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L-carnitine plays a main role in β-oxidation of fatty acids, and has been used increasingly in the livestock. This study aimed to determine the possible effects of adding L-carnitine to the ration at two different doses to protect Damascus goats from pregnancy toxemia, regardless of feed consumption. An estrus synchronization and natural mating protocol was performed in 150 goats. After pregnancy diagnosis, a total of 90 pregnant goats were divided into three groups at 100th day of pregnancy as CAR50, (50 mg/kg L-carnitine), CAR100 (100 mg/kg L-carnitine), and CON (no L-carnitine, control). 15 goats were randomly selected from each group and blood samples were collected at 100, 115, 130 and 145 days of pregnancy. Serum β-HBA, NEFA, and glucose levels were measured. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation had no effect on blood glucose levels in CAR50 and CAR100 compared to CON (P > 0.05) at third trimester of pregnancy. At 145 day of pregnancy differences in serum NEFA levels were significantly lower in CAR50 and CAR100 compared to CON (P 0.05). The results of the present study suggest that dietary L-carnitine supplementation represses ketone and NEFA levels in pregnant goat, especially at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Regardless of individual consumption of feed, adding fixed amount of L-carnitine to ration may help to avoid pregnancy toxemia in herds with a history of pregnancy toxemia.

Background: Following the induction of oestrus out of season in small ruminants, low fertility and variations in fertility rates are associated with embryonic losses. One of the main causes of embryonic loss is luteal dysfunction. Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) supports the luteal structure, and increasing progesterone levels may be beneficial in terms of promoting embryonic life. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of GnRH administration following an oestrus induction protocol in the anoestrus season for preventing embryonic loss in goats having failure to conceive during the season. Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, 106 Damascus goats aged 3-5 years and weighing 45-60 kg were used. The oestrus of 106 goats in the anoestrous group was stimulated with progesterone and pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) treatment. Out of breeding season, goats were divided into the 4 following groups: GnRH0 (n = 27), GnRH7 (n = 26), GnRH0+7 (n = 27) and control (n = 26). In each goat, an intravaginal sponge (IS) containing 20 mg of fluorogestone acetate (FGA) was placed into the vagina and left for 9 days. With the withdrawal of the sponge, 550IU PMSG and 125 μg of d-cloprostenol were injected intramuscularly. Oestrus detection was made via teaser bucks for 3 days starting 24 h after withdrawal of the IS. Eighteen bucks known to be fertile were used for breeding. Goats in the oestrus period were mated via natural breeding. The GnRH analogue lecirelin was injected intramuscularly at breeding in the GnRH0 group, on day 7 post-breeding in the GnRH7 group, and both at breeding and on day 7 post-breeding in the GnRH0+7 group. No injections were given to the control group. Blood samples for progesterone measurement were taken by jugular vena puncturing on days 3, 6, 7, 10, 13, 16, and 19 after breeding from 10 randomly chosen goats in all groups. The goats with a level of > 3.5 ng/mL of progesterone on day 21 post-breeding were evaluated as pregnant. Pregnancy was also viewed on day 50 after breeding by real-time ultrasonography (USG) with a 5-7.5 MHz convex probe. The oestrus rate was 96.23% (102/106) in the goats. The rates of onset of oestrus between 36-48 h, 48-60 h and 60 h and beyond were 38.7% (41/106), 21.7% (23/106) and 35.8% (38/106), respectively. The total pregnancy rate was 35.8% (38/106). There were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) found for the pregnancy rate, embryonic death rate or progesterone concentration of the groups. However, serum progesterone levels were statistically different in the GnRH7 group compared with the control group (P < 0.05).Discussion: After synchronisation, various anti-luteolytic strategies can be used to support corpus luteum development and elevate progesterone concentration in the luteal phase to decrease embryonic loss and increase reproductive performance. Therefore, application of GnRH to support the luteal structure and to increase progesterone levels may be beneficial in terms of supporting embryonic life. The results showed that GnRH treatment on the day 7 post-breeding following oestrus induction, including FGA and PMSG, can increase serum progesterone levels in Damascus goats in the anoestrus period. However, following oestrus induction in the anoestrus period, it was seen that GnRH treatment at breeding or on day 7 after breeding did not have any positive effect on embryonic loss or reproductive performance. In conclusion, it was considered that this protocol could be implemented successfully, yielding a 35% pregnancy rate in Damascus goats in the anoestrus period, but embryonic loss must be deeply studied in detail.

Ruminantlarda vaginada mezenkimal kökenli malign tümörler oldukça nadirdir. Genellikle genç hayvanlarda görülür. Belirli bir ırk yatkınlığı rapor edilmemiş olsa da holstein ırkı ineklerde görüldüğüne dair raporlar mevcuttur. Bu olguda 3 yaşlı holstein ırkı bir inekte vaginanın dorsal duvarından alınan kitlenin makroskobik ve histopatolojik incelemesi sonucunda vaginal fibrosarkom tanısı konulmuştur.

The objective of this study was to assess the changes in serum glucose, beta-hydroxybutyric acid ß-HBA , and nonesterified fatty acid NEFA levels in Damascus dairy goats fed niacin Nia and methionine Met during late gestation and early postpartum period. A total of 75 dairy goats at 105th day of gestation were divided into 3 groups as control no supplementation , Nia 20 g/kg Nia , and Met 2.5 g/kg Met groups. The dietary treatments continued until parturition. Dairy goats fed dietary Nia had greater serum glucose levels on day 125 of gestation compared to the other dietary treatments P < 0.05 . On day 135 of pregnancy, serum glucose levels were higher in Met group than control group P < 0.05 . Serum ß-HBA levels decreased on days 135 and 145 in dairy goats fed Nia than those in control group. Dietary Nia and Met lowered serum ß-HBA levels on day 10 postpartum compared to control group P < 0.05 . Serum NEFA levels decreased P < 0.05 on days 135 and 145 in dairy goats fed Nia supplemented ration than those in control group. Serum NEFA levels d 10 postpartum were different among the groups P < 0.05 . In conclusion, dietary Nia and Met supplementation improved serum glucose levels on day 125 of gestation while decreasing ß-HBA and NEFA levels during late gestation and early postpartum period in Damascus dairy goats under the conditions of present study.

The current study was carried out to determine the changes in serum electrolytes, liver enzymes, and hormones during breeding and non-breeding seasons in estrus-synchronized goats. Forty goats (n = 40) were synchronized by inserting the sponges intravaginally for 12 days; PMSG and PGF2α were injected on day of sponge removal. Blood samples were collected from the goats at the time of sponges insertion (day -12), estrus day (day 0), and at 15 day after sponge withdrawal (day 15). The blood samples were analyzed for glucose, cholesterol (CHO), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and progesterone (P4), calcium (Ca), phosphate (PO4), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl) levels. Repeated measurements ANOVA of general linear model were used as statistical model. The results showed that seasons have an effect (p

Çalışma, subklinik mastitisli ineklerde süt ve süt hücrelerinde Vitamin C düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Süt örneklerinde somatik hücre sayımı yapıldı ve örnekler kontrol (1-87 x 1000 hücre), mastitli 1. grup (154-380 x 1000 hücre), 2. grup (418-812 x 1000 hücre), 3. grup (914-1928 x 1000 hücre) ve 4. grup (2614-8050 x 1000 hücre) olacak şekilde gruplandırıldı (n=12). Süt hücrelerinde ve süt serumunda (yağı ve hücreleri alınmış) Vitamin C düzeyleri belirlendi ve Vitamin C ve süt somatik hücre sayısı arasındaki korelasyonlar hesaplandı. Ayrıca alınan süt numunelerinden mikrobiyolojik ekim yapılarak, etken izolasyonu ve identifikasyonu yapıldı. Subklinik mastitisli sütlerde (1, 2, 3, ve 4. gruplar) µg/106 hücredeki Vitamin C düzeyleri kontrol grubundan düşük olarak bulunurken (p0,05) göre düşük olduğu görüldü. Ayrıca süt serumu Vitamin C düzeyleri ile süt somatik hücreleri arasında negatif bir korelasyon saptandı (r=-0,420, p, In this study, it was aimed to determine the levels of Vit C in milk and milk cells of subclinical mastitic cows. Somatic cell count was determined in the quarter milk samples of all animals and the groups were scored control (1-87 x 1000 cells), mastitic 1st group (154-380 x 1000 cells), 2nd group (418-812 x 1000 cells), 3rd group (914-1928 x 1000 cells) and 5th group (2614-8050 x 1000 cells) (n=12). Milk serum and milk cell Vitamin C levels were determined and the correlation between Vitamin C levels and somatic cell count were evaluated. Also microbiological diagnosis was conducted. In subclinical mastitic milks, Vitamin C levels (µg/106 cell) were lower compared to control group (p0,05). There was a negative correlation between milk serum Vitamin C levels and somatic cell count (r=-0,420, p

Bu çalışma, farklı besleme sistemlerindeki Şam keçilerinin laktasyonun farklı dönemlerinde süt verimi ve süt kaliteözelliklerinin araştırılması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Keçiler konsantre yeme ve meraya dayalı olarak iki farklı besleme sistemineayrılmıştır. Besleme sistemlerinin, laktasyon süresi üzerine etkisi önemsiz olurken laktasyon süt verimi üzerinde önemli farklılığasebep olmuştur. Besleme sistemleri arasında pH, süt kompozisyonu (yağ, laktoz, kuru madde), somatik hücre sayısı ve laktasyonunerken dönemleri hariç malondialdehit düzeyleri benzer olurken, aynı parametreler üzerinde laktasyon dönemlerinin etkisi önemliolmuştur. Sütteki Kalsiyum seviyeleri erken laktasyon dönemlerinde besleme sistemleri bakımından farklılık göstermiştir. Ayrıcalaktasyon dönemleri arasında da farklılık meydana gelmiştir. Sütte bulunan diğer mineral maddelerin de laktasyonla beraber azaldığıtespit edilmiştir. Yağ asidi kompozisyonu besleme sistemlerinden büyük oranda etkilenirken, tüm yağ asitleri laktasyon dönemlerinegöre önemli düzeyde farklılık göstermişlerdir. Meraya dayalı besleme sistemindeki keçilere ait sütler daha düşük toplam doymuş yağasidi oranı, aterojenik indeks, trombojenik indeks ve koku indeks değerine sahip olmuştur. Süt yağ asidi kompozisyonu bakımındanmeraya dayalı beslenen keçilerden elde edilen süt konsantre yeme dayalı beslenen gruba göre daha sağlıklı bulunmuştur. Benzer şekildeerken laktasyon döneminde üretilen süt, geç laktasyon döneminde üretilene göre daha sağlıklı olmuştur., This study aimed to survey milk yield, lactation stages and milk quality traits of Damascus goats reared underdifferent feeding systems. Goats were divided according to feeding systems as pasture based and concentrate based. Feeding systemswere found to have significant effect on lactation milk yield but not on lactation duration. Although differences between feedingsystems were not found significant on pH, milk composition factors (fat, lactose, dry matter), somatic cell count and malondialdehyde(except for early lactation stage) for each lactation stage, significant effects were detected on same parameters among lactation stages.Calcium levels at early lactation stage in milk differed either between feeding systems or among lactation stages. Also, other mineralswere found to decrease with lactation. While most of the fatty acids were affected in any of the lactation stages by the feeding system,all of them were significantly altered by lactation stages. Pastured goats had a lower percentage of total saturated fatty acids, atherogenicindex, thrombogenic index and odour index ratios. In accordance with milk fatty acid composition, compared to the milk obtained fromgoats fed with concentrate, the milk obtained from the goats that pastured was healthier and early lactation stage was found to producehealthier milk than late lactation stage.

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of reducing GnRH dose on the formation of ovulation and conception, and sizes of the ovarian structures following an Ovsynch program in lactating cows. The cows were allocated randomly to two treatment groups (full dose; FD, n=20 and half dose; HD, n=20). Cows in the FD group were treated with 10.5 µg buserelin acetate on day 0, with 0.150 mg D- cloprostenol 7 d later and with 10.5 µg buserelin acetate 2 d later. Estrous cycles in HD group were synchronized using the same scheme as FD-treated cows, but the dose of buserelin acetate was reduced to 5.25 µg at both GnRH administration times. Ovarian structures were monitored by ultrasound with a 6-8 MHz linear trans-rectal probe on days 0, 7, 9, 10, and 11. Cows were inseminated at the 16-20 h after second GnRH administration. No significant differences were observed in the dominant or ovulatory follicle diameters in FD and HD groups. Ovulation incidence from second GnRH injection by the 24 hour after fixed-time AI did not differ between FD (85 %) and HD (90 %) groups. Also, the conception percentages did not differ statistically between the HD (50%) and FD (40 %) groups.

Bu olgu sunumu gebe bir köpekte operasyon sezaryende belirlenen unilateral uterus torsiyonunun tanı ve tedavisini tanımlamaktadır. Olgunun materyalini iki gündür devam eden halsizlik, iştahta azalma ve kusma şikayeti olan; 34 kg ağırlığında 1 yaşlı kangal melezi bir köpek oluşturdu. Köpekte hafif bir halsizlik saptandı. Mukoz membranların rengi ve kapillar dolum zamanı, nabız ve solunum sayıları fizyolojik değerlerdeydi. Vücut ısısı 37.5°C’ idi. Vaginal muayenede kahverengi-yeşilimsi mukoid bir akıntı belirlendi. Ölçülen biyokimyasal değerleri fizyolojik sınırlar içerisindeydi. Ultrasonografik muayenede hem canlı hem ölü fötusların olduğu tespit edildi, yarım saat sonra tekrarlanan ikinci USG muayenede ölü fötüs sayısında artış belirlendi bu yüzden sezaryen operasyonuna karar verildi. Sağ kornu uteriden canlı iki erkek bir dişi yavru, sol kornu uteriden iki ölü dişi yavru çıkarıldı. Sol kornu uteride hiperemi, hemoraji ve frajilite ile birlikte bifirkasyon bölgesinin yakınında uzun ekseni boyunca 1800 derece torsiyon belirlendi. Sol kornu uterideki amnion sıvıları normalken chorioallantoik sıvılar hemarojikti. Total ovariyohisterektomi operasyonu yapıldı. Sonuç olarak; uterus torsiyonu olguları halsizlik ve kusma gibi nonspesifik klinik bulgularla ortaya çıkabilir. Tekrarlayan ultrasonografik muayenede ölü yavru sayısının artması durumunda uterus torsiyonu düşünülmelidir. Sunulan olgudaki gibi cerrahi müdahale ile gebe hayvanın hayatı kurtarılabilmektedir., This report describes the diagnosis and treatment of a case of unilateral uterine torsion, which was detected at the caesarean section of a pregnant bitch. A one-year-old, 34 kg half-breed Kangal dog, with signs of apathy, anorexia and emesis for the past two days was the material of this case report. The dog only displayed a mild apathy. Mucous membranes colour, capillary refilling time, heart and respiratory rates were within the physiological ranges. The body temperature was 37.5°C. A mucoid brown-greenish coloured vaginal discharge was determined. The measured biochemical values fell within the physiological ranges. Both live and dead foetuses were determined ultrasonographically then the number of dead foetuses increased half an hour later on second ultrasonographic examination so it was decided to perform a caesarean section. One female and two male live foetuses from the right uterine horn and two dead female foetuses from the left uterine horn were removed. The left uterine horn displayed hyperaemia, haemorrhage and fragility with a 1800° torsion along its long axis, near the uterine bifurcation. The amniotic fluids appeared normal, the chorioallantoic fluid was haemorrhagic in the left horn. Total ovariohysterectomy was performed. The uterine torsion cases may be manifested with nonspecific clinical signs such as anorexia and emesis. In the event of increased number of dead foetuses in repeated ultrasonographic examination, the presence of uterine torsion should be considered. In such cases, the pregnant animal can be saved by surgical intervention, as was in this case study.

This research was conducted to determine the most efficient CIDR application periods in timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocols in Damascus goats during the breeding season. Ninety-six Damascus goats were used and the animals were randomly allocated into four equal groups. CIDR was used for 18, 12, 6 and 3 days in groups VL, L, S, and VS, respectively. 500 IU of eCG and 125 mcg of cloprostenol were administered on the day of CIDR removal. The goats were timely inseminated intra-cervically by cooled semen 48-60 h after removal of CIDR together with 5 mcg GnRH administration. Pregnancy rates were 62.5%, 79.2%, 75% and 62.5% in VL, L, S and VS groups, respectively. Abortion rates were 13.3%, 5.3%, 5.6% and 13.3%, also kidding rates were found to be 86.6%, 94.7%, 94.4% and 86.6% in VL, L, S and VS groups, respectively. Fertility rates were 54.2%, 75%, 70.8% and 54.2% in VL, L, S and VS groups, respectively. No significant difference was observed in pregnancy rates, abortion and kidding rates among the groups (p>0.05). As a result, CIDR has a wide range of application period in TAI protocols in Damascus goats during the breeding season. The short-term usage as short as 3 days, will offer high flexibility in TAI protocols of goats. Even no statistical difference was obtained among the groups, lower rates of fertility in VS and VL groups may provide economic loss. Further studies with a larger number of animals are needed to clarify the questions about fertility and economic issues., Çalışma, Şami keçilerinde aşım sezonunda, sabit zamanlı tohumlama protokollerinde CIDR’ın en uygun uygulama zamanını belirlemek amacıyla düzenlendi. Çalışmada 96 keçi kullanıldı ve hayvanlar rastgele dört eşit gruba ayrıldı. CIDR VL, L, S ve VS gruplarında sırasıyla 18, 12, 6 ve 3 gün süre ile kullanıldı. Hayvanlara CIDR çıkartılma anında 500 IU eCG ve 125 mcg kloprostenol yapıldı. Keçiler, CIDR’ın çıkartılmasından 48-60 saat sonra intra-servikal olarak soğutulmuş sperma ile tohumlandı ve tohumlama anında 5 mcg GnRH kas içi yolla uygulandı. Gebelik oranları VL, L, S ve VS gruplarında sırasıyla %62.5, %79.2, %75 ve %62.5 bulundu. İlaveten abort oranları VL, L, S ve VS gruplarında sırasıyla %13.3, %5.26, %5.55 ve %13.3 bulundu. Doğum oranları ise sırasıyla %86.6, %94.7, %94.4 ve %86.6 olarak belirlendi. Fertilite oranları VL, L, S ve VS gruplarında sırasıyla %54.2, %75, %70.8 ve %54.2 bulundu. Gruplar arasında fertilite parametrelerinde istatistiksel farklılık belirlenemedi (p>0.05). Sonuç olarak CIDR’ın keçilerde aşım sezonunda sabit zamanlı tohumlama uygulamalarında geniş bir kullanım aralığı olduğu tespit edildi. Bu zamana kadar bildirilen en kısa kullanım süresinin (3 gün) senkronizasyon ve sabit zamanlı tohumlama uygulamalarında uygulama kolaylığı sağlayabileceği kanısına varıldı. Her ne kadar istatistik fark bulunmasa da VL ve VS gruplarındaki fertilite oranlarındaki düşüklüğün ekonomik kayıplara sebep olabileceği ve daha geniş gruplarla yapılacak çalışmaların bu konuyu aydınlatabileceği kanısına varıldı.

Çalışma, Hatay çevresinde keçilerde subklinik mastitis prevalansı, neden olan mikroorganizmalar ve mikroorganizmların antibiyotik duyarlıklıklarını belirlemek amacıyla düzenlendi. Beşyüzbeş keçiye ait 1010 meme lobu CMT ile muayene edildi. Somatik hücre sayısı (SHS) direkt mikroskopik yöntemle belirlendi. Mikroorganizmaların izolasyon ve identifikasyonu rutin mikrobiyolojik yöntemlerle gerçekleştirildi. Stafilokokların alt türlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla API-STAPH system kullanıldı. Antibiyotik duyarlılık testlerinde disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanıldı. Subklinik mastitisin prevalansı %8.71 olarak belirlendi. En fazla izole edilen mikroorganizma %71.5 oranıyla Stafilokoklardı. Çalışmada Stafilokoklar dışında Streptokoklar (%8), Basillus spp. (%5.7), E. coli (%4.5), Corynebacterium spp. (%3.4), Pseudomonas spp. (%2.3) ve Acinetobacteri spp. (%2.3) de izole edildi. Ek olarak örneklerin % 2.3'ünde miks enfeksiyon saptandı. Antibiyotik duyarlılık testlerine göre penisilin, eritromisin, oksitetrasiklin, gentamisin, amoksisilin'e karşı yüksek oranda direç gözlendi. Enrofloksasin, amoksisilin klavulonik asit, kanamisin ve sefaleksin'e karşı orta düzeyde direnç saptanırken, sefalotine karşı direnç yoktu. Sonuç olarak Hatay çevresinde keçi sürülerinde subklinik mastitisin prevalansının dikkate değer seviyelerde olduğu, koagülaz negatif stafilokokların en fazla izole edilen mikroorganizmalar olduğu belirlendi. Keçilerde subklinik mastitis tanısında kuvvetli CMT reasksiyonlarının dikkate alınması gerektiği, CMT ve somatik hücre sayılarının mikrobiyolojik yöntemlerle desteklenmeleri gerektiği kanısına varıldı., This study was performed to determine the prevalance, causative microorganisms and antimicrobial susceptibility of microorganisms in goat subclinical mastitis around Hatay. A total of 1010 mammary halves of 505 goats were examined by California Mastitis Test (CMT). The somatic cell counts (SCC) were determined by microscopic method. Isolation and identification of microorganisms were carried out by conventional microbiologic methods. Staphylococci were further differentiated by API-STAPH system. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disc diffusion method. The prevalance of the subclinical mastitis was found 8.71 %. The most prevalent microorganism was staphylococci (71.5%). Microorganisms except Staphylococci were Streptococci (8%), Bacillus spp. (5.7%), Escherischia coli (4.5%), Corynebacterium spp. (3.4%), Pseudomonas spp. (2.3%) and Acinetobacteri spp. (2.3%). In addition, mix infection was defined in 2.3% of samples. Highly resistance was found against penicilin, erythromycin, oxytetracycline, gentamicin, amoxicillin. Slightly resistance was found against enrofloxacin, amoxicillin-clavulonic acid, kanamycin plus cephalexin and there was no resistance against cefalotin. It was concluded that, prevalance of subclinical mastitis should be cared; also staphylococci especially Coagulase negative staphylococci are the most commonly isolated bacteria in subclinical mastitis around Hatay. In goat mastitis diagnosis strong positive CMT results should be cared. CMT and SCC results should be supported with microbiologic tests.

This study was carried out to determine the efficacy of three treatment protocols for subclinical mastitis during lactation in Damascus goats. For this purpose intramammarian ampicillin dicloxacillin, intramuscular amoxycillin clavulonic acid and the combination of intramammarian ampicillin dicloxacillin and intramuscular amoxycillin clavulonic acid were used in goats with subclinical mastitis during lactation. The microbiological treatment rates in the intramammarian ampicillin dicloxacillin, intramuscular amoxycillin clavulonic acid and the combination of intramammarian ampicillin dicloxacillin and intramuscular amoxycillin clavulonic acid groups in the 7th and 21st days after the treatment were 62.5% and 92.5%, 62.5% and 70%, 87.5% and 87.5%, respectively. The intramammarian and intramuscular combination group was found to have a statistically higher treatment rate than other two groups on the 7th day. On the 21st day intramammarian and combination groups were found to have statistically better treatment rates than that of intramuscular group. It was concluded that the goat subclinical mastitis could be successfully treated during lactation. While the intramammarian ampicillin dicloxacillin treatment had the best treatment rates, the combination of intramuscular amoxycillin clavulonic acid was also successful. Intramuscular amoxycillin clavulonic acid as the sole treatment was not as effective as intramammarian therapy.

Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the effects of theranekron, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), and leuprolide acetate (LA) on surgically induced endometriosis in a rat model. Study design Endometriosis was surgically induced in forty female rats during estrus. After 3 weeks, a second operation was performed and the rats were randomized using a randomization table into theranekron, MPA, LA, and control groups. These treatments were continued for 3 weeks. A third operation was performed to evaluate treatment results. Then, the experimental treatments were halted and estrogen was initiated again to maintain estrus. After three additional weeks; i.e. after 9 weeks, the recurrence rate of endometrial foci was evaluated in a fourth operation and the rats were sacrificed. The volume of endometriotic foci and histopathology scores before and after treatment were compared. Results The respective mean volumes of the endometriotic foci after 3, 6, and 9 weeks were 86.4 ± 21.2, 16.4 ± 8.2, and 20.1 ± 9.6 mm 3 in the theranekron group, 78.3 ± 20.4, 42.6 ± 13.5, and 66.7 ± 16.2 mm 3 in the MPA group, and 91.8 ± 30.2, 34.4 ± 11.4, and 72.4 ± 21.9 mm 3 in the LA group. The respective mean histopathology scores were 2.4 ± 0.6, 1.8 ± 0.6, and 1.6 ± 0.6 in the theranekron group, 2.5 ± 0.8, 2.0 ± 1.1, and 2.7 ± 1.0 in the MPA group, and 2.3 ± 0.5, 2.1 ± 1.2, 2.4 ± 0.8 in the LA group. After 9 weeks, the mean volume of endometriotic foci and histopathology scores were significantly lower in the theranekron group. Conclusions Theranekron caused more evident regression of endometriotic foci than MPA or LA in a rat model. After stopping the theranekron treatment, the recurrence rate was also lower than that of the other groups.

Summary The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of the progestagen containing intravaginal sponges used for 6 or 12 days at timed artificial insemination (TAI) in Hair Goats during the transition period, the effect of GnRH administrations at the time of TAI on fertility was also investigated. In this study 104 lactating hair goats aged between 2-5 years old minimally primiparous was used as animal materials. All of the goats received 30 mg fluorogestone acetate (FGA) impregnated vaginal sponges. The sponges were inserted into vagina for 6 days in the short-term (ST, n=52) group also for 12 days in the long-term (LT, n=52) group. The goats received 400 IU PMSG and 0.075 mg of cloprostenol at the time of sponge removal. The goats in both the ST and LT groups timed artificially inseminated 48 h after sponge withdrawal with fresh cooled semen. At the time of artificial insemination, the subgroups ST1 (n=24) and LT1 (n=22) were maintained as controls, the subgroups ST2 (n=24) and LT2 (n=23) received 5 mcg of buserelin acetate. Pregnancy and twinning rates of the ST1, ST2, LT1 and LT2 groups were 37.5%, 41.6%, 40.9%, 47.8% and 22%, 30%, 11%, 18%, respectively. The litter sizes were 122%, 130%,111% and 118% in the ST1, ST2, LT1 and LT2 groups, respectively. The parturition rates were 100% in all treatment groups. Pregnancy rates, twinning rates and litter sizes were not statistically different among the groups (P>0.05). The results of this study indicated that, a TAI protocol without detection estrus seems to be a suitable administration for short and long progesterone sponges aplications in lactating hair goats during the transition period. In addition, progesteron and AI without estrus detection procedure may be useful alternative to traditional synchronization program using progesteron and AI after estrus detection. Also, GnRH addition to progesterone sponges did not improve reproductive paramaters.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of erythropoietin and dimethylsulfoxide in the recovery from ischemia-reperfusion injury in an experimental rat adnexal torsion model. Study design: Thirty-six Wistar-albino rats were divided into six groups. Except for the sham operation group, all groups were subjected to left unilateral adnexal torsion for 3 h. Erythropoietin and dimethylsulfoxide were intraperitoneally administered 30 min before the detorsion operation. Malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels were detected from both the plasma and the tissue samples. The sections of the tissues were evaluated histologically. The results were analyzed by a one-way analysis of the variance (ANOVA) followed by the Duncan test for multiple comparisons using computer software, SPSS Version 15.0 for Windows. Results: This study demonstrated that dimethylsulfoxide and erythropoietin pretreatment attenuated ischemia-reperfusion-induced lipid peroxidation, prevented post-ischemic ovarian injury and helped to maintain the ovarian morphology. Malondialdehyde levels of plasma and ovary were higher in the torsion and detorsion groups than the sham group. This showed that ischemia-reperfusion had caused lipid peroxidation of the ovarian tissue, thus leading to oxidative damage. One of the major findings of this study is that malondialdehyde was significantly decreased in the plasma of rats who were pretreated with dimethylsulfoxide and erythropoietin before detorsion. This suggests that dimethylsulfoxide and erythropoietin might prevent oxidative damage in ovarian ischemia-reperfusion injury. Histological examination confirmed that reperfusion caused more detrimental effects than only ischemia, which could be at least partially prevented by dimethylsulfoxide and erythropoietin administration prior to detorsion. Conclusion: Erythropoietin and dimethylsulfoxide may have beneficial effects in ischemia-reperfusion injury in ovarian torsion.

The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of the synchronization of oestrus using short- and long-term progestagen treatments in Hair goats at the onset of the breeding season, and to evaluate the effect of the exogenous GnRH administration immediately prior to short-term progestagen treatment on the reproductive performance. A total of 75 Hair goats, aged 2.5-5 years-old were used in this experiment. Goats were divided equally into three groups (n=25 per group). Animals in LT-FGA (long-term progestagen treatment), ST-FGA (short-term progestagen treatment) and Gn-ST-FGA (GnRH-short-term progestagen treatment) groups received an intravaginal sponge (day 0) containing 30 mg fluorogestone acetate (FGA) for 14, 8 and 8 days, respectively, plus 75 μg cloprostenol i.m. 24 h before sponge removal and 400 I.U. equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG) i.m. at the time of sponge removal. In addition, the goats in the Gn-ST-FGA group received 10.5 μg busereline acetate i.m. at the time of sponge insertion (day 0). Oestrus response for all treatment groups was 100%. The mean interval from sponge removal and the onset of oestrus for the LT-FGA, ST-FGA and Gn-ST-FGA groups was 28.0±1.0 h, 28.83±1.1 h and 33.1±2.0 h, respectively. No significant difference in onset of oestrus among groups was recorded. The pregnancy rate, kidding rate, multiple kidding rates and litter size were 72.0, 61.1, 45.5% and 1.6 in the LT-FGA, 70.8, 76.5, 69.2% and 1.8 in the ST-FGA and 58.3, 78.6, 63.6% and 1.6 in the Gn-ST-FGA groups, respectively. The pregnancy rates were similar in the LT-FGA (72.0%) and ST-FGA (70.8%). However, the kidding rate, multiple kidding rates and litter size were numerically higher in the ST-FGA (76.5%, 69.2% and 1.8, respectively) group than in the LT-FGA (61.1%, 45.5% and 1.6, respectively) group. Although not statistically different, pregnancy rate and litter size was lower in the Gn-ST-FGA group (58.3% and 1.6, respectively) compared with the ST-FGA (70.8% and 1.8, respectively). In conclusion, it can be said that oestrus synhcronization with long-term progestagen treatment (14 d-FGA- PGF2α- eCG) could be replaced with short-term progestagen treatment (8 d-FGA-PGF2α- eCG) without a reduction in oestrus rate and fertility parameters in lactating goats at the beginning of breeding season. However, the use of GnRH prior to short-term progestagen treatment (8 d-FGAPGF2α- eCG) do not have a positive effect on fertility parameters in goats.