Search

Background: Since ancient times, human kind has used plants for their flavor and essence and especially for medical purposes; they are also used as food sources. Turkey, due to its geographical location, is home to many varieties of species of medicinal and aromatic plants. Aromatic and medicinal plants produce essential oils in the form of secondary metabolites. These essential oils are being used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Due to the various side effects of synthetic agents, the use of essential oils as antimicrobial agents comes to the fore. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the essential oil composition of Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata collected from the Gaziantep Region of Turkey and to evaluate its antimicrobial efficacy against microorganism species commonly encountered in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Methods: In this study, the antimicrobial effect of the volatile oil obtained from dried leaves of Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata, traditionally known as Zahter, was investigated. For this purpose, volatile oil was obtained from the leaves of the plant by steam vapor distillation method. Antimicrobial efficacy tests were conducted against microorganisms; Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus hauseri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Candida albicans. Results: Results of the experiments showed that the volatile oil obtained from Thymbra spicata L. var. spicata had a cidal effect on selected pathogenic microorganisms even at low concentrations. Conclusion: This study showed that the high carvacrol content of the T. spicata L. var. spicata grown in the Gaziantep region of Turkey is a promising source of antimicrobial raw materials in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries.

The detection and assessment of potency of antibiotics are crucial for the pharmaceutics. The valid methods for microbiological assays in pharmacopoeias are mainly based on statistical comparison of the data obtained by measuring the cidal activity resulting from the treatment of the antibiotic active ingredient in the composition of the pharmaceutics with the target microorganism. However, it was seen that there is no validated microbiological method for some active ingredients. Due to microbiological assays are indispensable methods for determining the potency of some active ingredient groups, the calculation of the potency is performed logarithmically. In either turbidimetric or chromatographic methods, the statistical evaluation of the sample is compared with the standard reference material. Analysis data obtained by chromatographic and chemical methods are linear peak areas and spectrophotometer readings. In microbiological methods, the data obtained from the analyzes performed to determine the potency of antibiotics are the inhibition zone diameters or turbidimetric turbidity data. In this study, above-mentioned microbiological assays are compared in the context of the main pharmacopoeias EP, USP, CP, IP and BP, and evaluated in terms of the chromatographic method and classical microbiological method. It has been observed that chromatographic and chemical methods are not available to determine the potency of some pharmaceutical products containing antibiotics. The examinations made reveal the difficulty of analyzing some active ingredient groups according to chemical and chromatographic methods. For this reason, the importance of method validation studies is increasing in order to analyze active substances that do not have alternative analysis methods with microbiological and chemical methods. In this study, all validated microbiological methods were investigated, and it was aimed to determine alternative methods to chromatographic and chemical methods. It was concluded that the realization of new microbiological methods to be validated by evaluating the methods in all differences would facilitate the study. Peer Review History: Received: 18 May 2021; Revised: 15 June; Accepted: 28 June, Available online: 15 July 2021 Academic Editor: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Iman Muhammad Higazy, National Research Center, Egypt, imane.higazy@hotmail.com Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, sansan4240732@163.com Similar Articles: AN OVERVIEW ON PHARMACOPOEIAS IN THE WORLD AND MONOGRAPH ELABORATION TECHNIQUES

Recent serious effects of viral infections on humans, anti-viral compound research has gained momentum and has become very important. In particular, viruses such as Cytomegalovirus/CMV, Epstein Barr virus/EBV, Hepatitis B/HBV, Hepatitis C/HCV, Herpes Simplex Virus/HSV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus/HIV, rabies virus, corona virus and Ebola virus are of high importance. Very limited antiviral medicines commercially available and can cause serious-significant side effects for patients receiving treatment. Also, viruses have the mutational capability to infect host cells. For this reason, in recent years, the possibility of producing new antiviral medicines, especially from natural sources, has increased considerably, and animal-based products are now also promising among natural products. Viral-borne infections have been known long ago. However, it was just possible to isolate these viruses that cause infection in the nineteenth century. The management of viral infection, the isolation of the virus, and the control of viral reproduction has played a role in the development of many drugs and vaccines in the studies carried out since that period. In addition to these studies, viruses continue to be one of the primary causes of human and animal diseases today. It has been stated that Antiviral Peptides/AVPs can be used as a defense barrier with previous studies. Some AVPs are known to show a broad spectrum against viruses. In this direction, many studies have been conducted on AVPs and it has been observed that these peptides inhibit the viral particle by the above-mentioned mechanisms. In this study venoms and toxins of some animals, which have antiviral activities are overviewed. Peer Review History: Received 24 March 2021; Revised 15 April; Accepted 28 April, Available online 15 May 2021 Academic Editor: Dr. DANIYAN Oluwatoyin Michael, Obafemi Awolowo University, ILE-IFE, Nigeria, toyinpharm@gmail.com UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, asia_abdullah65@yahoo.com Dr. Nuray Ari, Ankara University, Turkiye, ari@ankara.edu.tr Dr. Terhemen Festus Swem, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, swemfestus422@gmail.com Similar Articles: EVALUATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL RESISTANCE OF BIOFILM FORMS OF AVIAN SALMONELLA GALLINARUM TO FLUOROQUINOLONES

In the direction of microbiological quality control analysis in pharmaceutical products, determining the microbiological load of the product at the end-use stage is very important for human health. Quality control parameters in pharmaceutical products vary according to the structure of the type of product and administration route. In this context, according to the pharmacopoeias, parenteral products and eye drops are classified as sterile products and the other group of pharmaceuticals are classified as non-sterile products. However, non-sterile pharmaceuticals also must have a certain microbiological quality. For this reason, the pharmaceuticals should have a certain microbiological load and should not contain defined microorganisms specified to its type. Since the control of the microbiological quality of the products is important for safety, it should be determined by quality control analysis. In this study, standard methods used to detect specific microorganism in pharmaceutical products were compared. Application steps in standard methods and identification tests of specific microorganisms were examined. In addition, studies that are alternative to standard methods were evaluated. Peer Review History: Received: 5 September 2020; Revised: 20 October; Accepted: 28 October, Available online: 15 November 2020 Academic Editor: Dr. Muhammad Zahid Iqbal, AIMST University, Malaysia, drmmziqbal@gmail.com UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 8.0/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Mujde Eryilmaz, Ankara University,Turkey, meryilmaz@ankara.edu.tr Dr. Rawaa Souhil Al-Kayali, Aleppo University, Syria, rawah67@hotmail.com Similar Articles: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE ESSENTIAL OILS OF FOUR VARIETIES OF LIPPIA MULTIFLORA IN BENIN ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES FOR HADHRAMI HONEY ON GROWTH OF SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

Blue and green cosmetics are sensitive products for microbial contamination and reducing the contamination producing according to Cosmetic Good Manufacturing Practice (ISO 22716), providing proper storage condition and packaging are effective factors. In addition antimicrobial effective preservatives can be added to protect the cosmetic products. 1,2 Generally, preservatives are chemical substrates that are effective on cytoplasm (conjugation mechanism, ribosomes, nucleic acids, thiol groups, amino groups), cell wall and cytoplasm membrane (membrane potential, enzymes, membrane penetration). 3 The neutralization of the antimicrobial effect of the preservatives in microbiological quality control of cosmetics is essential for the safety of the tests. The antimicrobial preservative in the cosmetic which is transferred to the medium affects the test negatively. The neutralization process can be carried out according to international standards used in microbiological analysis of cosmetic products. The neutralization of preservatives in cosmetics can be performed by adding of neutralizing agents in solvent, medium and/or washing solution. The agents which are reacted with the preservative groups for the removal of antimicrobial affect are used for this neutralization process which is necessary for the removal of antimicrobial effect. According to European Pharmacopeia 2.6.12. sodium bisulfite for glutaraldehyde and mercury compounds; dilution for sorbates and aldehydes; lecithin, polysorbate 80, saponin for quaternary ammonium compounds, parabens and iodines; thioglycollate for mercurial; thiosulfate for halogens can be used as neutralizing agents. 4 Lecithin, polysorbate 80 for parabens, phenoxyethanol, phenylethanol; Lecithin, saponin, polysorbate 80, sodium dodecyl sulphate for quaternary ammonium compounds and cationic surfactants; glycine, histidine for aldehydes formaldehyde - release agents; sodium thiosulphate for oxidizing agents; sodium bisulphate, L-cysteine and thioglycollic acid for metallic salts can be added to the medium, solvent and/or washing solutions according to ISO 21149. 5 For the removal of antimicrobial effect, neutralizing agents in proper concentrations should be added to medium, solvents and washing solutions. The addition of these agents with antimicrobial effect should be proved by the studies of conformity. Neutralizing agents react with antimicrobial agents to eliminate the antimicrobial effect.

Blue and green cosmetics are sensitive products for microbial contamination and reducing the contamination producing according to Cosmetic Good Manufacturing Practice (ISO 22716), providing proper storage condition and packaging are effective factors. In addition antimicrobial effective preservatives can be added to protect the cosmetic products. 1,2 Generally, preservatives are chemical substrates that are effective on cytoplasm (conjugation mechanism, ribosomes, nucleic acids, thiol groups, amino groups), cell wall and cytoplasm membrane (membrane potential, enzymes, membrane penetration). 3 The neutralization of the antimicrobial effect of the preservatives in microbiological quality control of cosmetics is essential for the safety of the tests. The antimicrobial preservative in the cosmetic which is transferred to the medium affects the test negatively. The neutralization process can be carried out according to international standards used in microbiological analysis of cosmetic products. The neutralization of preservatives in cosmetics can be performed by adding of neutralizing agents in solvent, medium and/or washing solution. The agents which are reacted with the preservative groups for the removal of antimicrobial affect are used for this neutralization process which is necessary for the removal of antimicrobial effect. According to European Pharmacopeia 2.6.12. sodium bisulfite for glutaraldehyde and mercury compounds; dilution for sorbates and aldehydes; lecithin, polysorbate 80, saponin for quaternary ammonium compounds, parabens and iodines; thioglycollate for mercurial; thiosulfate for halogens can be used as neutralizing agents. 4 Lecithin, polysorbate 80 for parabens, phenoxyethanol, phenylethanol; Lecithin, saponin, polysorbate 80, sodium dodecyl sulphate for quaternary ammonium compounds and cationic surfactants; glycine, histidine for aldehydes formaldehyde - release agents; sodium thiosulphate for oxidizing agents; sodium bisulphate, L-cysteine and thioglycollic acid for metallic salts can be added to the medium, solvent and/or washing solutions according to ISO 21149. 5 For the removal of antimicrobial effect, neutralizing agents in proper concentrations should be added to medium, solvents and washing solutions. The addition of these agents with antimicrobial effect should be proved by the studies of conformity. Neutralizing agents react with antimicrobial agents to eliminate the antimicrobial effect.

Introduction: Intestinal malrotation is an anomaly that often manifests in newborn and infant childhood. This anomaly, which is rarely seen in older children and adults, is usually detected incidentally during imaging studies or during laparotomy. This article is presented with the aim of emphasizing the Computarised Tomography (CT) imaging for intestinal malrotation an adolescent patient with mesenteric volvulus. Case Report: A sixteen-year-old male patient presented with epigastric pain and bilious vomiting after feeding. In ultrasonography (US), intestinal loops were surrounding along the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and venous (SMV) vessels tract. In CT, it was noted that SMA marks a whirl sign in the midline of the abdomen. At laparotomy, there were found 360° torsion of small intestine, due to intestinal malrotation. Ladd procedure was performed. Conclusion: In cases of intestinal malrotation, preoperative diagnosis can be difficult because of the lack of specific findings in the physical examination. The delayed diagnosis may be lead to volvulus and intestinal necrosis. The diagnosis of malrotation can brought to mind at an early age but it may be delayed in later ages. In practiced hand, the evaluation of vessels traseries by detailed US and contrast-enhanced CT are characteristics of malrotation diagnosis.

Isparta Gölcük Tabiat Parkı’nda yayılış gösteren yaban domuzunun popülasyonu, ekolojisi ve habitat ilişkilerinin tespitini hedefleyen bu çalışma, 2011-2012 yılları arasında yapılmıştır. Çalışma ön etüt, popülasyon envanteri ve habitat tercihleri olmak üzere üç aşamada gerçekleştirilmiştir. Habitat kullanımı ve habitat tercihinin belirlenmesi için Var-Yok Tarama Metodu uygulanmıştır. Toplam 106 hat ve 2655 plotta gerçekleştirilen sayımların sonuçlarına dayanan istatistiksel analizlere ve bulunan nispi frekansa göre, yaban domuzunun 17 farklı habitat tipinden hepsini de kullandığı, bunlardan en çok %10 karaçam gençliği, %10 sedir ormanı ve azalan oranlarla diğer ormanlık alanları kullandığı tespit edilmiştir. Yine sedir ormanı için, Multivaryasyon ve Ki-Kare Testi Analizi’nin pozitif yönde anlamlı çıkması sedir ormanının önemini arttırmaktadır Yaban domuzunun mevsimsel tercihi incelendiğinde, yalancı akasya ormanı ve ziraat alanlarını yazın daha fazla tercih ettiği, bakı tercihinde ise güney bakılara nazaran günün saatlerine göre değişen gölgelik alanları tercih ettiği gözlemlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Gölcük Tabiat Parkı, Yaban domuzu, Habitat tercihi, This study, which aims to determine the population, ecology of wild boar and habitat relations spreading in the Isparta Gölcük Nature Park, conducted between the years of 2011-2012. The study is carried out in three stages such as preliminary study, population inventory and habitat preferences. In order to determine the usage of habitat and habitat preference, "Presence or Absence Method" was applied. According to the statistical analysis based on the results of counting’s in totally 106 lines and in 2655 plots, and the relative frequency, showed that the wild boar uses 17 different habitat types, such as 10% the most of black pine forest, 10% cedar forest, and with decreasing rates the other forests. The positive substantive results of Multivariation and Chi-Square Test Analysis increased the importance of cedar wood. When the seasonal preference of the wild boar was analyzed, it was observed that it prefers black locust forests and agricultural fields during summer, and in the aspect preference, shadowy fields which change according to the day hours rather than South aspects.Keywords: Gölcük Nature Park, Wild boar, Habitat preference

152