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Türkiye’nin 23 ilinde toplam 105 kıyı kumulu bulunmaktadır. Bu kumullarından 8’i Balıkesir ili sınırlarında yer almaktadır. Bu çalışma, 2016-2018 yıllarında Balıkesir’ in Armutova, Çoruk, Belkıs Tombolosu ve Karabiga kıyı kumullarında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, daha önce çalışılan Ayvalık ve Gönen kumulları ile birlikte değerlendirilerek Balıkesir’deki 8 kumul alanın florası ortaya konmuştur. Floristik çalışmalar sonucunda alanda; 39 familyaya ait 120 cins ve 152 takson teşhis edilmiştir. Teşhisi yapılan türlerin 2’si Pteridophyta divizyosuna, 150’ si ise Spermatophyta divizyosuna aittir. Spermatophyta divizyosuna ait taksonların tümü Angiospermae alt divizyosuna aittir. Angiospermae alt divizyosundan 134 tür Dicotyledonae, 16 tür ise Monocotyledonae sınıfına aittir. Tespit edilen bitki taksonlarından %35’lik kısmı (54 takson) Akdeniz, %4 (6 takson) Avrupa-Sibirya fitocoğrafik bölgesine ve %61’lik (92 takson) kısmı da fitocoğrafik bölgesi tespit edilemeyen türlerden oluşmaktadır. Bölgedeki kumul alanların karakteristik florasında en çok takson içeren ilk üç familya; Asteraceae, Fabaceae ve Poaceae’dir. Kumul alanlarda en fazla taksona sahip olan cinsler, Plantago ve Limonium olup bunları Allium ve Juncus cinsleri takip etmektedir. Bütün araştırma alanlarımızda görülen en yaygın taksonlar ise Cakile maritima, Glaucium flavum ve Eryngium maritimum’dur. Çalışma alanında 1 endemik takson tespit edilmiştir. Endemik Trigonella coerulescens subsp. ayvalikensis’in doğal habitatı olan Sarımsaklı plajı turizm faaliyetleri nedeniyle yoğun insan baskısı altındadır. Ayrıca, kumul alanlarda görülen Pancratium maritimum’un doğal habitatlarından halk tarafından sökülmesi ve yayılış alanında plaj düzenlemesi gibi nedenlerle habitat bozulmaları türün popülasyonunu azaltmıştır. Bunların dışında, sanayi ve kanalizasyon sularının arıtılmadan denize akıtılması, kıyıya yakın tarımsal faaliyetler, çöp atma ve kıyılardan kum alımı gibi faaliyetler bölgedeki kumul habitatlar için önemli tehdit unsurlarıdır., There are a total of 105 dunes in 23 provinces of Turkey. 8 of these coastal dunes are located within the borders of Balıkesir province. This study was carried out in Armutova, Çoruk, Belkıs Tombolos and Karabiga coastal dunes located on the coasts of Balıkesir between 2016-2018. The obtained results were evaluated together with the Ayvalık and Gönen dunes previously studied, and the flora of 8 dune areas in Balıkesir was revealed. As a result of floristic studies; 120 genera and 152 taxa belonging to 39 families were identified. 2 of the species diagnosed are belonging to Pteridophyta diviso and 150 species belonging to Spermatophyta divisio. All of the taxa belonging to the Spermatophyta division belong to the Angiospermae subdivision. Of the Angiospermae subdivision, 134 species belong to the Dicotyledonae and 16 species belong to the Monocotyledonae class. Of the idendified plant taxa, 35% (54 taxa) consists of Mediterranean, 4% (6 taxa) to the European-Siberian phytogeographical region and 61% (92 taxa) of the species whose phytogeographical region can’t be determined. The first three families that contain the most taxa in the characteristic flora of the dune areas in the region; Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Poaceae. The most common taxa in dune areas are belong to genera Plantago and Limonium, followed by Allium and Juncus. The most common taxa seen in all our research areas are Cakile maritima, Glaucium flavum, and Eryngium maritimum. One endemic taxon has been identified in the study area. Sarımsaklı beach, which is the natural habitat of the endemic taxon Trigonella coerulescens subsp. ayvalikensis, is under heavy human pressure due to tourism activities. In addition, habitat degradation has decreased the population of the species due to reasons such as the removal of Pancratium maritimum from its natural habitats by the public and beach arrangement in the area of distribution. Apart from these, activities such as pouring industrial and sewage water into the sea without treatment, agricultural activities close to the shore, garbage disposal and taking sand from the coasts are important threats to the dune habitats in the region.

In this study, native plant taxa with invasive character that spread in flora of Balikesir were determined. Their distribution depending on habitat types and their ecological risks were revealed. For this purpose, in addition to the field studies conducted periodically in Balikesir and its districts. data of floristic observations taken from the same region were evaluated. As a result of the research: 172 genera and 271 taxa belonging toll families spreading in flora of Balikesir were included in the invasive plants with invasive character. Among these. the families containing the most taxa were Asteraceae (45 taxa, 1.6.6%), Poaceae (38 taxa, 14%) and Fabacene (.33 taxa, 12.2%). The first three genera that contain the most taxa were Trifolium L. (10 taxa. 3.7%). Carex L. (6 taxa, 2.2%) and luncus L. (6 taxa. 2.2%). In the distribution according to habitat types of taxa, the first three habitats were E1. Dry grasslands (136 taxa, 50.2Q, J1. Buildings of cities. towns and villages (31 taxa, 11.4%) and E5.1 An thropogenic herb stands (30 taxa. 11.1%). The empty lands that emerged as a result of human interventions /affects, overgrazing and unconscious in the region provided an opportunity to settle the invasive species in the meadows and pastures that are resistant to grazing. This situation led to the change of floristic composition, accordingly, decreased meadow and pasture quality, decreased of species richness and negatively affected agriculture. Therefore, the spreading areas of these species should be observed at certain time intervals and necessary measures should be taken. For this purpose, following the taxa has been identified, the situation must be reported to the stakeholders who are competent in this regard. Within the framework of emergency response for taxa that are considered important; Appropriate methods should be used to prevent spreading., Bu çalışmada, Balıkesir florasında yayılış gösteren istilacı karaktere sahip bitki taksonları belirlenerek, bu taksonların habitatlardaki dağılımı ve taşıdığı ekolojik riskler ortaya konulmuştur. Bu amaçla, Balıkesir ve ilçelerinde periyodik olarak gerçekleştirilen arazi çalışmalarına ek olarak bölgede daha önce tarafımızca yapılmış olan floristik gözlem ve çalışmalarda elde edilen veriler değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda; Balıkesir florasında 44 familyaya ait 172 cins ve 271 takson’un istilacı karaktere sahip bitkiler sınıfına dâhil edilebileceği görülmüştür. Bunlar içerisinde en fazla takson içeren familyalar sırasıyla; Asteraceae (45 takson, %16.6) Poaceae (38 takson, %14) ve Fabaceae (33 takson, %12.2)‘dir. En fazla takson içeren ilk üç cins ise; Trifolium L. (10 takson, %3.7), Carex L. (6 takson, %2.2) ve Juncus L. (6 takson, %2.2)’dur. Taksonların habitat tiplerine göre dağılımında ise ilk üç habitat; E1. kuru otlaklar” (136 takson, %50.2), “J1. şehir merkezleri, sürekli bina yapıları” (31 takson, %11.4), ve “E5.1 antropojenik bitki durumları” (30 takson, %11.1) şeklindedir. İnsan müdahaleleri/etkileri sonucunda ortaya çıkan boş araziler, bölgede bilinçsiz ve aşırı otlatma, çayır ve meralarda otlatmaya karşı dirençli olan bu istilacı türlerin yerleşmesine fırsat sağlamıştır. Bu durum alanın floristik yapısının değişmesine, ayrıca çayır ve mera kalitesinin düşmesi sonucunda tür zenginliğinin azalmasına neden olmuş ve tarımı olumsuz etkilemiştir. Bu nedenle bu taksonların yayılış alanları belirli periyotlarda gözlemlenmeli ve gerekli önlemler alınmalıdır. Bu amaçla, taksonlar teşhis edildikten sonra, bu konuda yetkili olan paydaşlara durumun bildirilmesi gerekir. Önemli görülen türler için acil müdahale çerçevesinde; yayılmanın önlenmesi amacıyla uygun yöntemler kullanılmalıdır.

Ayvalık and its environs are unique due to its coastal structure and natural beauties, and particularly the islands belonging to Ayvalık makes up the most important resource values. This study was carried out to determine the plant diversity in the coastal dunes of Ayvalık and its surroundings, to present the threat factors and to offer solutions. The study was conducted between 2016-2017. For this purpose; floristic and ecological observations were made in four seasons. As a result of floristic studies; 88 genera and 115 taxa belonging to 32 families were determined. Fabaceae (15 taxa), Asteraceae (14 taxa) and Amaranthaceae (8 taxa) families are dominant in the flora of the region. The most common taxa in dune areas are; Matthiola tricuspidata, Malcolmia flexuosa, Salicornia emericii, Cakile maritima, Anthemis rigida, A. tomentosa, Halimione portulacoides, Plantago coronopus subsp. commutata, Trifolium subterraneum, Eryngium maritimum, Allium sphaerocephalon and Euphorbia paralias. The role of human factors is particularly notable in a significant part of the coastal dunes in the region. Beach arrangements in dune areas, secondary housing construction in coastal areas, sand extraction from coasts, tourism, wetland drying and fires threaten dune habitats and plant species in the region. Especially due to the extensive use of the coastal areas and beach arrangements; The habitats of Sea daffodil (Pancratium maritimum) and Narcissus (Narcissus tazetta) have been greatly damaged. Moreover, the fact that P. maritimum bulbs were collected by the people there greatly reduced the populations of this species. It also is given solution proposals for protection of dune plants.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Gönen deltasındaki kıyı kumul bitkilerini ve bu alanlardaki çevre sorunlarını tespit etmektir. Ayrıca, kumul alanlardaki bitki çeşitliliğini tehdit eden faktörlere çözüm önerileri sunmaktır. Floristik çalışmalar sonucunda alanda; 32 familyaya ait 81 cins ve 89 takson tespit edilmiştir. Bölgedeki kumul alanların karakteristik florasında Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Amaranthaceae ve Apiaceae familyaları ağırlıktadır. Cakile maritima, Kali turgida ve Atriplex portulacoides neredeyse bütün araştırma alanlarına yayılmış durumdadırlar. Sahada yapılan floristik ve ekolojik gözlemler sonucunda, kumul türlerin yayılış alanlarındaki tehdit faktörleri belirlenmiştir. Sanayi ve kanalizasyon sularının arıtılmadan akarsu ve denize akıtılması, tarımsal faaliyetler ve kıyılardan kum alımı gibi çeşitli nedenler kumul alanların hızla kirlenmesine yol açmaktadır. Bölgedeki dericilik sektörü su kaynaklarına ve kumul alanlara en önemli zararı veren faaliyetlerdendir. Kumul bitki türlerinden özellikle Pancratium maritimum soğanlarının halk tarafından toplanıyor olması ve yayılış alanındaki habitat bozulmaları bu türün popülasyonlarını oldukça düşürmüştür. Bölgedeki ekolojik sorunların temelinde denetimsizlik ve bilinçsizlik yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle, ekolojik planlama sürecinde sanayicilerin ve bölge halkının da bilinçlendirilmesi önemlidir. The aim of this study is to determine coastal dune plants in Gönen delta and environmental problems in these areas. In addition, it offers solutions to the factors that threaten plant diversity in dune areas. As a result of floristic studies were determined 81 genera and 89 taxa belonging to 32 families. Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Amaranthaceae and Apiaceae families are predominant in the flora of the region. Cakile maritima, Kali turgida and Atriplex portulacoides are spread over almost all research areas. As a result of floristic and ecological observations conducted in the field, the threat factors in the distribution areas of the dune species were determined. Various reasons as drained into river and sea without the purified of industrial and sewage waters, agricultural activities and carried of sand from the coasts lead to rapid pollution of the dune areas. The leather industry in the region is one of the most important damages to the water resources and dune areas. Bulbs of Pancratium maritimum gathered from local people and the habitat disturbances in the distribution area, this species populations were greatly reduced. Ecological problems in the region are based on uncontrollability and unconsciousness. Therefore, it is important to raise awareness of industrialists and local people in the ecological planning process.

In the course of screening for anti-mycobacterial activity, the authors detected significant activity in the essential oil of Daucus littoralis Sibth. et Sm. Composition of the oil was characterized by gas chromatographic (GC) and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analyses. The genus Daucus (Apiaceae) is represented in Turkey by six species, one being endemic, D. conchiteae W. Greuter. Daucus carota L. is a well-known species whose roots are used as food and whose fruit oil is used in perfumery (7,8). Air-dried aerial parts of D. littoralis were subjected to water distillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The essential oil yield was 0.2% on dry weight basis. The main compound in the oil was found as cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (46.8%). The aim of this study was to determine new potent anti-mycobacterial compounds for the treatment of tuberculosis.

Aşkun, Tülin (Balikesir Author), This study determined the phenolic composition of two thyme species (Lamiaceae), Origanum minutiflorum O. Schwarz and P.H. Davis and Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata, and assessed their antibacterial and antimycobacterial activities. "Kekik" is a collective term used in Turkey for plants that smell like thyme. O. minutiflorum, (locally "Sutculer kekigi", endemic) and T spicata var. spicata (locally "Karakekik") are widely used in Turkey and are important export commodities. The activity of the methanol extracts of these plants is given here for the first time. T. spicata var. spicata exhibited a high level of activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (minimum inhibitory concentration MIC 196 mu g/ml), and moderate activity (MIC 640 mu g/ml) against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhinnurium, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Carvacrol, rosmarinic acid, hesperidin and naringenin were identified as the major phenolic compounds for T. spicata var. spicata. Carvacrol, rosmarinic acid, eriodictiol and luteolin were identified as the major phenolic compounds for O. minutiflorum. The effective constituents of methanol extracts of these plants are given here for the first time.

WOS: 000282711400002, In this paper, antibacterial and antimycobacterial activity of five Labiatae plant methanol extracts, commonly used for treating cold, stomachache, and sore throat, Salvia fruticosa Mill., Salvia tomentosa Mill., Sideritis albiflora Hub.-Mor. (endemic), Sideritis leptoclada O. Schwarz & P. H. Davis, (endemic), and Origanum onites L., were investigated, and their phenolic compounds were determined by HPLC. Antibacterial activity was analyzed against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimycobacterial activity was assayed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The best antibacterial activity (MIC 640 mu g/mL) was shown against S. typhimurium and E. aerogenes by S. fruticosa; E. coli, and S. typhimurium, E. aerogenes by S. tomentosa; S. typhimurium, and E. aerogenes by S. leptoclada and S. typhimurium, E. aerogenes and S. epidermidis by O. onites, respectively. The best antimycobacterial activity (MIC 196 mu g/mL) was shown by S. tomentosa. S. fruticosa (MIC 392 mu g/mL) and O. onites (MIC 784 mu g/mL) showed moderate activity against M. tuberculosis. S. albiflora, with low level rosmarinic acid and carvacrol content, showed inhibition against bacteria except K. pneumoniae, B. cereus and M. tuberculosis. The correlation between in vitro activity and ethnobotanical usage was evaluated., TUBITAK, TBAGTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [104T336], The authors are grateful to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK). This research was supported by a grant from TUBITAK, TBAG (Research grant no. 104T336).

Tümen, Gülendam (Balikesir Author), A new sesquiterpene, lauroxepine and six known sesquiterpene lactones, were obtained through bioactivity-directed isolation from a methanol extract of the fruits of Laurus nobilis. The hexane-soluble part of the methanol extract yielded lauroxepine, costunolide and gazaniolide, while the dichloromethane- soluble part of the methanol extract afforded costunolide and four other sesquiterpene lactones including santamarine, reynosin, 11,13-dehydrosantonin and spirafolide. The new sesquiterpene lauroxepine and spirafolide have a rare molecular structure carrying an oxepine ring. Structures of the compounds were determined through 1D and 2D NMR and mass (EI-MS) techniques. The extracts were investigated for both ovarian cytotoxic activity and DNA damaging properties against three yeasts. Among the three tested extracts prepared from flowers, leaves and fruits of L. nobilis, the most cytotoxic active extract against ovarian cancer cell line was found to be the fruit extract with 98% inhibition. Among all tested extracts, only the fruit extract showed marginal inhibition (63.2%) against one DNA repair-deficient yeast strain (pRAD52 Gat). Six known sesquiterpene lactones were found to be highly cytotoxic against the A2780 ovarian cancer cell line, however, lauroxepine was not found to be active in A2780. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

A new species, Matthiola trojana T. Dirmenci, F. Satil & G. Tumen (Brassicaceae), is described from Turkey. Diagnostic characters, description, detailed illustrations, and taxonomic comments are given. Its characteristics are compared with the related species, M. fruticulosa (L.) Maire. The geographical distribution of the new species is mapped. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) threat category and observations on the population are noted. © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2006, 151, 431–435.

Azaz, Ayşe Dilek (Balıkesir Author), Aerial parts of Satureja hortensis (1 and 2), Satureja macrantha, Satureja cuneifolia, Satureja thymbra and Satureja aintabensis collected from different parts of Turkey were subjected to hydrodistillation to yield essential oils and analysed by GC and GC-MS. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of six essential oils and their major constituents in the gaseous state was evaluated against Escherichia coli ATCC 25292, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Enterobacter aerogenes NRRL 3567, Candida albicans (OGU), Penicillium clavigerum (BUB. Czp. 181), Mucor hiemalis (BUB. Malt. 163) and Absidia glauca ATCC 22752. All tested microorganisms were inhibited by the essential oils of S. hortensis 1 and 2, S. macrantha, S. cuneifolia, S. thymbra and S. aintabensis. Carvacrol was the main component in the oils of S. macrantha, S. cuneifolia and S. thymbra, respectively (64.4%, 48.7%, 39.0%). The oil of S. hortensis (2) contained (43.4%) thymol and the oils of S. hortensis (1) 40.6% thymol; S. aintabensis contained 59.0% p-cymene as the main constituent. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Ethnobotanical studies which aim to shed light on local human-plants interactions in the Buldan area of Denizli, began in November 2002 and continued m 2003 with the support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Fund of the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey TÜBİTAK* and the Turkish Academy of Sciences TÜBA . Ten fieldtrips carried out during April- December 2003, and a total of forty-one work-days in the Held devoted to the study by a team of six researchers alternately. During this time period interviews were made with about 130 informants within Buldan and its surrounding villages, and more than 300 plant samples with its related information were collected. A total of 258 species of which 21 are endemic to Turkey* were identified among 450 specimens that collected in 2002 and 2003. Among the sampled plants 97 food, 108 medicinal, 41 fodder, 38 handicraft. 11 fuel, and about 46 plants with various uses were recorded. Several plants have more than one use. and especiatly food and medicinal plant uses are overlapping. Over 300 recipes related to various wild and cultivated plants' uses were recorded, and some activities related to plants were also recorded with photographs and video. All information and plant identifications were transferred to a database which gives an, Buldan'da halkın değişik alanlardaki bitki bilgisini saptamaya yönelik etnobotanik çalışmaları, 2002 yılının Ekim ayında başlatılmış ve 2003 yılında Tür­kiye Bilimsel ve Teknik Araştırma Kurumu TÜBİTAK Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırma Fo­nu ve Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi'nin TUBA des­teğiyle sürdürülmüştür. Nisan-Aralık 2003'te on kez Buldan'a gidilerek altı kişilik bir ekiple dönü­şümlü olarak toplam 41 gün alanda çalışılmıştır. Bu Süre içinde Buldan ilçe merkezi ve köylerinde 130'a yakın kişiyle görüşülmüş, 300'ü aşkın bitki örneği ve bunlara ait yerel bilgiler toplanmıştır. 2002 ve 2003 yıllarında toplanan 450 örnekten, 21’i Türkiye'ye endemik. 258 tür belirlenmiştir. Bazı örtüşen kullanımlar da olmakla birlikte 97 gıda, 108 ilaç, 11 yakacak, 41 yem ve 38 el sanatla­rında kullanımın yanı sıra 46 bitki türünün farklı alanlarda yararlı oldukları saptanmıştır. Özellikle gı­da ve tıbbi kullanımlar arasında belirli bir örtüşme olduğu gözlenmiştir Farklı bitki kullanımlarına iliş­kin 300 ün üzerinde kullanım reçetesi derlenmiş; doğal/ yabanî bitkilere ve yerel tarım bitkilerine ait örnekler alınmış, bitki kullanımları fotoğraf ve vi­deo ile de belgelenmiştir. Kullanıma ilişkin bilgiler­le, örnek alman, teşhisleri yapılan bitkilere ilişkin veriler, çok yönlü sorgulamalara uygun olarak dü­zenlenen bir veri tabanına aktarılmıştır. Araştırma 2004 yılı Nisan ayına dek sürdürülmüştür, ancak veriler bu rapora dahil edilmemiştir.

Trigonella coerulescens subsp. ayvalikensis (Fabaceae) is described and illustrated from western Anatolia, Turkey. It grows on sandy soil and flowers from March to May in coastal areas. Diagnostic characters are given and the taxon compared to the other two subspecies; Trigonella coerulescens subsp. coerulescens and Trigonella coerulescens subsp. kemerensis.

The essential oils of Thymus migricus Klokov et Des.-Shost. and T. fedtschenkoi Ronniger var. handelii (Ronniger) Jalas were obtained by hydrodistillation, and analysed by GC–MS. The main components in the essential oils were found to be carvacrol and thymol and linalool, respectively. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from aerial parts ofOriganum × dolichosiphonP. H. Davis (Lamiaceae), a hybrid ofO. AmanumPost ×O. LaevigatumBoiss., was analyzed by GC/MS. Ninety-five compounds were characterized representing 92% of the oil. The major compounds were bicyclogermacrene (19.9%),β-caryophyllene (13.0%), and germacrene D (10.8%). The antimicrobial activity of the oil was also determined

Sideritis phlomoides Boiss. & Bal., S. vulcanica Hub.-Mor., S. vuralii Duman & Baser and S. caesarea Duman, Aytac¸ & Baser are endemic species in Turkey. Water-distilled essential oils from the flowering spike of these plants were analysed by GC-MS. b-Pinene (35%), 1,8-cineole (15%) and a-pinene (15%) were the main components in the oil of S. vuralii, while b-caryophyllene (8%) and caryophyllene oxide (7%) were the major constituents in the oil of S. caesarea. The oils from S. phlomoides and S. vulcanica were found to contain b-caryophyllene (31% and 10%) as major constituents. a-Bisabolol (16%) was also found as a major component in the oil of Sideritis phlomoides. Copyright # 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In this study, water-distilled essential oil of three species of Acinos Miller (Lamiaceae) were analysed by GC–MS. Oils from A. suaveolens (Sm.) G. Don fil. were found to contain pulegone (23.2–80.7%) and isomenthone (1.1–54.1%). Oils from A. arvensis (Lam.) Dandy and A. rotundifolius Pers. were found to contain germacrene-D (14.3% and 14.4–73.1%) hexadecanoic acid (14.0% and 17.5–30.2%). Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Tümen, Gülendam (Balikesir Author), The essential oils from 20 samples of wild and cultivated collections of Satureja hortensis L. were investigated by GC and GC/MS. The oils from cultivated forms contained carvacrol (42-63%) as the major constituent. Thymol (29-43%) was the main component in the wild forms of S. hortensis.

Uzbek-Turkish International Symposium on Phytochemistry -- OCT 05-07, 1994 -- ESKISEHIR, TURKEY

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a pathogenic bacteria species of the genus Mycobacterium, first discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch, which causes tuberculosis (TB) (Ryan & Ray, 2004). The disease is characterized by symptoms such as sepsis, septic shock, multiple organ failure (Muckart & Bhagwanjee, 1997). It may spread to the central nervous system and cause TB meningitis, intracranial tuberculomas, or abscesses (Harisinghani et al., 2000; Hwang et al., 2010).

Aşkun, Tülin (Balikesir Author), Methanol extracts from the aerial parts of three Satureja L. spp. belonging to the family Lamiaceae were studied. S. cilicica is endemic to Turkey; S. icarica and S. coerulea extend to West Anatolia; S. icarica extends to the Turkish-Greek border and S. coerulea extends to the Turkish-Bulgarian border. S. icarica, S. coerulea, and S. cilicica extracts had strong fungicidal effects at high concentrations and fungistatic effects at lower concentrations. Plant methanol extracts were investigated for their antibacterial, antifungal and antimycobacterial activity. To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. cilicica mycobactericidal activity against M. tuberculosis. Phenolic constituents were detected using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses; the effective constituents of methanol extracts of these plants are presented, and their activities and their ethnobotanical uses are discussed., TUBITAK

The essential oils from two varieties of Thymbra spicata var. spicata and var. intricata (endemic in Turkey) obtained by hydrodistillation were studied by GC and GC/MS. Forty-one compounds which made up 95.66–99.99% of the oil were identified. The major component in all the oils but one was carvacrol (49.19–76.86%). Thymol (50.71%) was the main component in the oil of one strain of T. spicata var. intricata.

In this study, comparative morphological and ecological studies of Stachys balansae and S. carduchorum were investigated. Morphologically, general views of taxa and micromorphological features of the trichomes were studied. S. balansae differs from S. carduchorum in its leaves sericeous-pilose on the upper surface and narrow oblong-lanceolate cauline leaves. It was observed that there are some differences in calyx and leaves indumentum in two species. In ecological studies, Stachys species grow on loamy and clayey-loamy soils, with pH of 7.29 to 7.60, with 2.32-6.06% of organic matter, 110-172% of total salt content, 8.02 -24.51% phosphorus and 204-254% potassium., SYNTHESYS - GB-TAF 4797

The tocopherol contents of oils obtained from Ayvalik, Domat and Gemlik olive varieties harvested at different ripening periods were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. α-Tocopherol was the major tocol detected in all the studied olive oil samples. The oils extracted from olive fruits composed of 130.54–180.43 mg kg–1 α-tocopherol, 0.73–1.61 mg kg–1 β-tocopherol and 0.53–2.28 mg kg–1 γ-tocopherol for Ayvalik oil. The α-, β- and γ-tocopherol contents of Domat oil are in the ranges 95.60–125.56, 0.71–2.70 and 0.49–1.25 mg kg–1 at different harvesting periods. The α-, β- and γ-tocopherol contents of Gemlik olive oil are in the ranges 112.59–168.19, 0.94–1.21 and 0.85–2.40 mg kg–1, respectively. There were significant differences between the oils from cultivars grown in different environments.

WOS: 000086840300004, PubMed ID: 21214448, Water distilled essential oils of five annual Sideritis species collected from different regions of Turkey were analysed by GC/MS. Results are tabulated and compared with main components of the essential oils of perennial Sideritis species from Turkey.

Water-distilled essential oils from aerial parts of Salvia aramiensis Rech. fil., collected in three different seasons (pre-flowering, flowering and post-flowering stages) from Hatay, were analysed by GC–MS. 1,8-Cineole (43–49%) was identified as the main constituent in all the samples. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Water-distilled essential oil from the aerial parts ofS. Boissieriwas analyzed by GC/MS. Forty - five components were characterized representing 97% of the oil. The main components were identified as carvacrol (40.8%),γ-terpinene (26.4%), andp-cymene (14.5%).

Phenolic compounds in olive fruit and oils obtained from Ayvalik, Domat and Gemlik olive varieties collected at different ripening periods were evaluated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Gallic acid and p-cumaric acid were identified for Ayvalik and Domat at each period of ripening, respectively. In addition, gallic acid, p-cumaric acid, sinapinic and apigenin acids were detected in Gemlik olive fruit. Hydroxytyrosol, rutin, oleoropein, luteolin, tyrosol, vanilic acid and gallic acid in Ayvalik olive fruit in all ripening periods were determined. The tyrasol contents varied between 0.18 to 1.57 mg/kg. Luteolin contents of olive oils ranged at the levels between 0.12 to 2.28 mg/kg. In contrast, oils had the lowest syringic, p-cumaric, chlorogenic and ferulic acids. Vanillic acid contents of oils ranged between 0.08 to 2.38 mg/kg. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000276227500012, The compositions of the essential oils of 5 Turkish Salvia species, namely Salvia aucheri Bentham var. aucheri (endemic for Turkey), Salvia aramiensis Rech. fil., Salvia fruticosa Mill., Salvia tomentosa Mill., and Salvia verticillata L. subsp. amasiaca (Freyn & Bornm.) Bornm., were studied. Water distilled essential oils from the aerial parts of Salvia species from Turkey were analysed by GC and GC/MS. Salvia aucheri var. aucheri, Salvia aramiensis, and Salvia fruticosa oils have the same main constituent: 1,8-cineole (39.2%, 55.6%, and 52.8% respectively). a-Pinene (25.1%), camphor (14.9%), and borneol (13.2%) were identified as the major components of Salvia tomentosa. The main constituents, beta-pinene (21.4%) and 1,8-cineole (16.1%), were also the major constituents in the oil of Salvia verticillata subsp. amasiaca. S. verticillata subsp. amasiaca, S. aucheri subsp. Aucheri, and S. tomentosa showed activity (MIC 196 mu g/mL), while S. aramiensis and S. fruticosa did not. This is the first study of the antimycobacterial activity of these 5 plants., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK); TBAG [104T336], This study was supported by a grant from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), TBAG (Research grant no. 104T336).

Tümen, Gülendam (Balikesir Author), Water-distilled essential oils from aerial parts of Thymus pseudopulegioides collected from three different localities in Turkey were analyzed by GC/MS. One hundred and four compounds were identified representing 97.5–99.5% of the total components detected in thymol/carvacrol (50.14/10.67%), thymol/linalool (23.14/20.24%) and linalool/α-terpinyl acetate/geraniol (21.55/16.70/11.17%) rich oils.

Satıl, Fatih (Balikesir Author), The aim of this study was to determine the commercial Satureja (Sivri kekik) species, gathered amounts, social networks in trade, gathering style, their vernacular names, and local usages in Turkey. The survey was carried out in 17 provinces, 20 towns and 40 villages where the Satureja species have large population. Commercial Satureja was collected from the mentioned fields, along with the information regarding local names, usage, sorting and grading methods obtained questioning the local people. The amount of total commercial Satureja species gathered from Anatolia is around 700-800 tones in a year. The Aegean and Mediterranean regions are the main areas of Satureja collection in Turkey, S. cuneifolia, S. thymbra, S. hortensis and S. spicigera are gathered for trade. Also, S. boissieri, S. coerulea, S. pilosa, S. icarica, S. wiedemanniana, and S. cilicica are gathered only as spices and herbal tea for the local people. Trade of Satureja is an important Source of income for people in local region. Satureja species are gathered directly by the local villagers, especially, unemployed people with financial difficulties. Local middlemen coordinate the Satureja collection and then sell the material to companies in the province, and from there it is processed and distributed throughout the country and abroad. Also, threat factors and solution for long term concervation of the commercial Satureja species were determined in this study. Prohibitions or restrictions on their collection are needed., TUBITAK-TBAG 101T011

In this study, antifungal effects of some Lamiaceae species (Thymbra spicata L. Satureja hortensis L., Origanum onites L., O. vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (Link) Iestswaart, O. vulgare L. subsp vulgare, O. minutiflorum O. Schwarz & P. H. Davis, Sideritis vuralii H. Duman & Baser and S. caesarea H. Duman, Aytac, & Baser) commonly used by people, were investigated. To determine the antifungal effects, the aerial parts of plant methanol extracts were tested against four fungal species, Aspergillus flavus Link., A. niger Raper, and Fennel, A. ochraceus K. Wilh., and Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg. Three plant species, O. vulgare subsp. hirtum, O. minutiflorum, and T. spicata, methanol extracts showed antifungicidal activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.6 mg/ml against four potential mycotoxigenic fungi. The results were evaluated using statistical tests.

Tümen, Gülendam (Balikesir Author), Fatty acid compositions of the seed oils of H. thermophilum Kit Tan, A. Celik & Y. Gemici, sp. nova, H. europaeum L., and IT hirsutissimum L. (Boraginaceae) were analyzed by GC/MS. The main fatty acid methyl esters were determined to be of palmitic (39.8-40.6%), linoleic (32.4-33.2%), oleic (10.6-12.1%) and stearic acids (7.9-8.5%). gamma-Linolenic acid was found to be a minor component of the seed oils of the reported species. This is the first chemical report on the fatty acid composition of H. thermophilum, along with chemotaxonomic evaluation of the species.

Satureja coerulea Janka and Thymus aznavourii Velen. are endangered species. Thymus aznavourii is an endemic species in Turkey. Satureja coerulea has a narrow distribution in Turkey and Bulgaria. Water-distilled essential oils from the aerial parts of these species were analysed by GC–MS. The main component in the oils was identified as germacrene-D. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Water-distilled essential oil from aerial parts of Sideritis scardica subsp. scardica, was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The major constituents were β-pinene (17.91%), carvacrol (14.78%) and α-pinene (7.26%).

Water-distilled oils of Micromeria fruticosa ssp. giresunica, Sideritis lycia and S. arguta, three endemic species to Turkey, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The main components of the oils were M. fruticosa ssp. giresunica: pulegone (39.57%), menthol (24.27%) and menthone (24.21%); S. lycia: ?-pinene (32.22%) and ?-pinene (21.63%) and S. arguta: 1,8-cineole (23.22%) respectively. © 1996, Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. All rights reserved.

Kılıç, Turgut (Balikesir Author), Six known ent-kaurene, a new ent-kaurane and a new pimarane diterpenes were isolated from Sideritis trojana. The structures of new compounds were determined as ent-7alpha-15beta,16beta-epoxykaurane (1), and ent-2alpha-hydroxy-8(14),15-pimaradiene (2) along with the known compounds siderol (3), sideridiol (4), 7-epicandicandiol (5), isocandol B (6), candol A acetate (7) ent-7alpha-acetoxykaur-15-ene (8) by IR, 1D and 2D NMR techniques and HRMS.

Kılıç, Turgut (Balikesir Author), The known ent-kaurene diterpenes 1-9 and a new ent-labdane, ent-6 beta ,8 alpha -dihydroxyl-abda-13(16),14-diene (10), were isolated from the whole plant of Sideritis argyrea. Their structures were elucidated based on one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques and HRMS

WOS: 000167741200023, Water-distilled essential oils from the aerial parts of two collections of Sideritis congesta, an endemic plant of Turkey growing in Southern Anatolia, were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-nine components were characterized in each oil representing 85-90% of the total components detected with beta -pinene (34-35%) and alpha -pinene (24-25%) as major constituents.

The essential oils of Thymus cariensis Hub.-Mor. et Jalas and Thymus haussknechtii Velen were examined by GC and GC/MS. The major components in T. cariensis oil were borneol (13.42%), 1, 8-cineole (12.65%) and α-pinene (12.15%), while in T. haussknechtii oil they were linalool (19.91%) and borneol (10.35%). Both oils were almost devoid of phenols.

Yıldız, Bayram (Balikesir Author), Water distilled oil of the herbal parts of Nepeta fissa (Labiatae) was analyzed by GC/MS. Thirty seven compounds representing 95.1% of the oil were identified with caryophyllene oxide (24%) and beta caryophyllene (8.3%) as main constituents.

Tümen, Gülendam (Balikesir Author), Water-distilled oils from herbal parts of Thymus leucostomus var. gypsaceus and T. pubescens var. cratericola were analyzed by GC/MS. Forty-seven compounds representing 99.9% of the former oil were identified with thymol (33.2%) and borneol (22.2%) as main constituents. Carvacrol (17.5%), β-cymene (l6.4%) and thymol (10.8%) were the major constituents of the latter oil among the 75 constituents characterized which represented 99% of the oil.

Tümen, Gülendam (Balikesir Author), Water-distilled essential oil from aerial parts of Thymus fallax was analyzed by GC/MS. Thirty-two compounds were identified representing 99.4% of the total components detected with carvacrol (68.1%) as the major constituent.

Tümen, Gülendam (Balikesir Author), The genus Sideritis is represented in Turkey by 46 species and altogether 53 taxa of these being endemic in Turkey (74%) [1-3].

Water-distilled essential oil from the herbal parts of Thymus canoviridis, an endemic species in Turkey, was analyzed by GC/MS. Sixty-four components were characterized representing 99.17% of the total components detected. Carvacrol (29.51%), geraniol (13.25%) and thymol (9.49%) were the major constituents of the oil obtained in 0.61% yield.

Water-distilled essential oil from the aerial parts of Salvia cedronella, endemic in Turkey, was analyzed by GC/MS. One hundred and sixteen components were characterized representing 89.5% of the total components detected with 1,8-cineole (12.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (10.1%) as major constituents.

Pulegone is a monoterpene ketone with a refreshing odor reminescent of mint. This is the reason why pulegone-rich oils containing plants are often named in Turkish after mint. Six Labiatae genera (i.e., Acinos, Calamintha, Cyclotrichium, Mentha, Micromeria and Ziziphora) have been found to contain pulegone as a major constituent in their respective oils. This study covers the oil compositions of pulegone-rich Labiatae species growing wild in Turkey