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Background: Frequently used reference values for clinical exercise testing have been derived from non-random samples and some with poorly defined maximal criteria. Our objective was to obtain population based reference values for peak oxygen uptake (V?O 2 ) and work rate (WR) for cardiopulmonary exercise testing in a representative sample of Caucasian Spanish men and women., Methods: 182 men and women, 20-85 years old, were included and exercised on cycle-ergometer to exhaustion. (V?O 2 ) and WR were measured. The equations obtained from this sample were validated in an independent cohort of 69 individuals, randomly sampled form the same population. Then a final equation merging the two cohorts (=251) was produced., Results: Height, sex and age resulted predictive of both V?O 2 peak and WR. Weight and physical activity added very little to the accuracy to the equations. The formulas V?O 2 peak=0.017·height?(cm)-0.023·age?(years)+0.864·sex?(female=0/male=1)±179?l?min -1 , and peak WR=1.345 · height (cm) - 2.074 · age (years)+76.54 · sex (female=0/male=1)±21.2W were the best compromise between accuracy and parsimony., Conclusions: This study provides new and accurate V?O 2 peak and WR rate reference values for individuals of European Spanish descent., (Copyright © 2020 SEPAR. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Frequently used reference values for clinical exercise testing have been derived from non-random samples and some with poorly defined maximal criteria. Our objective was to obtain population based reference values for peak oxygen uptake (V˙O 2 ) and work rate (WR) for cardiopulmonary exercise testing in a representative sample of Caucasian Spanish men and women., Methods: 182 men and women, 20-85 years old, were included and exercised on cycle-ergometer to exhaustion. (V˙O 2 ) and WR were measured. The equations obtained from this sample were validated in an independent cohort of 69 individuals, randomly sampled form the same population. Then a final equation merging the two cohorts (=251) was produced., Results: Height, sex and age resulted predictive of both V˙O 2 peak and WR. Weight and physical activity added very little to the accuracy to the equations. The formulas V˙O 2 peak=0.017⋅height(cm)-0.023⋅age(years)+0.864⋅sex(female=0/male=1)±179lmin -1 , and peak WR=1.345 · height (cm) - 2.074 · age (years)+76.54 · sex (female=0/male=1)±21.2W were the best compromise between accuracy and parsimony., Conclusions: This study provides new and accurate V˙O 2 peak and WR rate reference values for individuals of European Spanish descent., (Copyright © 2020 SEPAR. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Anthracofibrosis is a bronchial stenosis due to local mucosal fibrosis that also presents anthracotic pigment in the mucosa. The cause has not been well clarified, although there is a frequent association with tuberculosis and the exposure to smoke from biofuel or biomass combustion. It is an entity that has not been reported in Spain, although the influx of people from rural areas of developing countries or rural areas of our own country should make us contemplate this entity in the differential diagnosis of our patients. We present 3 cases detected in Spain (2 of them natives) diagnosed by bronchoscopy and bronchial biopsy, which are techniques necessary to confirm the diagnosis. There is no specific treatment, except for tuberculostatic treatment in cases with coexisting tuberculosis., (Copyright © 2011 SEPAR. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

Paragonimiasis is a food-borne zoonosis caused by a trematode of the genus Paragonimus(1,2). Infestation is rare in Spain, but the influx of people from endemic areas should make us keep this condition in the differential diagnosis of our patients(2,5). We report the case a patient from Ecuador and resident in Spain for 7 years with active pulmonary tuberculosis on arrival in Spain and later diagnosed with of pulmonary paragonimiasis due to persistent haemoptysis. The diagnosis was established by surgical lung specimen showing granulomas containing parasite eggs and the macroscopic view of the fluke within a lung cavity. Initial tuberculosis treatment and current treatment with praziquantel controlled both conditions., (Copyright © 2010 SEPAR. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.)

We report a case of a 25-year-old, white, male plaster worker who started developing fever, severe dyspnea and cough during the manipulation of esparto fibers. The functional lung study showed restrictive lung disease and decreased single-breath carbon monoxide transfer lung capacity. High-resolution computed tomography revealed a diffuse 'ground-glass' pattern. The histopathological findings were interstitial inflammation with a marked predominance of lymphocytes and microgranulomas. Bronchoalveolar lavage showed a significant predominance of lymphocytes, with an increase in the level of CD8. Serum precipitins against fungal antigens confirmed that Aspergillus fumigatus was the cause of the patient's hypersensitivity pneumonitis., (Copyright 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel)

Venturi systems are among the most widely used devices for delivering oxygen therapy. Nevertheless, rigorous quality control of their reliability is lacking. In this study we used mass spectrometry to evaluate Venturi systems sold by various companies in Spain. We also studied tolerance under various conditions (changes in oxygen flow and with increased system resistance). Fixed systems were found to comply well with recommendations, whereas none of the variable systems complied. One system (Oxigem Variable) was unable to provide an oxygen concentration below 31% when set to deliver at 24% to 28%. We conclude that the variable masks available in Spain do not comply with European Union recommendations and the range of error of one of them (Oxigem Variable) means it is not clinically useful. Fixed systems were the most reliable ones in our market, and airlife and intersurgical devices were the variable systems that best approximated the reliability of fixed systems.