliolabilir, dolayısıyla motor ünite sinir uyarımını artırabilir. Bu çalışmanınamacı CHO ağızda çalkalamanın futbolcularda aralıklı sprint performansı üzerineetkilerini araştırmaktır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Randomize, çift kör, çapraz döngülü, karşılıklı dengeliaraştırma dizaynı ile, 15 amatör futbolcu (Ortalama±SD yaş: 20,00±2,44 yıl, boyuzunluğu: 177,66±4,80 cm, vücut ağırlığı: 75,02±6,42 kg) toplamda 3 kez, 12x4saniyelik aralıklı sprintlerden oluşan protokolü her sprintten önce [a-) %6,4karbonhidrat solüsyonu (CHO) b-) plasebo olarak su (PLA) ve c-) kontrol olarakçalkalama yapmadan (CON)] 10 saniye ağızda çalkalayarak tamamladı. Dinlenimde,testten hemen sonra, aktif ve pasif toparlanmada kan glikozu (GL), kan laktatı(BL), kalp atımı (HR) ve algılanan zorluk derecesi (RPE) kayıt edildi.Bulgular: CON ile kıyaslandığında, CHO ve PLA zirve ve ortalama güçverilerinde anlamlı artışlar vardı ancak CHO ve PLA arasında herhangi bir farkbulunamadı. BL ve BG değerlerinde koşullar arasında fark bulunamazken(P>0.05) HR değerleri CHO ve PLA'ya göre CON koşulunda anlamlı derecedefarklıydı. Ayrıca, RPE CON koşulunda PLA'dan anlamlı derecede fark bulunduancak CHO koşulu ile bir fark bulunamadı.Sonuç: CHO ağızda çalkalama, PLA ile kıyaslandığında zirve ve ortalama gücü geliştirmez ancak birnosebo etkisi olarak, CHO ve PLA CON'a göre zirve ve ortalama gücü geliştirir.

Bu arastirmanin amaci, 8-14 yas araligindaki erkek tenis sporculari ile 12 hafta duzenli olarak yapilan kor antrenmanin, sporcularin kor kuvveti, statik ve dinamik denge ozellikleri uzerindeki etkisini arastirmaktir. Calismaya Pamukkale Tenis Kulubunde tenis oynamakta olan 19 genc erkek tenis sporcusu (yas ortalamalari 10,68± 2,18 yil, boy ortalamalari 146,85 ± 15,06 cm, vucut agirligi ortalamalari 43,34 ± 16,97 kg) gonulluluk esasina gore dahil edildi. Arastirmaya katilan sporcular rastlantisal yontem ile deney grubu (n=10) ve kontrol grubu (n=9) olmak uzere iki gruba ayrildi. Arastirmada on-test son-test desenli deneysel yontem kullanildi. Deney grubuna 12 hafta boyunca haftada 3 gun, 30 dk sure ile kor antrenmani tenis antrenmanlarina ilave olarak uygulanmis iken, kontrol grubu ise sadece tenis antrenmanina devam etti. Deney ve kontrol gruplarinin kor kuvveti, statik ve dinamik denge test olcumleri 12 haftalik antrenman programi oncesi ve sonrasinda olmak uzere iki kez gerceklestirildi. Verilerin istatiksel analizinde SPSS 20 paket programi kullanildi. Butun istatistiksel yontemler icin yanilma duzeyi (α) 0,05 olarak kabul edildi. Uygulanan 12 haftalik kor antrenman programi sonucu deney grubunun kor kuvvet ortalamasi antrenman oncesi 120,50±26,30 sn iken, antrenman sonrasi 146,70±28,77 sn olarak bulundu (p 0.05). Deney ve kontrol grubunun antrenman oncesi ve antrenman sonrasi statik ve dinamik denge ortalamalari arasinda ise anlamli bir farklilik bulunamadi (p>0,05). Sonuc olarak; kor antrenmanin tenis sporcularinin govde kuvveti ve stabilitesi uzerinde sportif performans acisindan olumlu yonde etkisi oldugu goruldu

Kafeinin, aerobik dayanıklılık performansı üzerine etkisi bilinmektedir fakat anaerobik güç üzerine etkisini inceleyen çok az çalışma mevcuttur ve sonuçlar birbiri ile farklılık göstermektedir. Ayrıca, son yıllarda kafeinli kahve ve toz kafeinin aerobik ve kassal kuvvet performansları üzerine etkilerinde farklılık olmadığını gösteren çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, düşük doz kafeinli kahvenin fiziksel olarak aktif erkeklerde 30 saniyelik wingate anaerobik test (Want) performansına etkisinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya 11 erkek (yaş: 24,90 ± 3,61 yıl, boy: 177,36 ± 7,55 cm, vücut ağırlığı: 76,35 ± 14,70 kg, vücut yağ yüzdesi: 19,44 ± 4,20) gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Vücut kompozisyonu ölçümü ve alışma test gününün ardından, randomize, çapraz geçişli, karşıt dengeli ve tek kör çalışma dizaynı ile katılımcılar test başlamadan 60 dakika önce 0,093 gr/kg kafeinli kahve (KAF) veya 0,093 gr/kg kafeinsiz kahve (PLA) alarak veya kahve almadan (KON) toplamda 3 Want testine katılmışlardır. Test öncesinde farklı zaman noktalarında dinlenim kalp atım hızı (KAH) ölçülmüş, Want performans parametreleri olarak zirve güç (ZG) ve ortalama güç (OG) saptanmış ve testten hemen sonra, 50 Watta 5 dakika aktif ve 5 dakika pasif toparlanma periyotlarından sonra KAH, algılanan zorluk derecesi (RPE), ve kas ağrısı (KA) ölçümleri alınmıştır. Verilerin analizinde ZG ve OG parametreleri için tekrarlayan ölçümlerde tek yönlü varyans analizi kullanılmış, RPE, KA ve KAH verilerinin denemeler arası farklarını incelemek için ise tekrarlayan ölçümlerde iki yönlü varyans analizi kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak denemeler arası OG ve ZG değerlerinde anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır (p>0,05). Ayrıca test protokolü boyunca farklı zaman noktalarında ölçülen RPE, KA ve KAH değerleri arasında da denemeler arası anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır (p>0,05). Kafeinli kahvenin fiziksel aktif erkeklerde anaerobik güce bir etkisi olmadığı düşünülmektedir, It is well known that effects of caffeine on aerobic endurance but there isn’t many research that investigating the effect on anaerobic power and the results vary. Furthermore, there are researches that demonstrating caffeinated coffee and anhydrous caffeine has same effects on aerobic and muscular strength performance. The purpose of this study was to investigating the effect of low dose caffeineated coffee on 30 seconds wingate anaerobic test (Want) performance in physically active males. 11 male (age: 24,90 ± 3,61, height; 177,36 ± 7,55 cm, weight: 76,35 ± 14,70 kg; body fat percentage:19,44 ± 4,20) volunteered to participate in this investigation. Following measurement of body composition and familirization, participants totally take part in 3 Want tests while 60 minutes before each Want test, participants ingested 0,093 gr/kg caffeinated coffee (KAF) or 0,093 gr/kg decaffeinated coffee (PLA) or no coffee (KON) with randomized, counter balanced and crossover reseach design. At different time points before test, Heart rate (KAH) was measured, as Want performance parameters peak power (ZG) and mean power (OG) was determined and, KAH, rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and muscle pain(KA) was measured immediately after test and after 5 minutes 50 Watt active and passive recovery periods. To analyse ZG and OG parameters, repeated measure one-way Anova was used, to anaylse RPE, KA and KAH datas, repeated meausure two-way Anova was used. In conclusion, there aren’t significant differences between trials for OG and ZG (p>0,05). Further, it wasn’t found any significant difference between trials for RPE, KA and KAH which was meausured at different time points throughout test protocol (p>0,05). It is believed that there is no effect of caffeinated coffee on anaerobic power in physically active males

Caffeine has been shown to increase aerobic and anaerobic performance especially in elite level athletes. Recently, caffeine mouth rinsing without ingestion has had same ergogenic potential with ingestion in some performance parameters. The purpose of this study was to investigate serial rinsing of caffeine during the warm-up period before wingate anaerobic test (Want) performance. Ten physically active male completed the following 10-s mouth rinsing protocols; a-) %2 w/v caffeine solution (Caf) b-) water (Pla) c-) no rinse as a control (Con) with a randomised, double-blind, crossover and counterbalanced research design. Serial mouth rinse protocol was implemented (8x25 ml solutions at 30-s intervals during 5 minutes warm up). Following to last rinse, participants were asked to cycle 30s maximal sprint on a cycle ergometer. Peak and Mean power output were calculated via cycle ergometer software, also at rest and immediately after Want, heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (Rpe) were assessed. In comparison with Pla and Con, Caf trial had no significant effect on peak (p>0.05) and mean (p>0.05) power output, there were also no significant effects on heart rate and ratings of perceived exertion (p>0.05)

Rinsing of carbohydrate in the oral cavity has been shown to improve performance especially in endurance type activities. The exact mechanism responsible for this ergogenic effect remains unestablished but it is speculated that related to carbohydrate receptors in oral cavity which increase neural drive. A randomised double-blind crossover counterbalanced study design was used to examine the effects of repeated carbohydrate mouth rinsing (%6.4 maltodextrine) on physically active female’s 30-s sprint power output on a cycle ergometer. Fifteen physically active female (age 20.87 ± 2 years) completed the following 10-second mouth rinse trials; a-) %6.4 carbohydrate solution (Cho) b-) water as a placebo (PLA). Repeated mouth rinsing was carried out with 8x25 ml doses of the flavour matched solutions at 30-s intervals during 5 minutes warm up. Immediately after the last rinsing, participants cycled 30-second maximal sprint on a cycle ergometer. Peak Power and Mean Power output were obtained via cycle ergometer software, blood glucose (BG), blood lactate (BL), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) at rest, immediately after test and several time points in active and passive recovery period were assessed. Compared with the PLA trials, Cho didn’t significantly increase peak and mean power output (P>0,05). As for RPE, BG, BL and HR parameters, there wasn’t statistical significance between trials though.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the multi-instrument assessment of physical activity in female office workers. Material and Methods: Fifty healthy women (age (mean ± standard deviation): 34.8±5.9 years, body height: 158±0.4 cm, body weight: 61.8±7.5 kg, body mass index: 24.6±2.7 kg/m2) workers from the same workplace volunteered to participate in the study. Physical activity was measured with the 7-day Physical Activity Assessment Questionnaire (7-d PAAQ), an objective multi-sensor armband tool, and also a waist-mounted pedometer, which were both worn for 7 days. Results: A significant correlation between step numbers measured by armband and pedometer was observed (r = 0.735), but the step numbers measured by these 2 methods were significantly different (10 941±2236 steps/ day and 9170±2377 steps/day, respectively; p < 0.001). There was a weak correlation between the value of 7-d PAAQ total energy expenditure and the value of armband total energy expenditure (r = 0.394, p = 0.005). However, total energy expenditure values measured by armband and 7-d PAAQ were not significantly different (2081±370 kcal/ day and 2084±197 kcal/day, respectively; p = 0.96). In addition, physical activity levels (average daily metabolic equivalents (MET)) measured by armband and 7-d PAAQ were not significantly different (1.45±0.12 MET/day and 1.47±0.24 MET/day, respectively; p = 0.44). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the correlation between pedometer and armband measurements was higher than that between armband measurements and 7-d PAAQ selfreports. Our results suggest that none of the assessment methods examined here, 7-d PAAQ, pedometer, or armband, is sufficient when used as a single tool for physical activity level determination. Therefore, multi-instrument assessment methods are preferable. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2016;29(6):937–945

[Purpose] The main purpose of our study was the evaluation of the effects of long-term volleyball practice on knee joint proprioception and balance of young female athletes. [Subjects and Methods] An observational case-control study was performed. The study enrolled 19 female volleyball players in the experimental group and 19 sedentary counterparts as controls. A Biodex balance system and dynamometer were used for the evaluations. The paired t-test was used to determine the significance of differences between the performance of athletes and controls. [Results] The knee proprioception analysis showed a significant difference at 60° joint position in active and passive tests. A similar trend, but without significance, was found for the 20° joint position. In the postural stability tests both groups showed similar results with no significant differences between them. [Conclusion] In conclusion, the results indicate a significant influence on joint proprioception is elicited by long-term exposure to a team sport like volleyball. However, the postural stability indexes showed similar trends in both groups, highlighting the analogous ontogenesis of the subjects investigated and the low influence of volleyball practice on postural stability.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between anxiety, heart rate and efficiency of pistol shooting. In this study, 291 male volunteers working for the Turkish National Police within the age range of 20-23 years participated. The efficiency of pistol shooting was evaluated by the total points of the bullets which hit the target from 10 metres. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to assess anxiety. The “Polar Team2 Pro” device for heart rate was used. Significant differences were found between the sets of participants according to shot accuracy groups for state anxiety level, anxiety variability, average heart rate, maximal heart rate and heart rate changes. The correlation coefficient between the pistol shooting result and change in heart rate, anxiety variability, mean heart rate during shooting, state anxiety and maximal heart rate during shooting was significant. However, there was no significant correlation between shot accuracy and resting heart rate and trait anxiety. Based on the findings, it was concluded that as a result of the higher state anxiety levels, the tremor which is caused by increased heart rate negatively affects the shooting performance in police. Ozet Bu calismanin amaci tabanca atis basarisi, kaygi duzeyi ve kalp atim hizi arasindaki iliskileri arastirmaktir. Bu calismaya Turk Polis Teskilatinda gorev yapan 20-23 yas arasindaki 291 gonullu erkek katilmistir. Tabanca atis basarisi 10 metre mesafeden hedef uzerine isabet eden fiseklerin toplam puani uzerinden degerlendirilmistir. Kaygi duzeylerinin degerlendirilmesi icin Durumluk ve Surekli Kaygi Envanteri (STAI) kullanilmistir. Kalp atim hizi olcumu icin “Polar Team2 Pro” cihazi kullanilmistir. Atis basarisi gruplarina gore katilimcilarin durumluk kaygi duzeyi, kaygi duzeyi degisimi, atis ortalama kalp atim hizi, maksimal kalp atim hizi ve kalp atim hizi degisimi arasinda anlamli farklilik bulunmustur. Tabanca atis basarisi sonuclari ile kalp atim hizi degisimi, kaygi duzeyi degisimi, atis ortalama kalp atim hizi, durumluk kaygi duzeyi, maksimal kalp atim hizi arasindaki korelasyon katsayi anlamli bulunmustur. Ancak atis basarisi ile dinlenik kalp atim hizi ve surekli kaygi duzeyi arasinda herhangi korelasyon bulunmamistir. Arastirmanin bulgularina dayanarak, durumluk kaygi duzeyi yukseldikce artan kalp atim hizinin yarattigi sarsintinin polislerin atis yeteneklerini olumsuz etkiledigi sonucuna varilmistir.

Teknolojik ilerlemeler, iş yaşamı ve kentleşme sonucu azalan fiziksel aktivite insan sağlığı üzerinde olumsuz rol oynamakta, düzenli olarak yapılan fiziksel aktivite (FA) ise; obezite, kardio-vasküler hastalıklar, Tip 2 diyabet ve kanser gibi hastalıklar ile meydana gelen mortalite riskini azaltarak, yaşam kalitesinde artış sağlamaktadır. 2012 yılı Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (World Health Organization-WHO) verilerine göre ülkemizde hastalıklara bağlı ölüm oranları kardiovasküler hastalıklarda %48, kanserde %21, Tip 2 diyabette %3.5 olarak belirlenmiş olup, düzenli FA ve hareketli yaşam ile önlenebilecek hastalık yüzdeleri koroner kalp hastalıklarında %9.3, meme kanserinde %16.3, kolon kanserinde %16.6, Tip 2 diyabette %11.5 olarak öngörülmektedir. Bununla birlikte uzun süreli yapılan çalışmalarda düzenli FA’nın kan basıncını düşürdüğü, insülin duyarlılığını artırdığı, kan lipid profilinde iyileşmeye neden olduğu, depresyon ve anksiyeteyi de azalttığı belirtilmektedir. Bu göstergeler ışığında Amerikan Spor Hekimliği Koleji (American College of Sports Medicine-ACSM) ve Hastalıkları Kontrol ve Önleme Merkezi (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention-CDC) gibi kuruluşlar egzersizlerin tipi, şiddeti, süresi ve sıklığı göz önüne alınarak bireye özel, aerobik kapasiteyi geliştiren, kas kuvveti ve esnekliği artıran egzersiz reçetelerinin hazırlanması ve bunların düzenli olarak yapılması gerektiğini belirtmektedir. Halk sağlığı programlarında aerobik egzersizlerin genellikle büyük kas gruplarına yönelik ritmik ve dinamik özellikte, maksimal kalp atım hızının %50-80 aralığında, haftada 3-7 gün, ortalama 20-60 dakika/gün süreli yapılması önerilirken; kuvvet egzersizlerinin ise 1 tekrarlı maksimalin %60-80’i ile haftada 2-3 gün, 8-10 hareket çeşidi, 2-3 set ve 8-12 tekrarlı olarak yapılması tavsiye edilmektedir, A decline in physical activity level associated with technological advancements, work and urbanization plays a negative role on human health; however, regular physical activity can provide crucial health benefits such as a decrease in the risk of mortality due to obesity, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus and some types of cancers and improves quality of life. According to the World Health Organization’s data in 2012, while the mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases account for 48%, cancers 21%, type 2 diabetes mellitus 3,5% in Turkey, it is estimated that these percentages will be 9,3%, 16,3-16.6%, 11,5%, respectively through regular physical activity and active life style. In addition, longitudinal physical activity studies have documented that regular physical activity lowers blood pressure, increases insulin sensitivity, improves blood lipid profile and decreases depression and anxiety. On the basis of such observations, public health authorities such as American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) are now advocating regular physical activity for public health. Although the type, duration, intensity and frequency of exercise are important, exercise programmes should be designed specifically to each individual, and enhance aerobic capacity, muscle strength and flexibility. It is recommended that aerobic exercises should take 20-60 minutes with 50-80% of the heart rate reserve, have rhythmic and dynamic drills and be repeated in 3-7 days a week. Strength exercises should be repeated 2-3 days a week with 60-80% of 1 maximum repeat, involve 810 different drills with 2-3 sets and be repeated 8-12 times

Amac: Bu calismada tip 1 diyabetli cocuklarin fiziksel veya sportif aktivitelere katilim durumlari ile cinsiyet, yasanilan sehir, ebeveyn egitim duzeyi ve glikolize hemoglobin (HbA1c) duzeyi arasindaki iliskinin incelenmesi amaclanmaktadir. Gerec ve Yontem: Calismada tip 1 diyabetli hastalarin ebeveynlerine yonelik web tabanli anket formu kullanilmistir. Calismanin orneklem grubunu Ankara, Istanbul, Izmir ve Trabzon’da yasayan tip 1 diyabetli cocuga sahip toplam 173 ebeveyn olusturmaktadir. Elde edilen veriler frekans ve yuzde olarak sunulmustur. Kategorik degiskenler Ki Kare yontemi ile analiz edilmistir. Bulgular: Rekreatif amacli fiziksel aktivite yapan cocuklarin orani (%78) yuksek bulundu.. Herhangi bir spor daliyla lisansli olarak ilgilenen cocuklarin oraninin ise (%32.4) dusuk oldugu saptandi. Cinsiyet ile fiziksel aktivite yapma arasinda anlamli bir iliski olmadigi tespit edildi (p > .05). Cinsiyet ile lisansli olarak spor yapma arasinda ise anlamli bir iliski oldugu saptandi (p .05). Yasanilan sehir ile duzenli olarak fiziksel aktivitelere katilim arasinda anlamli bir iliski oldugu saptandi. (p .05). Sonuc: Arastirmada tip 1 diyabetlilerin buyuk cogunlugunun rekreatif amacli fiziksel aktiviteye katildigi, lisansli olarak herhangi bir spor daliyla ilgilenenlerin oranin ise oldukca dusuk oldugu sonucuna ulasilmistir.

This study aims to determine the body weight and hydration levels of wrestlers within the cadet super league and to investigate their affects upon performance. Measurements were recorded four times: on the first day of training, which is 17 days prior to competition, three days out from weigh ins, immediately prior to weigh-in and immediately before the competition. During these study periods, body weight and urine specific gravity (Usg) were measured. Body composition was measured in the first round of testing. Results of these measurements were compared to competition results. Body weight and hydration levels did not change significantly until the third day before weigh in (P> 0.05). A significant level of weight loss (% 3.9 ± 2, 7) and an increase in Usg levels (1.024-1.028 g/cm3) were discovered in the last three days before official weigh-ins. However, no significant change in Usg values (P> 0.05) were observed between weigh in and the competition, although a significant weight gain (P< 0.05)...

Bu çalışmanın amacı, literatürdeki çalışmalara dayanarak Wingate Anaerobik Güç Testi (WAnT) için en uygun optimal yükün belirlenmesidir. WAnT İsrail’de, Wingate Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Enstitüsü’nün Araştırma ve Spor Sağlığı Bölümü’nde 1970’lerde geliştirilmiştir. İlk prototipi sunulduğundan beri tüm dünyada birçok laboratuarda kas gücünü, kas dayanıklılığını ve yorgunluğunu belirlemekte kullanılan bir test olarak kabul görmektedir (1). WAnT uygulaması basit, özel becerili personel gerektirmeyen, ucuz ve kolay edinilebilir aletlerle yapılabilen, invaziv olmayan ve toplumun her kesimine, hatta çocuklara ve engellilere bile uygulanabilen bir test olarak geliştirilmiştir. WAnT alt ekstremitelere olduğu kadar üst ekstremitelere de uygulanabilir. WAnT 30 saniye süre ile vücut ağırlığına dayanan sabit bir yüke karşı maksimum hızla pedal çevirmeyi kapsayan supramaksimal bir testtir. Uygulanacak sabit yük, en yüksek mekanik gücü sağlayacak şekilde belirlenir. Wingate Anaerobik Güç Testi’nde optimal yükü belirlerken elde edilen anaerobik güç ve anaerobik kapasite değerleri bisiklet ergometresine yerleştirilen yükten etkilenmektedir. Bu yüzden maksimal anaerobik gücün değerlendirilmesinde, her denek için en yüksek pik güç ve ortalama güç değerlerine ulaşabilecekleri yükün ayarlanması çok önemlidir. Wingate testi için orjinal olarak ileri sürülen yük vücut ağırlığının kg'ı başına 75 gr'dır. Bu yük antrenmansız gençlerden oluşan küçük bir grup üzerinde yapılan bir çalışmaya dayanarak tespit edilmiştir ve çoğu yetişkin için düşük kalmıştır. Sonuç olarak literatüerde yapılan çalışmalarda genellikle önerilen optimal yük sporcu olmayan erkekler için vücut ağırlığının kg'ı başına 95 g.kg-1, kadınlar için 86 g.kg-1, çocuklar için 75 g.kg-1 iken yetişkin atletler için 100 g.kg-1’dır, The purpose of this study was to determine if it was more appropriate assignment of the load of the The Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) according to the studies. WAnT was developed during the 1970s at the Department of Research and Sport Medicine of the Wingate Institute for Physical Education and Sport in Israel. Since the introduction of its prototype, the WAnT has been accepted in laboratories around the world to assess muscle power, muscle endurance and fatigability (1). WAnT was designed to be simple to administered without the need for particularly skilled personnel; inexpensive; used with commonly available equipment; non-invasive; feasible for administraction to a wide spectrum of the population, according young children and physically disable. The test should be applicable to the upper and lower limbs alike. WAnT is a supramaximal exercise test involves pedaling a cycle ergometer for 30 seconds at a maximal speed against a resistance which is determined according to the subject’s body weight. Indeed, as summarized in literature, subsequent reports have shown that the optimal force is higher than originally suggested. Choosing a force setting that would elicit the highest possible peak power and mean power for each subjects is important and as yet is only. The force originally suggested by the Wingate group was 75 g.kg-1 to body mass (assuming the use of a Monark ergemeter). The choice of this force was based on a study of a small group of young untrained individuals and in retrospect, appears to be too low for most. As a conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that various studies recommended that loads of 95 kg-1, for men, 86 g.kg-1 for women, 75 g.kg-1 for children and 100 g.kg-1 for adults athletes

We investigated the cognitive effects of exercising in the heat on the field players of two football teams in a series of three matches. Different rehydration and cooling strategies were used for one of the teams during the last two games. Cognitive functions were measured before, during and immediately after each football match, as well as core temperature, body mass, plasma osmolality and glucose levels, allowing an estimate of their differential impacts on cognition. The pattern of results suggests that mild-moderate dehydration during exercise in the heat (up to 2.5%) has no clear effect on cognitive function. Instead, plasma glucose and core temperature changes appear to be the main determinants: higher glucose was related to faster and less accurate performance, whereas core temperature rises had the opposite effect. The 50% correlation between plasma glucose and core temperatures observed during exercise in the heat may help to stabilize cognitive performance via their opposing effects. The glucose-like effects of sports drinks appear to be mediated by increased plasma glucose levels, because drinks effects became non-significant when plasma glucose levels were added to the models. The cooling intervention had only a beneficial effect on complex visuo-motor speed.

During a football match played in warm (34.3 ± 0.6 °C), humid (64 ± 2% rh) conditions, 22 male players had their pre-match hydration status, body mass change, sweat loss and drinking behavior assessed. Pre-match urine specific gravity (1.012 ± 0.006) suggested that all but three players commenced the match euhydrated. Players lost 3.1 ± 0.6 L of sweat and 45 ± 9 mmol of sodium during the 90-min match and replaced 55 ± 19% of their sweat losses and hence by the end of the game were 2.2 ± 0.9% lighter. The water volume consumed during the game was highly variable (1653 ± 487 mL; 741-2387 mL) but there was a stronger relationship between the estimated pre-game hydration status and water volume consumed, than between sweat rate and water volume consumed. In a second match, with the same players 2 weeks later in 34.4 ± 0.6 °C, 65 ± 3% rh, 11 players had a sports drink available to them before and during the match in addition to water. Total drink volume consumed during the match was the same, but approximately half the volume was consumed as sports drink. The results indicate that substantial sweat water and electrolyte losses can occur during match play in hot conditions and a substantial water and sodium deficit can occur in many players even when water or sports drink is freely available.

Dehydration and hyperthermia both, if sufficiently severe, will impair exercise performance. Dehydration can also impair performance of tasks requiring cognition and skill. Body temperature may exceed 40 °C in competitive games played in hot weather, but limited data are available. Football played in the heat, therefore, poses a challenge, and effects on some aspects of performance become apparent as environmental temperature increases above about 12-15 °C. Prior acclimatization will reduce the impact of high environmental temperatures but provides limited protection when humidity is also high. Ingestion of fluids is effective in limiting the detrimental effects on performance: drinks with added carbohydrate and electrolytes are generally more effective than plain water and drinks may be more effective if taken cold than if taken at ambient temperature. Pre-exercise lowering of body temperature may aid some aspects of performance, but the efficacy has not been demonstrated in football.

Heat stress may contribute to decreased match performance when football is played in extreme heat. This study evaluated activity patterns and thermal responses of players during soccer matches played in different environmental conditions. Non-acclimatized soccer players (n=11, 20±2 years) played two matches in conditions of moderate heat (MH) and high heat (HH) index. Core temperature (Tc) and physical performance were measured using a telemetric sensor and a global positioning system, respectively. The average ambient temperature and relative humidity were MH 34±1 °C and 38±2%; HH 36±0 °C and 61±1%. Peak Tc in the MH match was 39.1±0.4 °C and in the HH match it was 39.6±0.3 °C. The total distance covered in the first and second halves was 4386±367 and 4227±292 m for the MH match and 4301±487 and 3761±358 m for the HH match. Players covered more distance (P

Summary Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between speed, agility and vertical jump performance in young soccer players. Material and methods Fifteen soccer players (average age 16.0 ± 0.8 years; average height 168.4 ± 4.7 cm; average body mass 62.6 ± 7.7 kg; average training age 6.0 ± 2.0 years) participated in this study voluntarily. The sprinting ability of each player was determined using 10-m and 30-m single-sprint times; zigzag agility with the ball (ZAWB) and without the ball (ZAWHB) test times were used to determine their agility; and squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) heights were used for the determination of vertical jump ability. Results The results of Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis indicated moderate to strong correlations between 10-meter sprint times and 30-meter sprint times ( r = 0.714; P = 0.01) and ZAWHB ( r = 0.567; P = 0.02). Similarly, 30-meter sprint times were moderate to strong correlated with CMJ ability ( r = –0.599; P = 0.02) and ZAWHB ( r = 0.744; P = 0.01). A strong correlation was also found between CMJ ability and SJ ability ( r = 0.706; P = 0.01) and between CMJ ability and ZAWHB ( r = –0.769; P = 0.01). In addition, SJ ability was strongly correlated with ZAWHB ( r = –0.712; P = 0.01). Finally, ZAWHB was moderate correlated with ZAWB ( r = 0.566; P = 0.02). In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that there is a significant correlation between sprint ability and agility. In addition, significant correlations were found both between vertical jumping ability and sprinting ability and between vertical jumping ability and ZAWHB test performance in soccer players. Conclusion The results of the study therefore suggest that speed, agility without the ball and vertical jumping ability share common physiological and biomechanical determinants.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare values of aerobic performance in the 1-mile run test (1-MRT) using different formulae. Material and Methods: Aerobic capacities of 351 male volunteers working for the Turkish National Police within the age range of 20-23 years were evaluated by the 1-MRT and the 20-metre shuttle run (20-MST). VO 2max values were estimated by the prediction equations developed by George et al. (1993), Cureton et al. (1995) and Kline et al. (1987) for the 1-MRT and by Leger and Lambert (1982) for the 20-MST. Results: The difference between the results of the different formulae was significant (p = 0.000). The correlation coefficient between the estimated VO 2max using Cureton's equation, George's equation, Kline's equation and the 20-MST were 0.691 (p < 0.001), 0.486 (p < 0.001) and 0.608 (p < 0.001), respectively. The highest correlation coefficient was between the VO 2max estimated by the 20-MST and Cureton's equation. Similarly, the highest correlation coefficient (r = -0.779) was between the 1-mile run time and the VO 2max estimated by Cureton's equation. Conclusions: When analysing more vigorous exercise than sub-maximal exercise, we suggest that Cureton's equation be used to predict the VO 2max from 1-mile run/walk performance in large numbers of healthy individuals with high VO 2max . This research compares the use of 3 different formulae to estimate VO 2max from 1-mile run/walk performance in male law enforcement officers aged 20-23 years for the first time and reports the most accurate formula to use when evaluating aerobic capacities of large numbers of healthy individuals. © 2014 Versita Warsaw and Springer-Verlag Wien.

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between selected physical-physiological parameters and efficiency of pistol shooting. Design/methodology/approach – In all, 237 male volunteers, studying at a Turkish Police Academy within the age range of 19-20 years old were investigated. The physical fitness levels were evaluated by valid and reliable test batteries. The efficiency of pistol shooting was evaluated by the total points of the bullets which hit the target from 10 m. Findings – Significant differences were found between the sets of students according to shot accuracy groups for wrist circumference, biceps circumference, femur diameter, hand grip strength, flexibility, aerobic capacity, reaction time, balance, coordination, state anxiety level, anxiety variability, average heart rate, maximal heart rate and heart rate changes. The correlation coefficient between the pistol shooting result and change in heart rate, anxiety variability, mean heart rate during shooting, coo...

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between body composition, anaerobic performance and sprint performance of amputee soccer players. Fifteen amputee soccer players participated in this study voluntarily. Subjects’ height, body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage (Jackson and Pollock formula) and somatotype characteristics (Heath-Carter system) were determined. The sprint performance at 10m, 20m and 30m was evaluated, whereas the counter movement jump (CMJ), relative CMJ (RCMJ), squat jump (SJ) and relative SJ (RSJ) tests were used for the determination of anaerobic performance. The results of the Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis indicated that body composition was significantly correlated with CMJ and SJ (p < 0.01), on the other hand, no measure of body composition was significantly related to the other component (p > 0.05). A significant correlation was found between CMJ, RCMJ, SJ, 10 m, 20 m and 30 m sprint performance (p < 0.05); whereas, in contrast, no measure of body composition was significantly related to the 10 m, 20 m and 30 m sprint performance (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the findings of the present study indicated that sprint performance was described as an essential factor in anaerobic performance whereas body composition and somatotype play a determinant role in anaerobic and sprint performance in amputee soccer players.

Physiological responses and time-motion characteristics of 4-A-side small-sided game in young soccer players: The influence of different team formation methods. J Strength Cond Res 26(11): 3118-3123, 2012-The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of different team formation methods on the physiological responses to and time-motion characteristics of 4-A-side small-sided games (SSG4) in young soccer players. Thirty-Two young soccer players (age 16.2 6 0.7 years; height 172.9 6 6.1 cm; body mass 64.1 6 7.7 kg) voluntarily participated in this study. Anthropometric measurements, technical tests, and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) tests were carried out on the players. The SSG4 teams were then created using 4 different methods: according to the coaches' subjective evaluation (CE), technical scores (TS), VO2max (AP), and VO2max multiplied by TSs (CG). The teams thus created played 4 bouts of SSG4 at 2-day intervals. During the SSG4, heart rate (HR) responses, distance covered, and time spent in HRmax zones were recorded. In addition, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate level (La2) were determined at the end of the last bout of each SSG4. Percent of HRmax (%HRmax), La2, and RPE responses during SSG4 were significantly higher for teams chosen according to AP and CG compared with that according to CE and TS (p , 0.05). In addition, teams chosen by AP and CG spent significantly more time in zone 4 (.90% HRmax ) and covered a greater distance in the high-intensity running zone (.18 km°h21) than did teams formed according to TS. Moreover, AP teams covered significantly greater total distance than TS teams did (p , 0.05). In conclusion, to spend more time in both the high-intensity HR zone and the high-intensity running zone, the teams in SSG4 should be formed according to the players' VO2max values or the values calculated using both the VO2max and technique scores. © 2012 National Strength and Conditioning Association.

Bu çalışmada elit genç kürekçilerin laktat ve oksiken tüketimi profillerini analiz ederek ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmaya 10 elit genç kürekçi gönüllü olarak katılmıştır (yaş 18.8±2.1 yıl). Denekler boy ve vücut ağırlığı ölçümlerinin yanısıra, Avustralya Spor Enstitüsü’nün önerdiği yedi aşamalı kürek ergometresi testini tamamlamışlardır. Protokol giderek artan hızlarda, aralarında birer dakika dinlenme bulunan yedi aşama içermektedir. Dinlenmelerde laktik asit alımı yapılmış ve tüm test süresince oksijen tüketimini ergospirometre ile ölçülmüştür. Oksijen tüketimi, 4 mmol laktat konsantrasyonuna karşılık gelen oksijen tüketimi, kalp atım hızı, iş yükü, güç, maksimal oksijen tüketimi yüzdesi gibi değerler saptanmıştır. Maksimal oksijen tüketimi değerleri 58,88 ± 3,8 ml/kg/dk olarak ölçülmüş, 4 mmol laktat seviyesindeki oksijen tüketiminin maksimal oksijen tüketimine yüzdesi 80,98±4,5% olarak hesaplanmıştır. 4 mmol laktat seviyesindeki oksijen tüketimi ve kalp atım hızı sırasıyla 43,47 ± 4,13 ml/kg/dk, 179,7±12,17 atım/dk olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, uluslararası kürekçilerle karşılaştırıldığında elit genç Türk kürekçilerin VO2max değerleri benzer bulunmasına karşın anaerobik eşikteki güç ve oksijen tüketimi değerleri daha düşüktür, Purpose of this study was to analyze and demonstrate lactate and oxygen consumption profiles of elite junior rowers. Ten rowers participated in this study voluntarily (age 18,2 ±2,9years). Besides the measurements of height and weight, subjects performed incremental seven step rowing ergometer test which is recommended by Australian sports institute. The protocol consisted of 7 progressive stages with 1 min rest intervals. Blood samples for lactate analysis (LA) were collected at rest. Oxygen uptake kinetics also measured via ergospirometer during test. VO2, percent VO2, power, workload and heart rate at 4 mmol lactate level were determined.. VO2max values of subjects were determined as 58,88 ± 3,8 ml/kg/min. Percent VO2Max values at 4 mmol were found 80,98±4,5%. VO2and heart rate at 4mmol lactate was 43,47 ± 4,13 ml/kg/min, 179,7±12,17 beats per minute, respectively. As a result, although VO2Maxvalues of Turkish elite junior rowers were found to be similar to international class rowers, peak power output and VO2 values at 4 mmol lactate levels found lower

We identified the local treatment effect of epidermal growth factor on corneal wound healing of alloxan diabetic mice. The corneal wounds were induced by 0.5 M NaOH solution on the corneal surfaces of the diabetic and non-diabetic groups. The local epidermal growth factor solution (100 ng ml-1) was dropped in 5-microliters aliquots into the eye twice a day. The corneal wounds were measured daily for 15 days and examined histologically at the end of 15th day of experimental period. The results indicated that topical epidermal growth factor treatment of diabetic and non-diabetic mice greatly improved the incidence of healing of wounded corneas.

Vücut hidrasyon durumundaki değişimler sportif performansı etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı vücut hidrasyon düzeyinin belirlenmesine yönelik olarak kullanılan 2 farklı yöntemin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Çalışmaya, 2008 Türkiye Yıldızlar Süper Liginde mücadele eden, Çorum Güreş Eğitim Merkezinin 13 elit sporcusu (yaş ortalaması 14.7 ± 0.8) katılmıştır. Yarışmaya katılan sporculardan her birinden ayrı ayrı, yarışma öncesi 17 günlük süre içerisinde ilk gün, yarışma öncesi 3. gün, yarışma tartısı günü ve müsabaka öncesi anı içine alan dört farklı zamanda idrar örnekleri toplandı. Toplanan idrar örnekleri ile idrar özgül ağırlığı (Urine spesifik gravite (Usg)) ve renk analizleri yapıldı. Yapılan analizler sonucunda sporcularda yarışma kampı süresinde kronik dehidrasyon bulgusu ortaya çıktı. Ayrıca, dört farklı zamanda alınan numunelerin hepsinde her iki yöntem (Usg ve renk skalası) arasında yüksek derecede korelasyon tespit edildi (P< 0,01). Sonuç olarak, sporcularda vücut hidrasyon düzeyinin belirlenmesine yönelik olarak, Usg yöntemi ile idrar renk skalası yönteminin saha çalışmalarında birbiri yerine güvenli bir şekilde kullanılabileceği söylenebilir, Changes in body hydration status can affect athletic performance. The purpose of this study is to compare two different methods which is used to determine the level of body hydration. 13 elite wrestlers (age mean 14.7 ± 08), whom struggled in the cadet premier league 2008 Turkey from Corum Wrestling Center participated in study. Urine samples were taken from each of the athletes in 17 days before comepetition, 3 days before competition, weigh in competition and before competition. With the urine samples that collected, urine specific gravity and colour analysis were performed. As a result of analysis, signs of chronic dehydration appeared in athletes during the competition camp. İn addition,all the urine samples which were taken at four different time, high degree of correlation was found between both of methods (Usg and colour scale) (P

Bu çalışmanın amacı, genç futbolcuların bazı fiziksel uygunluk ve somatotip özelliklerinin oynadıkları mevkilere göre karşılaştırılmasıdır. Çalışmaya Ankara’da süper ligde yer alan bir takımın altyapısında 16 yaş grubunda futbol oynayan toplam 36 (defans (n=12), orta saha(n=12) ve forvet(n=12)) gönüllü sporcu katılmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan deneklerin boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı, deri kıvrım kalınlığı, çevre ve çap ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Vücut yağ yüzdesi Açıkada formulü ile hesaplanırken somatotip özellikler HeathCarter yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Anaerobik performans ise Wingate anaerobik güç ve kapasite testi (WAnT), aktif sıçrama, skuat sıçrama ile belirlenirken, sürat belirlemek için 10m., 30m. Testi ile çeviklik belirlemek için ise HÜFA testi kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde fiziksel özelliklerin futbolcuların oynadıkları mevkilere göre değerlendirilmesi amacıyla Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan ölçümler sonucunda defans oyuncularının yaş 16.4± 0.4 yıl, boy uzunlukları 175.4± 6.0 cm., vücut ağırlıkları 65.02 ± 6.7 kg., BMİ 21.15 ±1.5 olarak, orta saha oyuncularının yaş 16.2 ± 0.3 yıl, boy uzunlukları 171.4 ± 4.6 cm., vücut ağırlıkları 63.3 ± 5.9 kg., BMİ 21.52 ±1.62 olarak bulunurken forvet oyuncularının yaş 16.5± 0.5 yıl, boy uzunlukları 171.8 ± 3.9cm., vücut ağırlıkları 63.9 ± 6.5kg., BMİ 21.61±1.68 olarak bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte çalışmaya katılan futbolcuların, düşük vücut yağ yüzdesine (defans oyuncuları: 5.32±1.12; orta saha oyuncuları: 5.35±1.14; forvet oyuncuları: 5.44±1.75) ve ekto-mezomorf (do: 2.09-3.56-3.36; oso: 2.413.69-2.94; fo: 2.42-3.87-2.87) özelliklere sahip olduklarını göstermiştir. Ayrıca fiziksel anaerobik performans değerlendirme sonucunda; defans oyuncularında wingate anaerobik güç, 712.6±1317 watt; anaerobik kapasite 549.9±88 watt, relatif anaerobik güç 10.9±1.2 W.kg1; relatif anaerobik kapasite, 8.4±0.7 W.kg-1; aktif sıçrama, 39.6±3.8cm; skuat sıçrama, 35.9±3.7cm; 10m, 1.7±0.1sn; 30m, 4.2±0.2sn; ve HÜFA 10.5±0.3sn olarak, orta saha oyuncularında wingate anaerobik güç, 692.5±80.7 watt; anaerobik kapasite, 536.1±49.9watt, relatif anaerobik kapasite, 8.5±0.3W.kg-1; relatif anaerobik güç, 11.0±1.0watt; aktif sıçrama, 38.2±2.9; skuat sıçrama, 34.2±2.2; 10m, 1.6±0.3; 30m, 4.2±0.1; ve HÜFA 10.5±0.3 olarak bulunurken; forvet oyuncularında wingate anaerobik güç, 691.7±107.1; anaerobik kapasite 528.8±90.5; relatif anaerobik güç 10.8±0.9; relatif anaerobik kapasite, 8.2±0.9; aktif sıçrama, 39.2±6.8; skuat sıçrama, 35.1±4.8; 10m, 1.7±0.1sn; 30m, 4.2±0.1; ve HÜFA 10.6±0.5 olarak bulunmuştur. Yapılan Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi sonuçları futbolcuların mevkilere göre elde edilen değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır (p>0.05). Sonuç olarak yapılan maç analizleri futbolcuların 90 dk.lık bir maç içerisinde oyuncuların yaklaşık 1000-1400 civarında farklı hareketi oynadıkları mevkilere göre farklı sıklıklarda yaptıklarını göstermesine rağmen yapılan istatistiksel analizler sonucunda mevkiler arasında bir farklılık çıkmaması, oyuncuların oynadıkları mevkilerin gereksinimleri doğrultusunda antrene edilmediğini düşündürmektedir, The purpose of this study was to investigate some physical fitness and somatotype features according to playing position at young soccer players. 36 football players (12 defender, 12 midfield and 12 forward subjects joined this study) participated voluntarily. Subjects’ height, body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage and somatotype characteristics were determined. Body fat percentage was determined by Açıkada formula and somatotype properties was determined according to Heath-Carter system. Wingate Anaerobic Power Test (WAnT), skuat (SMJ) and counter movement jump (CMJ), Hacettepe University of Football Research (HUFA) without ball and 10-30 meter transition (speed) times were used for the determination of anaerobic performance and agility. One way anova test was used to compare these characteristics according to position. As a result in this study were found defender players’ age 16.4± 0.4 years, stature 175.4± 6.0 cm., body weight 65.02 ± 6.7 kg., BMI 21.15 ±1.5 , midfield players’ age 16.2 ± 0.3 years, stature 171.4 ± 4.6 cm., body weight 63.3 ± 5. ody 9 kg., BMI 21.52 ±1.62 , forward players’ age 16.5± 0.5 years, stature 171.8 ± 3.9cm., body weight 63.9 ± 6.5kg., BMI 21.61±1.68. In addition to the players’ to have low body fat percentage (defenders: 5.32±1.12; midfield: 5.35±1.14; forward; 5.44±1.75) and ectomorphy-mesomorphy properties (2.30-3.73-3.08). Results of anaerobic performance; anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity, SMJ, CMJ, HUFA, 10m and 20m values of defenders’ were 712.6±1317 watt, 549.9±88 watt, 35.9±3.7cm, 39.6±3.8cm 10.5±0.3sn, 1.7±0.1sn, 4.2±0.2sn, for midfielders’ were 692.5±80.7 watt, 536.1±49.9watt, 34.2±2.2cm, 38.2±2.9cm, 10.5±0.3, 1.6±0.3, 4.2±0.1 and the anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity, SMJ, CMJ, HUFA, 10m and 20m and forward players’ were 691.7±107.1watt, 528.8±90.5 watt, 35.1±4.8cm, 39.2±6.8cm, 10.6±0.5s, 1.7±0.1s, 4.2±0.1s. When compared According to players’ positions statistically significantly difference did not exist between any measurement (p

Bu çalışmanın amacı, genç futbolcuların bazı fiziksel uygunluk ve somatotip özelliklerinin oynadıkları mevkilere göre karşılaştırılmasıdır. Çalışmaya Ankara’da süper ligde yer alan bir takımın altyapısında 16 yaş grubunda futbol oynayan toplam 36 (defans (n=12), orta saha(n=12) ve forvet(n=12)) gönüllü sporcu katılmıştır. Çalışmaya katılan deneklerin boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı, deri kıvrım kalınlığı, çevre ve çap ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Vücut yağ yüzdesi Açıkada formulü ile hesaplanırken somatotip özellikler Heath- Carter yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Anaerobik performans ise Wingate anaerobik güç ve kapasite testi (WAnT), aktif sıçrama, skuat sıçrama ile belirlenirken, sürat belirlemek için 10m., 30m. Testi ile çeviklik belirlemek için ise HÜFA testi kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde fiziksel özelliklerin futbolcuların oynadıkları mevkilere göre değerlendirilmesi amacıyla Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi kullanılmıştır. Yapılan ölçümler sonucunda defans oyuncularının yaş 16.4± 0.4 yıl, boy uzunlukları 175.4± 6.0 cm., vücut ağırlıkları 65.02 ± 6.7 kg., BMİ 21.15 ±1.5 olarak, orta saha oyuncularının yaş 16.2 ± 0.3 yıl, boy uzunlukları 171.4 ± 4.6 cm., vücut ağırlıkları 63.3 ± 5.9 kg., BMİ 21.52 ±1.62 olarak bulunurken forvet oyuncularının yaş 16.5± 0.5 yıl, boy uzunlukları 171.8 ± 3.9cm., vücut ağırlıkları 63.9 ± 6.5kg., BMİ 21.61±1.68 olarak bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte çalışmaya katılan futbolcuların, düşük vücut yağ yüzdesine (defans oyuncuları: 5.32±1.12; orta saha oyuncuları: 5.35±1.14; forvet oyuncuları: 5.44±1.75) ve ekto-mezomorf (do: 2.09-3.56-3.36; oso: 2.41- 3.69-2.94; fo: 2.42-3.87-2.87) özelliklere sahip olduklarını göstermiştir. Ayrıca fiziksel anaerobik performans değerlendirme sonucunda; defans oyuncularında wingate anaerobik güç, 712.6±1317 watt; anaerobik kapasite 549.9±88 watt, relatif anaerobik güç 10.9±1.2 W.kg- 1; relatif anaerobik kapasite, 8.4±0.7 W.kg-1; aktif sıçrama, 39.6±3.8cm; skuat sıçrama, 35.9±3.7cm; 10m, 1.7±0.1sn; 30m, 4.2±0.2sn; ve HÜFA 10.5±0.3sn olarak, orta saha oyuncularında wingate anaerobik güç, 692.5±80.7 watt; anaerobik kapasite, 536.1±49.9watt, relatif anaerobik kapasite, 8.5±0.3W.kg-1; relatif anaerobik güç, 11.0±1.0watt; aktif sıçrama, 38.2±2.9; skuat sıçrama, 34.2±2.2; 10m, 1.6±0.3; 30m, 4.2±0.1; ve HÜFA 10.5±0.3 olarak bulunurken; forvet oyuncularında wingate anaerobik güç, 691.7±107.1; anaerobik kapasite 528.8±90.5; relatif anaerobik güç 10.8±0.9; relatif anaerobik kapasite, 8.2±0.9; aktif sıçrama, 39.2±6.8; skuat sıçrama, 35.1±4.8; 10m, 1.7±0.1sn; 30m, 4.2±0.1; ve HÜFA 10.6±0.5 olarak bulunmuştur. Yapılan Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi sonuçları futbolcuların mevkilere göre elde edilen değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunamamıştır (p>0.05). Sonuç olarak yapılan maç analizleri futbolcuların 90 dk.lık bir maç içerisinde oyuncuların yaklaşık 1000-1400 civarında farklı hareketi oynadıkları mevkilere göre farklı sıklıklarda yaptıklarını göstermesine rağmen yapılan istatistiksel analizler sonucunda mevkiler arasında bir farklılık çıkmaması, oyuncuların oynadıkları mevkilerin gereksinimleri doğrultusunda antrene edilmediğini düşündürmektedir.

BACKGROUND AND AIM Normal growth in children is regulated to a great extent through the actions of the GH/IGF-I axis, a system consisting of GH and its mediators (ternary complex) that modulate growth in many tissues. The ternary complex (IGF-I/IGFBP-3/ALS) provides an acute regulatory mechanism in which IGF-I may be mobilized from the circulating reservoir of 150 kDa complexes to the tissues. Acute exercise is known to be a stimulus for GH secretion. The beneficial effects of scheduled exercise on body composition are also well established. However, the impact of strenuous exercise on the pubertal development of child athletes is still not well understood. The first goal of this study was to assess the acute effects of high intensity exercise training on GH-dependent ternary complex components in female rhythmic gymnasts compared to age-matched healthy female controls with normal physical activity. The second goal was to explore the influence of these exercise-induced changes on skeletal and pubertal growth in the same group prospectively over a period of 4 years. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Seventeen female rhythmic gymnasts, aged 11.4 +/- 0.9 years, who had 10 h per week intense exercise for at least 4 months volunteered to participate in this study. Anthropometric measurement of height (Height SDS for chronological age [HtSDS(CA)], parentally adjusted height, predicted adult height), bone age and weight (BMI) were made using standard techniques in gymnasts and controls (aged 12.5 +/- 3.0 years, n = 12). Gymnasts were followed up to 4 years to observe growth velocity and pubertal progression. In order to determine the acute impact of exercise on levels of GH and GH-dependent ternary complex component (IGF-I, IGFBP-3, ALS, IGF-I/IGFBP-3 molar ratio), blood samples were obtained from gymnasts after a routine 2-h high-intensity training program and then after a 2-day rest period. These results were compared with age-matched controls with no scheduled sports activity. RESULTS Despite the significant increment in serum GH and GH-dependent components immediately following the exercise, serum GH/IGF-I levels showed a significant decrement (p < 0.01) after a 2-day rest in gymnasts, to a nadir as low as those of the control subjects' baseline levels (p < 0.01). There was no difference in anthropometric characteristics of gymnasts and controls except BMI; gymnasts were leaner than controls. During a 4-year follow up, there were no differences between the gymnasts and controls in regard to skeletal growth and reaching their predicted height. However, in gymnasts there was a delay in pubertal tempo but not in growth. CONCLUSION Intense exercise induces an acute rise in GH levels, but this acute elevation rapidly normalizes after a 2-day rest in female rhythmic gymnasts. These fluctuations in serum GH and GH-dependent ternary complex components had no reflection on the skeletal growth patterns in gymnasts over the 4-year follow up but there was a delay in their pubertal progression.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of acute exercise on portal blood flow in liver transplant recipients compared to healthy subjects since it is known that transplantation produces a denervated liver and intrahepatic vascular tube. Twelve liver transplantation recipients and 12 age-gender-matched subjects were included in the study. All patients were at least 6 months posttransplant and in stable condition with normal liver biochemistry values. Measurements of portal vein blood flow were performed before starting exercise and immediately after its completion. The exercise program consisted of 40 minutes of treadmill running or walking with at least 20 minutes at 75% of maximal heart rate. The portal vein flow in the controls decreased by 74% after 40 minutes of exercise (absolute flow, 730 +/- 160 to 190 +/- 35 mL x min). Among the liver transplant group, following exercise the portal vein cross-sectional area also decreased to a lesser degree. However, statistical significance was only reached for blood flow. In this group the absolute flow was 940 +/- 165 mL x min at rest and 460 +/- 135 mL x min at 40 minutes (P