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Objectives: The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between the Mediterranean diet (MD) and vascular stiffness and metabolic syndrome (MetS), as well as its components in individuals over the age of 65, overall and by sex. Methods: The subjects of the study were people over 65 years of age, with a full record of all variables analyzed from the EVA, MARK, and EVIDENT studies. Data from 1280 subjects with a mean age of 69.52 ± 3.58 years (57.5% men) were analyzed. The MD was recorded with the validated 14 item MEDAS questionnaire. MetS was defined following the guidelines of the joint scientific statement from the Programa Nacional de Educación sobre el Colesterol III. Vascular stiffness was evaluated with the VaSera VS-1500® device by measuring the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and the brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Results: The mean MEDAS score was 6.00 ± 1.90, (5.92 ± 1.92 in males, 6.11 ± 1.88 in females; p = 0.036). CAVI: 9.30 ± 1.11 (9.49 ± 1.05 males, 9.03 ± 1.13 females; p = <0.001). baPWV: 15.82 ± 2.56 (15.75 ± 2.46 males, 15.92 ± 2.68 females; p = <0.001). MetS was found in 51% (49% males, 54% females; p = 0.036). Subjects with MetS had lower MD adherence and higher vascular stiffness values than subjects without MetS. Overall, we found a negative association with MD score and the number of MetS components (β = −0.168), with glycemia (β = −0.007), triglycerides (β = −0.003), waist circumference (β = −0.018), CAVI (β = −0.196) and baPWV (β = −0.065), and a positive association with HDL cholesterol (β = 0.013). Regarding sex, associations followed the same direction but without reaching statistical significance with blood glucose and triglycerides in females and with HDL cholesterol and waist circumference in males. Conclusions: The results indicate that greater adherence to the Mediterranean diet decreases vascular stiffness and the percentage of subjects with MetS, although results differed in the association with MetS components by sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) The main aim of this study was to analyze the relationship of the Mediterranean diet (MD) with vascular function in participants with and without increased insulin resistance (IR) in the Spanish population. A secondary aim was to study differences by gender. (2) Methods: Data were analyzed from 3401 subjects in the EVA, MARK, and EVIDENT studies (mean age = 60 years and 57% men). IR was evaluated with the triglyceride and glucose index (TyG index). TyG index = Ln [(fasting triglyceride mg/dL × fasting glucose mg/dL)/2]. The MD was measured against the MEDAS questionnaire, with the 14 items used in the PREDIMED study. Vascular stiffness was estimated with the brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and the cardio ankle vascular index (CAVI) using the Vasera VS-1500®. (3) Results: The mean MEDAS value was 5.82 ± 2.03; (men: 5.66 ± 2.06; women: 6.04 ± 1.99; p < 0.001). MD adherence was 36.8% (men: 34.2%; women: 40.3%; p < 0.001). The mean baPWV value was 14.39 ± 2.78; (men: 14.50 ± 2.65; women: 14.25 ± 2.93; p = 0.005). A baPWV value ≥ 14.5 m/s was found in 43.4% (men: 43.6%; women: 40.0%; p = 0.727). The mean CAVI value was 8.59 ± 1.28; (men: 8.75 ± 1.28; women: 8.37 ± 1.26; p < 0.001). CAVI values ≥ 9 were present in 39.0% (men: 44.4%; women: 31.7%; p < 0.001). The mean value of the TGC/G index was 10.93 ± 1.39; (men: 11.08 ± 1.33; women: 10.73 ± 1.43; p < 0.001). IR was found in 49.9%. The average value of the MD score value was negatively associated with baPWV and CAVI in all groups analyzed (<0.05), except in the group of women with insulin resistance. (4) Conclusions: The results suggest that MD adherence is negatively associated with the vascular stiffness parameters analyzed in all the groups studied except the group of women with insulin resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between healthy vascular aging (HVA) and the Mediterranean diet alongside other lifestyles in a Spanish population aged 35 to 75 years without previous cardiovascular diseases. Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 501 individuals aged 35 to 75 years were recruited from five health centers by random sampling stratified by age and sex (55.90 ± 14.24 years, 49.70% men). HVA was determined in two steps. Step 1: Subjects with vascular damage to the carotid arteries or peripheral arterial disease were classified as non-HVA. Step 2: The study population was classified by age and sex using the percentiles of the vascular aging index (VAI), with VAI ≤p25 considered HVA and >p25 considered non-HVA. The VAI was estimated using the following formula (VAI = (log (1.09) × 10 cIMT + log (1.14) cfPWV) × 39.1 + 4.76. Carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) was measured with the SphygmoCor® device, and carotid intima–media thickness using Sonosite Micromax® ultrasound. Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence, alcohol and tobacco use were recorded through validated questionnaires. Physical activity was assessed with the ActiGraph-GT3X® accelerometer. Results: The mean VAI value was 61.23 ± 12.86 (men—63.47 ± 13.75 and women—59.04 ± 11.54; p < 0.001). HVA was found in 18.9% (men—19.9% and women—17.8%). In the multiple regression analysis after adjusting for possible confounding factors, the mean VAI value showed a positive association with alcohol use (β = 0.020) and sedentary hours per week (β = 0.109) and a negative association with hours of activity per week (β = −0.102) and with the number of healthy lifestyles (β = −0.640). In the logistic regression analysis, after adjusting for possible confounding factors and compared to those classified as non-HVA, subjects classified as HVA were more likely to show MD adherence (OR = 0.571), do more than 26 h per week of physical activity (OR = 1.735), spend under 142 h per week being sedentary (OR = 1.696), and have more than two healthy lifestyles (OR = 1.877). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the more time spent doing physical activity and the less time spent in a sedentary state, the lower the vascular aging index and the greater the likelihood of being classified in the group of subjects with HVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this work is to investigate the relationship between the Mediterranean diet (MD) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components in Caucasian subjects between 35 and 74 years. The secondary objective is to analyze sex differences. Methods: A cross-sectional trial. This study utilized data from the EVA, MARK, and EVIDENT studies, and a total of 3417 subjects with a mean age ± SD of 60.14 ± 9.14 years (57% men) were included. We followed the five criteria established in the National Cholesterol Education Program III to define MetS. The MD was assessed with the 14-item Mediterranean diet adherence screener (MEDAS) used in the PREDIMED study. Good adherence was considered when the MD value was higher than the median value. Results: The mean ± SD value of the MEDAS questionnaire was 5.83 ± 2.04 (men 5.66 ± 2.06 and women 6.04 ± 1.99; p < 0.001). Adherence to the MD was observed by 38.6% (34.3% men and 40.3% women; p < 0.001). MetS was observed in 41.6% (39.0% men and 45.2% women; p < 0.001). In the multiple regression analysis, after adjusting for possible confounders, the mean MD value showed a negative association with the number of MetS components per subject (β = −0.336), and with the different components of MetS: systolic blood pressure (β = −0.011), diastolic blood pressure (β = −0.029), glycemia (β = −0.009), triglycerides (β = −0.004), and waist circumference (β = −0.026), except with the HDL-cholesterol value which showed a positive association (β = 0.021); p < 0.001 in all cases. In the logistic regression analysis performed, we found that an increase in MD adherence was associated with a decrease in the probability of MetS (OR = 0.56) and its components: blood pressure levels ≥ 130/85 mmHg (OR = 0.63), fasting plasma glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL (OR = 0.62), triglyceride levels ≥ 150 mg/dL (OR = 0.65), waist circumference levels ≥ 88 cm in women and ≥102 cm in men (OR = 0.74), and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol < 40 mg/dL in men and <50 mg/dL in women (OR = 1.70); p < 0.001 in all cases. The results by sex were similar, both in multiple regression and logistic regression. Conclusions: The results found in our work indicate that the greater the adherence to the MD, the lower the probability of presenting MetS. This result is repeated in the study by sex. More studies are needed to clarify that these results can be extended to the rest of the Mediterranean countries, and to other countries outside the Mediterranean basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this longitudinal descriptive observational study was to analyze the influence of different lifestyles on arterial stiffness (AS) throughout five years of follow-up and to describe the differences by sex in a Spanish adult population without cardiovascular disease at the start of the study. A random stratified sampling by age and sex was used to obtain 501 subjects included in the initial assessment. No cardiovascular disease was allowed in the subjects. The average age was 55.9 years, and 50.3% were women. A total of 480 subjects were analyzed again five years later. Alcohol and tobacco consumption were collected with standardized questionnaires. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed with the Mediterranean diet adherence screener (MEDAS) questionnaire. Physical activity was assessed with the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and sedentary time was assessed with the Marshall Sitting Questionnaire (MSQ). AS was assessed by measuring carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and central augmentation index (CAIx) with SphygmoCor System®, and ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and cardio ankle vascular index (CAVI) with Vasera VS-1500®. Increases in vascular function measures per year of follow-up were: cfPWV = 0.228 ± 0.360 m/s, baPWV = 0.186 ± 0.308 m/s, CAVI = 0.041 ± 0.181 m/s, and CAIx = 0.387 ± 2.664 m/s. In multiple regression analysis, positive association was shown between an increase in baPWV and tobacco index (β = 0.007) and alcohol consumption (β = 0.005). Negative association was shown between CAVI and Mediterranean diet score (β = −0.051). In multinomial logistic regression analysis, the OR of tobacco index of subjects with a cfPWV increase >P75 was OR = 1.025 and of subjects classified between P25 and P75 was OR = 1.026 regarding subjects classified with an increase P75 was OR = 1.006 regarding subjects classified with an increase P75, and an OR = 0.841 was found of subjects classified between P25–75 regarding subjects classified with an increase

Background: In this study we analyzed the association between physical activity and sedentary lifestyle with vascular aging in Spanish populations aged 35–75 years. Methods: A cross-sectional study was developed, in which 501 subjects aged 35–75 years were recruited. Physical activity and sedentary time were measured with an accelerometer (Actigraph GTX3) for a week. We measured carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) by a Sphygmo Cor® device and carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) by ultrasound (Sonosite Micromax®). The vascular aging index (VAI) was calculated as described in the literature. Vascular aging was defined considering the 25th and 75th percentiles by age and sex of cfPWV and VAI, presence of vascular injury, type-2 diabetes mellitus or arterial hypertension. Individuals were classified into three groups: healthy, normal, and early vascular aging. Results: The mean age of the sample was 55.90 ± 14.24 years, 50% being women. Total physical activity was negatively associated with cfPWV (β = –0.454) and VAI (β = –1.845). Similarly, the number of steps per day obtained a negative association with cfPWV (β = –0.052) and VAI (β = –0.216), while sedentary time showed a positive association with cfPWV (β = 0.028) and VAI (β = 0.117). In the analysis by sex, the results showed similar values. The odds ratio (OR) of total physical activity of subjects classified as early vascular aging (EVA) with regarding those classified as healthy vascular aging (HVA) was 0.521 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.317 to 0.856) for cfPWV, and 0.565 (95% CI 0.324 to 0.986) for VAI. In terms of the number of steps per day, the OR was 0.931 (95% CI 0.875 to 0.992) for cfPWV and 0.916 (95% CI 0.847 to 0.990) for VAI and for sedentary time the OR was 1.042 (95% CI 1.011 to 1.073) for cfPWV and 1.037 (95% CI 1.003 to 1.072) for VAI. The OR of subjects classified as vigorous physical activity was 0.196 (95% CI 0.041 to 0.941) using cfPWV and 0.161 (95% CI 0.032 to 0.820) using VAI. In the analysis by sex, the results showed an association in men when cfPWV was used and an association in women when VAI was used to define vascular aging. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the more time spent performing physical activity and the less sedentary time, the lower the arterial stiffness and the probability of developing early vascular aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of dietary components on vascular dysfunction and aging is unclear. This study therefore aims to propose a model to predict the influence of macro and micronutrients on accelerated vascular aging in a Spanish population without previous cardiovascular disease. This cross-sectional study involved a total of 501 individuals aged between 35 and 75 years. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) was measured using a Sphygmo Cor® device. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMTc) was measured using a Sonosite Micromax® ultrasound machine. The Vascular Aging Index (VAI) was estimated according to VAI = (LN (1.09) × 10 cIMT + LN (1.14) × cfPWV) 39.1 + 4.76. Vascular aging was defined considering the presence of a vascular lesion and the p75 by age and sex of VAI following two steps: Step 1: subjects were labelled as early vascular aging (EVA) if they had a peripheral arterial disease or carotid artery lesion. Step 2: they were classified as EVA if the VAI value was >p75 and as normal vascular aging (NVA) if it was ≤p75. To predict the model, we used machine learning algorithms to analyse the association between macro and micronutrients and vascular aging. In this article, we proposed the AdXGRA model, a stacked ensemble learning model for diagnosing vascular aging from macro and micronutrients. The proposed model uses four classifiers, AdaBoost (ADB), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), generalized linear model (GLM), and random forest (RF) at the first level, and then combines their predictions by using a second-level multilayer perceptron (MLP) classifier to achieve better performance. The model obtained an accuracy of 68.75% in prediction, with a sensitivity of 66.67% and a specificity of 68.79%. The seven main variables related to EVA in the proposed model were sodium, waist circumference, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), total protein, calcium, and potassium. These results suggest that total protein, PUFA, and MUFA are the macronutrients, and calcium and potassium are the micronutrients related to EVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were to analyse the capacity of different anthropometric indices to predict vascular ageing and this association in Spanish adult population without cardiovascular disease. A total of 501 individuals without cardiovascular disease residing in the capital of Salamanca (Spain) were selected (mean age: 55.9 years, 50.3% women), through stratified random sampling by age and sex. Starting from anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, and waist circumference, hip circumference, or biochemical parameters, we could estimate different indices that reflected general obesity, abdominal obesity, and body fat distribution. Arterial stiffness was evaluated by measuring carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) using a SphygmoCor® device. Vascular ageing was defined in three steps: Step 1: the participants with vascular injury were classified as early vascular ageing (EVA); Step 2: classification of the participants using the 10 and 90 percentiles of cf-PWV in the study population by age and sex in EVA, healthy vascular ageing (HVA) and normal vascular ageing (NVA); Step 3: re-classification of participants with arterial hypertension or type 2 diabetes mellitus included in HVA as NVA. The total prevalence of HVA and EVA was 8.4% and 21.4%, respectively. All the analysed anthropometric indices, except waist/hip ratio (WHpR), were associated with vascular ageing. Thus, as the values of the different anthropometric indices increase, the probability of being classified with NVA and as EVA increases. The capacity of the anthropometric indices to identify people with HVA showed values of area under the curve (AUC) ≥ 0.60. The capacity to identify people with EVA, in total, showed values of AUC between 0.55 and 0.60. In conclusion, as the values of the anthropometric indices increased, the probability that the subjects presented EVA increased. However, the relationship of the new anthropometric indices with vascular ageing was not stronger than that of traditional parameters. Therefore, BMI and WC can be considered to be the most useful indices in clinical practice to identify people with vascular ageing in the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this work was to analyse the association of the retinal arteriolar calibre and the arteriole/venule index (AV index) with vascular ageing in a general population without previous cardiovascular disease. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross‐sectional study. A total of 482 individuals without cardiovascular disease (mean age: 55.6 ± 14.2 years) were selected by random sampling, stratified by age and sex. The retinal arteriolar calibre was measured using digital fundus images of the back of the eye captured with a validated, semiautomatized and computer‐assisted software (Index calculator). Vascular ageing was defined using three criteria based on the values of: (1) Carotid‐femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (cfPWV), (2) Brachial‐ankle Pulse Wave Velocity (baPWV) and (3) Carotid Intima‐Media Thickness. Results: The AV index and arteriolar calibre show a negative correlation with age, arterial pressure, cardiovascular risk and parameters of vascular structure and function (p < 0.001 in all cases). We found lower mean values of the AV index and arteriolar calibre in the individuals with early vascular ageing compared to those with healthy vascular ageing. AV index was negatively correlated with cfPWV ((β=−2.9; 95% CI (−4.7; −1.1)), baPWV ((β=−3.2; 95% CI (−5.4; −0.9)) and vascular ageing index ((β=−1.7; 95% CI (−2.7; −0.7)). Arteriolar calibre showed a negative correlation with baPWV (β=−0.1; 95% CI (−0.2; −0.1)). In the logistic regression analysis, lower values of AV index ((OR=0.01; 95% CI (0.01–0.10), OR=0.03; 95% CI (0.01–0.11) and OR=0.09; 95% CI (0.01–0.67)) were associated with EVA defined with cfPWV, baPWV and vascular ageing index respectively, and lower values of arteriolar calibre ((OR=0.71; 95% CI (0.55–0.91)) were associated with EVA defined with vascular ageing index. Conclusions: Lower values of AV index and retinal arteriolar calibre were associated with vascular ageing in a general Spanish population without previous cardiovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about the relationship between arterial stiffness and cardiovascular target organ damage (TOD) in the general population. The aim was to analyse the relationship between different measurements of arterial stiffness and TOD, in a general Spanish population without a history of cardiovascular event. Transversal descriptive study. Through stratified random sampling, a total of 501 individuals were included. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV) was measured using a SphygmoCor System®, the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) was determined with aVasera VS-1500® and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (ba-PWV)was calculated through a validated equation. The average age was 55.84 ± 14.26.The percentage of vascular TOD, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and renal TOD was higher in men (p <.001). A positive correlation was obtained between carotid intima-media thickness (c-IMT) and the measurements of vascular function. In the model 1 of the logistic regression analysis, cf-PWV was associated with vascular TOD (OR = 1.15, p =.040), ba-PWV was associated with vascular TOD (OR = 1.20, p =.010) and LVH (OR = 1.12, p =.047). The different measurements of arterial stiffness are highly associated with each other. Moreover, cf-PWV and ba-PWV were associated with vascular TOD, and ba-PWV with LVH, although they disappear when adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors. There is a strong correlation between the different measurements of vascular structure and function. Carotid-femoral and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity were positively associated with vascular target organ damage, the latter was also positively associated with left ventricular hypertrophy. This associations disappear when adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Background The present study was designed to evaluate which arterial stiffness parameter - AASI or the home arterial stiffness index (HASI) - correlates best with vascular, cardiac and renal damage in hypertensive individuals. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 258 hypertensive patients. AASI and HASI were defined as the 1-regression slope of diastolic over systolic blood pressure readings obtained from 24-hour recordings and home blood pressure over 6 days. Renal damage was evaluated by glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and microalbuminuria; vascular damage by carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), pulse wave velocity (PWV) and ankle/brachial index (ABI); and left ventricular hypertrophy by the Cornell voltage-duration product (VDP) and the Novacode index. Results AASI and HASI were not correlated with microalbuminuria, however AASI and HASI- blood pressure variability ratio (BPVR) showed negative correlation with GRF. The Cornell PDV was positively correlated with AASI- BPVR-Sleep (r = 0.15, p < 0.05) and the left ventricular mass index with HASI-BPVR (r = 0.19, p < 0.01). Carotid IMT and PWV were positively correlated with all the parameters except the HASI, while ABI was negatively correlated with AASI and Awake-AASI. After adjusting for age, gender and 24 hours heart rate, statistical significance remains of the IMT with AASI, Awake AASI and AASI-BPVR. PWV with the AASI, Awake-AASI and Sleep-AASI. ABI with AASI and Awake-AASI. Odd Ratio to presence target organ damage was for AASI: 10.47(IC95% 1.29 to 65.34), Awake-AASI: 8.85(IC95% 1.10 to 71.04), Sleep-AASI: 2.19(IC95% 1.10 to 4.38) and AASI-BPVR-night: 4.09 (IC95% 1.12 to 14.92). Conclusions After adjusting for age, gender and 24-hour heart, the variables that best associated with the variability of IMT, PWV and ABI were AASI and Awake-AASI, and with GFR was HASI-BPVR.

BACKGROUND We sought to analyze the relationship between uric acid (UA) and vascular structure and function based on the carotid intima-media thickness, the pulse-wave velocity (PWV), the central arterial pressure, and the augmentation index in hypertensive patients and to evaluate the sex-related differences. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed with 366 hypertensive individuals aged 34–75years (men = 61.74%). The vascular structure was assessed based on the carotid intima-media thickness, the arterial stiffness was assessed by PWV, and the vascular function was assessed using hemodynamic parameters such as the central and peripheral augmentation index and the ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI). RESULTS In the bivariable analysis, the PWV (r = 0.28; P < 0.01) and AASI (r = 0.25; P < 0.01) were positively correlated with UA in women. The central augmentation index (r = −0.16; P < 0.05) and peripheral augmentation index (r = −0.18; P < 0.05) were negatively correlated with UA, whereas the maximum carotid intima-media thickness (r = 0.11; P < 0.05) was positively correlated with UA in the global analysis. In the multiple linear regression analysis, a positive association between PWV and UA was observed after adjusting for classical risk factors (β = 0.27; P = 0.01) in women only. In turn, a negative association was observed between the AASI and UA after adjusting for confounders in men (β = −0.06; P = 0.04), with a positive association in women (β = 0.11; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Serum UA showed a positive correlation with the mean maximum intima-media thickness and PWV, and this parameter showed a negative correlation with the central and peripheral augmentation indices, although this relationship was lost after adjusting for confounding factors. AASI showed a positive association in women and a negative association in men after adjusting for confounding factors. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT01325064 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data on the relationship between insulin resistance and vascular ageing are limited. The aim of this study was to explore the association of different indices of insulin resistance with vascular ageing in an adult Caucasian population without cardiovascular disease. We selected 501 individuals without cardiovascular disease (mean age: 55.9 years, 50.3% women) through random sampling stratified by sex and age. Arterial stiffness was evaluated by measuring the carotid-to-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and brachial-to-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). The participants were classified into three groups according to the degree of vascular ageing: early vascular ageing (EVA), normal vascular ageing (NVA) and healthy vascular ageing (HVA). Insulin resistance was evaluated with the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and another five indices. The prevalence of HVA and EVA was 8.4% and 21.4%, respectively, when using cfPWV, and 7.4% and 19.2%, respectively, when using baPWV. The deterioration of vascular ageing, with both measurements, presented as an increase in all the analysed indices of insulin resistance. In the multiple regression analysis and logistic regression analysis, the indices of insulin resistance showed a positive association with cfPWV and baPWV and with EVA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The progression of Central Blood Pressure (CBP) values and central hemodynamic parameters and its relationship with cardiovascular risk factors is quite unknown. We sought to investigate this association in a Spanish adult population without cardiovascular diseases., Methods: Prospective observational research with a five-year follow-up. Randomly sampled 501 individuals (mean age 56±14 years, 50.3% women). After five years, 480 individuals had a follow-up. Measurements taken using the SphygmoCor® (AtCor Medical Pty Ltd., Head Office,West Ryde, Australia), following all the recommendations established in the "International task force"1, giving an estimate of central blood pressure relative to measured brachial blood pressure (type 1 device)., Results: Progressions during follow-up: central systolic blood pressure (cSBP): 4.16±13.71 mmHg; central diastolic blood pressure (cDBP): 2.45±11.37 mmHg; central pulse pressure (cPP): 1.72±12.43 mmHg; pulse pressure amplification (PPA): 2.85±12.20 mmHg; ejection duration (ED): 7.00±47.87 ms; subendocardial viability ratio (SEVR): -8.04±36.24%. In multiple regression analysis: cSBP positively associated with: BMI (β=0.476); waist size (β=0.159); number of cigarettes per day (β=0.192). Inversely associated with peripheral systolic blood pressure (β=-0.282). cDBP increase positively associated with number of cigarettes per day (β=0.174). Inversely associated with peripheral diastolic blood pressure (β=-0.292). cPP increase positively associated with BMI (β=0.330). Inversely associated with peripheral pulse pressure (β=-0.262). PPA increase positively associated with: BMI (β=0.276); number of cigarettes per day (β=0.281). ED progress inversely associated with basal plasma glucose (β=-0.286)., Conclusions: All measures increased except for SEVR. Progressions in CBP and PPA were positively associated with anthropometric parameters and number of cigarettes and CBP inversely associated with peripheral blood pressure, although this association was different according to sex., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)