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INTRODUCTION: To identify risk-predictive models for bladder-specific cancer mortality in patients undergoing radical cystectomy and assess their clinical utility and risk of bias. METHODS: Systematic review (CRD42021224626:PROSPERO) in Medline and EMBASE (from their creation until 31/10/2021) was screened to include articles focused on the development and internal validation of a predictive model of specific cancer mortality in patients undergoing radical cystectomy. CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS) and Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST) were applied. RESULTS: Nineteen observational studies were included. The main predictors were sociodemographic variables, such as age (18 studies, 94.7%) and sex (17, 89.5% studies), tumour characteristics (TNM stage (18 studies, 94.7%), histological subtype/grade (15 studies, 78.9%), lymphovascular invasion (10 studies, 52.6%) and treatment with chemotherapy (13 studies, 68.4%). C-index values were presented in 14 studies. The overall risk of bias assessed using PROBAST led to 100% of studies being classified as high risk (the analysis domain was rated to be at high risk of bias in all the studies), and 52.6% showed low applicability. Only 5 studies (26.3%) included an external validation and 2 (10.5%) included a prospective study design. CONCLUSIONS: Using clinical predictors to assess the risk of bladder-specific cancer mortality is a feasibility alternative. However, the studies showed a high risk of bias and their applicability is uncertain. Studies should improve the conducting and reporting, and subsequent external validation studies should be developed.

Sexuality is a component of great relevance in humans. Sexual disorders are a major public health problem representing a high prevalence in the general population. DSM-5 genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder (GPPPD) includes dyspareunia and vaginismus (DSM-IV-TR). To assess the importance of research on these disorders in Spain, we evaluated the Spanish scientific publications of primary and community care. The objective was to quantify the magnitude of the publications of GPPPD in Spanish women in primary and community care. For this, we used the method of conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating GPPPD. As main results, of the 551 items found, we selected 11 studies that met the inclusion criteria. In primary care in Spain, one in nine women has these disorders; the percentage of women with GPPPD in this study (raw data) was 11.23% (95% CI: 0-29%) (vaginismus 5%; penetration pain 8.33%; dyspareunia 16.45%). These percentages can differ of those from other countries, and they are at the top of the data of the European countries (9-11.9%). There is much variability in the studies found in the world with respect to the prevalence of these health problems.

Introduction and hypothesis In recent years the number of caesarean sections has increased worldwide for different reasons. to review the scientific evidence relating to the impact of the type of delivery on pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) such as urinary and faecal incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Methods A review of systematic reviews and meta-analysis, drawn from the following databases: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library and LILACS (Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud/Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature) prior to January 2019. The directives of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses were used in assessing article quality. Results Eleven systematic reviews were evaluated, 6 of which found a significantly decreased risk of urinary incontinence associated with caesarean section and 3 meta-analyses showed a significant reduction in POP for caesarean section, compared with vaginal delivery. Of 5 reviews that examined delivery type and faecal incontinence, only one indicated a lower incidence of faecal incontinence associated with caesarean delivery. However, most of the studies included in these reviews were not adjusted for important confounding factors and the risk of PFDs was not analysed by category of caesarean delivery (elective or urgent). Conclusion When compared with vaginal delivery, caesarean is associated with a reduced risk of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. These results should be interpreted with caution and do not help to address the question of whether elective caesareans are protective of the maternal pelvic floor.

RESUMEN. Introducción: La información acerca de lesiones en piel y sus factores asociados, en trabajadores informales en América Latina y el Caribe aun es escasa. Objetivo: Determinar la relación existente entre las condiciones sociodemográficas, ambientales, laborales y la prevalencia de afecciones en la piel auto-reportada por trabajadores informales “venteros” del centro de Medellín. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal con intención analítica y fuente primaria de información. Se incluyeron 686 trabajadores. Se aplicó encuesta asistida, previa realización de prueba piloto y estandarización de los encuestadores. Variable dependiente; prevalencia de afecciones en piel. Variables independientes; condiciones laborales, sociodemográficas y ambientales. Se realizó control de errores con análisis estadísticos y sesgos de selección e información. Se realizaron análisis univariado, bivariado y multivariado. Resultados: Trabajadores fundamentalmente hombres (57.6%), edades entre 45-59 años, 60,0% procedente de zona rural. Trabajaban > 8 horas/día (80,6%), toda la semana, con > 20 años (50,7%) en su labor. El 72,2% no utilizaba mecanismos de protección personal. 61,5% consideraba que la contaminación ambiental afectaba su labor y su salud. 19,83% presentó afectaciones cutáneas, como; alergias (12,0%), prurito y sarpullido. Menor prevalencia de alergias en hombres (24,0%) y ≥ 60 años. Mayores prevalencias en quienes laboraban >8 horas/día (94,0%), toda la semana (43,0%), con exposición a sustancias químicas (RP=1,88.IC=1,11;3,20), vendedores de mercancía y cacharro (RP =2,06.IC: 1,08;3,91). Conclusión: Explican mayor prevalencia de alergias proceder de la zona urbana, vender mercancía y cacharro, trabajar >8 horas/día, toda la semana, exponerse a sustancias químicas, considerar que la calidad del aire afecta su labor, y presentar comorbilidades.

Anal fissures (AFs) are lesions located in the lower anal canal. They can be primary (chronic or acute) or secondary to a basic disease. There is high comorbidity of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic AF, with poorer quality of life (QoL) and sexual function. This is a case-control study carried out in the San Juan Hospital (Alicante, Spain). Sixty-seven participants were included in the study, including 35 cases and 32 controls: 36 males and 31 females. This study aims to investigate the association of presenting AFs with sexuality, quality of life, anxiety, depression, and anger. The instruments used were the Spanish validated versions of the validated original selected questionnaires. These instruments were used to assess health-related quality of life, anxiety, anger, depression, and sexual function. Results show higher values in cases than in controls with statistical significance in anxiety state and trait; anxiety and depression; bodily pain, general health, and vitality; and 10 of the 12 anger factors. Higher values in controls than in cases with statistical significance in sexuality and many of the QoL factors were found. Addressing these issues in AF surgical patients would be beneficial for their clinical assessment and intervention.

Scientific societies have provided guidelines to reduce PSA-specific harms. We studied the potential non-compliance of PSA testing with current guidelines in general practice. A cross-sectional study of a random sample of 1291 patients with a PSA test was performed between January and April 2018 in primary health care. Patients with a previous prostate cancer diagnosis or those who were being followed-up for previous high PSA values were excluded. Two independent researchers classified whether each test was potentially non-compliant with recommendations. We estimated frequencies of potentially non-compliant PSA determinations and calculated prevalence ratios (PR) to assess their relationship with possible explanatory variables. A total of 66% (95% CI: 62-69%) of PSA requests in asymptomatic patients were potentially non-compliant with the current guideline. This was associated with having a previous diagnosis of neoplasm (PR adjusted by age and life expectancy: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.02-1.37) as well as being a current consumer of tobacco, alcohol, or other drugs (PR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.67-0.97). Real world data shows that patients are still frequently exposed to overdiagnosis risk with a PSA potentially non-compliant with recommendations. Patients diagnosed with another neoplasm or non-consumers of toxic substances were more exposed, probably due to increased contact with doctors or health-seeking behaviour.

Background: This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the association of posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS; i.e., re- experiencing, avoidance/numbing, and hyperarousal) and depressive symptoms with: (a) physical health symptoms, (b) pain symptoms, (c) and the presence of chronic pain among trauma-exposed individuals. The mediational role of depressive symptoms in the relationship between each PTSS cluster and physical health symptoms, pain symptoms, or presence of chronic pain was also tested. Method: Individuals who reported to have suffered a traumatic experience (N = 100) participated in the study. They were recruited through organizations offering services for victims of violence, self- help groups, newspaper announcements, and the outpatient clinic. Participants were interviewed with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for DSM-IV and the German versions of the Clinician- Administered PTSD Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Freiburg Complaints Scale. Results: Regression analysis showed that both hyperarousal and depressive symptoms accounted for unique variances of physical health symptoms (partial r2 were .03 and .11, respectively). Bootstrap analysis indicated that whereas hyperarousal was both directly and indirectly (through depressive symptoms) related to physical health symptoms, avoidance/numbing and re-experience were only indirectly related with physical health symptoms via depressive symptoms. For pain symptoms, only depressive symptoms were uniquely related with this variable (partial r2 was .05). Depressive symptoms mediated the relationship between the three PTSS clusters and pain symptoms, but not the relationship between the clusters and the presence of chronic pain. Hyperarousal was the only variable uniquely and directly related with the presence of chronic pain (OR = 3.01; p

Background Dapoxetine hydrochloride is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and the first drug approved for the on-demand treatment of premature ejaculation (PE). Its safety was established in a thorough clinical development program. Objective To characterize the safety profile of dapoxetine in PE treatment and to report the incidence, severity, and type of adverse events. Design, setting, and participants We conducted a 12-wk, open-label, observational study with a 4-wk, postobservational contact. A total of 10 028 patients were enrolled, with 6712 patients (67.6%) treated with dapoxetine 30–60mg (group A)and 3316 (32.4%) treated with alternative care/nondapoxetine (group B). Interventions Treatment with dapoxetine or alternative care/nondapoxetine. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and concomitant therapy use during the 12-wk observational and the postobservational period were reported. Results and limitations The mean age for all patients was 40.5 yr. In group A, 93.0% of the patients were initially prescribed dapoxetine 30mg. Treatment options for group B patients included clomipramine, paroxetine, fluoxetine, sertraline, topical drugs, condoms, and behavioral counseling. Both treatment regimens were well tolerated. TEAEs were reported by 12.0% and 8.9% of group A and group B, respectively, with the highest incidence observed in patients aged >65 yr for group A (21.4%) and 30–39 yr (9.8%) for group B. The most commonly reported TEAEs were nausea, headache, and vertigo, with a higher incidence in group A (3.1%, 2.6%, and 1.0%, respectively) than in group B (oral drugs: 2.3%, 1.3%, and 0.9%, respectively). There were no cases of syncope in group A and one case in group B. A major limitation is that this was a nonrandomized, open-label, short-term study lacking efficacy data. Conclusions The results of this postmarketing observational study demonstrated that dapoxetine for treatment of PE has a good safety profile and low prevalence of TEAEs. Syncope and major cardiovascular adverse events were not reported. The high level of adherence by healthcare providers to the contraindications, special warnings, and precautions for dapoxetine minimizes the risk for its use in routine clinical practice. The current risk minimization measures for its identified and potential risks are effective.

Renal leiomyoma are uncommon mesenchymal tumours, which can arise from any organ of the genitourinary tract with smooth muscle cells. The diagnostic imaging techniques available can not differentiated easily leiomyoma from other malignant renal masses. Since preoperative diagnosis cannot be made, management usually involves radical nephrectomy as in the case described. After treatment, prognosis is excellent.

Introducción: Aproximadamente el 40% de los pacientes con adenocarcinoma renal (AR) fallecen por progresión tumoral a pesar del tratamiento. El 30-40% de los pacientes que progresan, presentan una enfermedad quirúrgicamente resecable en el momento del diagnóstico. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio ha sido evaluar que factores muestran un valor pronóstico independiente de supervivencia libre de progresión en el AR. Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 252 tumores renales intervenidos quirúrgicamente entre 1969-2001. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 36,47 meses (12-246). Las variables evaluadas fueron la edad, el TNM (TNM 2002), grado nuclear de Furhman, tipo histológico, tamaño (diámetro mayor de la pieza quirúrgica) y ploidia del ADN (para un mínimo de 3 muestras en fresco de cada tumor). El contenido de ADN se obtuvo mediante citometría de flujo. La progresión biológica fue definida como recurrencia local, regional y/o presencia de metástasis a distancia. Se utilizaron métodos estadísticos comparativos tanto univariantes (Chi- cuadrado, método de Kaplan-Meyer con el log-rank test) como multivariantes (regresión múltiple de riesgos proporcionales de Cox). Resultados: De los 252 pacientes, 43 se desestimaron para el análisis por un estudio de la ploidia del ADN no válido (coeficiente de variación superior a 8). De los 224 válidos, progresaron 89 (39,74%). La mediana del tiempo libre de progresión fue de 9,55 meses (0-133), de tal forma que el 70,9% de los que recidivaron lo hicieron en los dos primeros años del seguimiento. De los pacientes que progresaron, el 89,5% lo hicieron de forma locorregional, el 9,4% lo hicieron a distancia y 2 pacientes (1,2%) en el riñón contralateral. El 83,1% de los que recidivaron fallecieron por la enfermedad. Al analizar la asociación de las variables con la progresión tumoral, los tumores de alto grado, no organoconfinados y aneuploides presentaban una probabilidad significativamente mayor de progresión. En el análisis univariante de supervivencia el estadio III-IV, el grado nuclear III-IV, los tipos histológicos indiferenciado y convencional, así como los tumores aneuploides mostraron peor probabilidad de supervivencia. El análisis multivariante mediante regresión de Cox, utilizando como variables explicativas los factores pronósticos evaluados en el univariante, seleccionó al TNM, grado nuclear y ploidia del ADN como factores pronósticos independientes de supervivencia libre de progresión. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio indican que el TNM 2002, el grado nuclear y la ploidia del ADN tienen un valor pronóstico independiente de supervivencia libre de progresión. Ni el tipo histológico, ni el tamaño tumoral aportaron información adicional en la predicción pronóstica. Introduction: More than 40% of patients with renal cell carcinoma present with disease progression after surgery. The objective of the current study was to identify a clinically useful set of prognostic factors that would correlate significantly with the capacity of progression. Material and methods: The authors studied 252 patients with renal cell carcinoma who underwent radical nephrectomy. Followup ranged from 12-246 months (median 36 months). Several morphologic parameters of the tumors were considered. DNA content was analyzed by flow cytometry and tumor size was determined from the surgical specimen. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to identify significant independent prognostic factors for disease progression. Results: A total of 224 out of 252 were available for suitable histograms. Of the 224 patients, 95 (42,4%) were aneuploid tumors, 106 (47,2%) were organ-confined renal cell carcinoma and 87 (39,74%) presented disease progression. At 5 and 10 years of followup, disease free survival was found to be 66,31% and 62,23%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that DNA ploidy, Furhman grade and stage (TNM) had a statistically significant predictive value for disease progression. Survival univariate analysis found a worse probability of survival for aneuploid tumors, grade III-IV tumors, non organ-confined tumors and conventional and undiferentiated tumors. Using multivariate survival analyses, Furhman grade, stage (TNM) and DNA ploidy were the only independent prognostic factors. So, the probability of death for aneuploid tumor was 1,7 times higher than for diploid tumors. Conclusions: Stage, DNA content and Furhman grade were the only significant independent predictors of disease progression. Tumoral size and histological type did not provide more additional information.

Introducción: Debido a las limitaciones existentes en el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata en estadios avanzados, se precisan nuevas estrategias de tratamiento para estos pacientes. El desarrollo de la biología molecular en el campo del cáncer de próstata, ha proporcionado un mayor conocimiento de las alteraciones más comunes a nivel del ADN de las células cancerígenas, que podrían ser utilizadas como dianas terapéuticas. En este artículo se han revisado los conceptos actuales en el campo de la terapia génica, las alteraciones génicas más frecuentes en el cáncer de próstata y posibles estrategias de tratamiento. Background: New approaches for prostate cancer are needed due to limitations of current therapies for the treatment in advanced stages of the disease. In fact, there is no effective treatment for these patients. Development in molecular biology research on prostate cancer has improved the knowledge of common alterations encoded in DNA sequence, which may be useful as targets for prostate cancer approach. In this review we give an overview of current gene therapy concepts, the most common gene alterations in prostate cancer and the gene therapy treatment strategies.

Los tumores retroperitoneales primarios son neoformaciones extremadamente raras, de naturaleza maligna en la mayoría de los casos. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 48 años con una gran masa retroperitoneal detectada durante el estudio de un síndrome constitucional. La masa fue tratada quirúrgicamente y el diagnóstico anatomopatológico fue de histiocitoma fibroso maligno. Realizamos una revisión de la literatura y analizamos su presentación clínica, hallazgos histológicos, pruebas diagnósticas de imagen y manejo terapéutico. Retroperitoneal tumours are extremely rare neoplasms, most of them malignant. We described the case of a 48-year-old man with a large retroperitoneal mass detected during the study of a constitutional syndrome. The mass was treated surgerically and pathological diagnosis was malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Literature is reviewed and clinical features, histological findings, radiological techniques and therapeutic management are analyzed.

Objetivo: Evaluar las características clínicas y patológicas del cáncer renal (CR) en nuestra serie de tumores, analizando su impacto en el grupo de edad de menores de 40 años. Material y método: Se estudiaron 294 pacientes con CR. En 252 se realizó un estudio del ADN tumoral mediante citometría de flujo e histopatológico de las piezas quirúrgicas. Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos en función de la edad, mayores y menores de 40 años. Las características clínicas e histopatológicas fueron comparadas entre ambos grupos. Resultados: De los 294 pacientes, 26 (8,94%) se incluyeron en el grupo de edad menor o igual a 40 años. No hallamos diferencias significativas entre los grupos al comparar estadio, tamaño tumoral o tratamiento realizado, aunque encontramos un mayor número de tumores indiferenciados en los pacientes de menor edad (p=0,018). El análisis del ADN no evidenció diferencias en el porcentaje de aneuplodías al comparar ambos grupos. Tampoco encontramos diferencias al comparar la probabilidad de supervivencia actuarial cáncer específica en función de la edad. Conclusiones: El comportamiento biológico del CR en pacientes menores de 40 años (jóvenes) no parece diferente al del grupo de mayor edad. Por ello pensamos que los esquemas de tratamiento y seguimiento no deben diferir en función de la variable edad. Objective: to evaluate the clinical and pathological renal cancer (CR) characteristics in our series of tumours, analyzing its impact in the group of age less than 40 years. Material and methods: We studied 294 patients with CR. The pathologic characteristics were analyzed and DNA ploidy pattern of the surgical pieces were done in 252 patients. The patients were divided in two groups based on age, greater or less to 40 years, well then clinical and pathologic characteristics were compared between. Results: Of all patients, 26 of 294 patients (8,94%) were included in the young age group (less to 40 years). We did not found differences between both groups comparing stage, tumoral volume, treatment realized or DNA ploidy pattern, but in nuclear grade with more aggressive tumours in young people (p=0,0018), without differences in recurrence-free survival or actuarial disease specific survival rate. Conclusions: The findings in our study indicate that the natural history and outcome of the RC is similar in both older and younger patients. Therefore, in our opinion, the management of CR in young people should be established with independence of the age.

Introducción: Los traumatismos genitourinarios constituyen el 8-10% de los traumatismos abdominales y en el 50% de los casos es el riñón el órgano más afectado, sobretodo el izquierdo. La decisión de adoptar un tratamiento conservador o quirúrgico en estos casos dependerá del tipo de lesión que encontremos en la unidad renal afecta y de las condiciones clínicas del paciente. Objetivo: Los objetivos del estudio son determinar la posibilidad de llevar acabo un tratamiento conservador en los traumatismos renales de alto grado y estudiar la evaluación y aparición de complicaciones en los mismos. Material y métodos: Hemos analizado retrospectivamente los 309 casos de traumatismos renales acontecidos en nuestro Servicio en el período de tiempo comprendido entre Enero 1984 y Enero 2006, estudiando variables como la etiología del traumatismo, lesiones asociadas en otros órganos, actitud terapéutica adoptada y presencia de complicaciones, tanto a largo como a corto plazo. Resultados: De los 309 traumatismos renales analizados, el 94,1% (291 casos) fueron traumatismos renales cerrados o contusos. La distribución por grados del total de traumatismos fue: Grado I: 213 casos (69%), grado II: 39 casos (12.6%), grados III y IV: 32 casos (10,3%) y grado V: 25 casos (8%). Realizamos tratamiento conservador en el 84,6% de los casos etiquetados como grados III y grado IV (24 casos en total). Se practicaron 4 nefrectomías de urgencia en los grado III por inestabilidad hemodinámica y 4 nefrectomías en grados IV por el mismo motivo, una de ellas parcial, diferidas a las 48-72 horas del traumatismo. En 67% de los traumatismos grado V se realizó nefrectomía de urgencia. Conclusiones: De acuerdo a nuestra experiencia y a los resultados obtenidos, consideramos adecuado el manejo conservador en los traumatismos renales de alto grado siempre y cuando las condiciones hemodinámicas del paciente lo permitan. Introduction: Genitourinary trauma amount to an 8-10% of abdominal trauma with the kidney being the most affected organ in 50% of cases, especially the left one. The choice of treatment will depend on the kind of lesion found in the affected renal unit and on the patient’s clinical conditions. Objective: The aims of this study are twofold: to determine the applicability of conservative treatment in major renal trauma and to assess the evaluation and emergence of possible complications. Material and methods: We have analysed 309 cases of renal trauma dealt with in our department between January 1984 and January 2006, analyzing such variables as the etiology of the trauma, associated lesions in other organs, the therapeutic approach adopted as well as the presence of complications, both in the long and short run. Results: Out of a total of 309 renal trauma analyzed, a 94,1% (291 cases) were blunt renal trauma. The distribution by grade was: Grade I, 213 cases (69%); Grade II, 39 cases (12,6%); Grade III/ IV, 32 cases (10,3%); Grade V, 25 cases (8%). We have given a conservative approach in the 84,6% of the grade III/ IV cases (24 cases). 4 grade III nephrectomies were carried out in the Emergency Room because of haemodynamic instability, other 4 grade IV nephrectomies were done for the same reason, one of which was a partial nephrectomy, 48-72 hours after the trauma. The treatment for grade V was nephrectomy in 67%. Conclusions: According to our experience and in the light of the results obtained, we consider the conservative approach adequate for major renal trauma as long as the patient is haemodynamically stable.

Objetivo: Valorar la eficacia del tratamiento endoscópico del reflujo vesicoureteral (RVU) de etiología secundaria con polidimetilsiloxano. Material y método: Hemos realizado un estudio prospectivo de los pacientes diagnosticados de RVU y tratados en nuestro servicio por vía endoscópica con polidimetilsiloxano, desde enero de 1999 a diciembre de 2001, analizando los resultados tras un seguimiento medio de 30 meses. Tratamos 144 pacientes, 92 niñas y 52 niños, con 213 reflujos ureterales (124 primarios y 89 de etiología secundaria). La eficacia inicial del tratamiento fue definida como la ausencia completa de RVU en la cistografía isotópica realizada un los tres meses tras la punción. Resultados: La eficacia del global tratamiento endoscópico en reflujos de etiología secundaria fue inferior al alcanzado en el tratamiento del RVU primario (el 77,7 % vs. 86,2 %) sin alcanzar estas diferencias la significación estadística (p=0,226). Tampoco encontramos diferencias significativas al comparar el volumen inyectado y la tasa de resolución del reflujo entre las diferentes etiologías de RVU (p=0,361). Únicamente se objetivó recurrencia del RVU en pacientes con reflujo secundario a disfunción neurogénica o por disfunción de vaciado (4,34%). Conclusiones: El tratamiento endoscópico del RVU de etiología secundaria es un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo, presenta escasa morbilidad y es eficaz en el RVU de etiología secundaria en pacientes seleccionados. El riesgo de recurrencia a largo plazo es mayor en el reflujo secundario a alteraciones funcionales (vejiga neurógena e inestabilidad funcional), por lo que el seguimiento debería establecerse según la patología de base. Objective: To value the efficacy in endoscopic treatment of the vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Material and method: We have realized a prospective study in patients with RVU treated with endoscopic polydimethylsiloxane, from January 1999 until December 2001, analyzing the results after an average pursuit of 30 months. We included 144 patients, 92 girls and 52 children, with 213 VUR (124 primary ones and 89 of secondary etiology). The initial efficacy of the treatment was defined as the finished absence of RVU in the isotopic cystography, realized three months after the puncture. Results: The global efficacy of the endoscopic treatment in secondary etiology reflux was lower than the reached one in the treatment of the primary RVU (77.7 % against 86.2 %) but the differences did not reach statistical significance (p=0,226). We do not also find significant differences on having compared the injected volume and the valuation of resolution of the ebb between the different causes of secondary RVU (p=0.361). We found recurrence in patients with RVU due to lower urinary tract dysfunction (4.34 %). Conclusions: Endoscopic treatment of the secondary VUR is a minimally invasive skill, presents scarce morbidity and it is effective in chosen patients. The risk of a long term recurrence is grater in VUR secondary to functional alterations (neurogenic bladder and functional instability), for what, pursuit has to be established according to the base pathology.

Los tumores mesoteliales son un hallazgo excepcional en el tracto urinario. El leiomioma el más frecuente de ellos y puede generarse en cualquier órgano que contenga músculo liso. Aunque debe considerarse en el diagnóstico diferencial de una masa renal, las exploraciones radiológicas no permiten distinguirlo inequívocamente de otros tumores renales malignos. Por ello, el diagnóstico suele realizarse mediante el análisis histológico de la pieza quirúrgica como en el caso que presentamos. Tras el tratamiento el pronóstico es excelente. Renal leiomyoma are uncommon mesenchymal tumours, which can arise from any organ of the genitourinary tract with smooth muscle cells. The diagnostic imaging techniques available can not differentiated easily leiomyoma from other malignant renal masses. Since preoperative diagnosis cannot be made, management usually involves radical nephrectomy as in the case described. After treatment, prognosis is excellent.

La existencia de angiomiolipomas (AML) renales bilaterales es relativamente infrecuente, sobre todo cuando no se presentan asociados a síndromes como la esclerosis tuberosa o la linfangioleiomiomatosis. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 40 años que durante la 33ª semana de gestación fue diagnosticada, de forma incidental en una ecografía abdominal de control, de AML renales bilaterales y que pudo ser tratada mediante cirugía conservadora del parénquima renal. Además realizamos una revisión de la literatura, centrándonos en el manejo de esta entidad y su relación con el embarazo. The existence of bilateral renal angiomyolipoma (AML) is fairly infrequent, especially when not associated with such syndromes as tuberous sclerosis or linfangioleimiomatosis. Here we present the case of a 40-year-old woman who was accidentally diagnosed at week 33rd of gestation by an ultrasound, of bilateral renal AML and that could be treated with kidney sparing conservative treatment. We have also done a review of the literature focusing on its management and its relationship with pregnancy.

Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente sometido a un procedimiento endourológico (dilatación neumática con balón de estenosis ureteral) que presenta en el transcurso del mismo un bucle iatrogénico del catéter doble J y su posterior manejo terapéutico. We present a report of a patient that had a iatrogenic double J catheter loop after endourology procedure (neumatic balloon dilatation of ureteral estenosis) as well as its therapeutic management.

Objetivo: Considerando los tumores renales en estadio pT3a por infiltración grasa, hemos evaluado dicho estadio en función del tamaño tumoral en nuestra serie. Material y método: Hemos realizado un estudio retrospectivo de 300 pacientes con diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma renal (CCR) entre los años 1992 a 2001, con un seguimiento medio de 60 meses. Incluimos en nuestro estudio a 92 pacientes (91,08%) de todos los tumores pT3a por infiltración grasa, independientemente de la afectación ganglionar (Ncualquiera) y con ausencia de metástasis. Se obtuvieron curvas ROC en función del tamaño tumoral y el estado (vivo/muerto), seleccionando el mejor valor de corte (mejor sensibilidad y especificidad). Dicho punto de corte correspondió al valor 5,5 cm, permitiendo dicotomizar y definir dos grupos con diferencias significativas respecto a la supervivencia actuarial. Tras diferenciar estos dos grupos, comparamos los tumores menores de 5,5 cm y estadio pT3aNxM0, con el resto de subgrupos de la clasificación TNM. Resultados: No encontramos diferencias significativas al comparar la supervivencia actuarial de los tumores pT3a seleccionados y tamaño inferior a 5,5 cm con el resto de tumores en estadios pT1 y pT2. Tras reclasificar los tumores pT3a menores de 5,5 cm como pT1, se realizó un análisis multivariante mediante regresión logística para evaluar los factores pronósticos respecto a la progresión tumoral, previo y posterior a la reclasificación de los tumores, conservando el TNM su valor pronóstico independiente tras la reclasificación. Conclusiones: Los tumores de células renales pT3a por infiltración grasa sin metástasis de tamaño inferior a 5,5cm, se comportan como tumores organoconfinados respecto a la supervivencia y su reclasificación no modifica el valor pronóstico independiente del TNM como predictor de progresión tumoral. Objective: We assessed the prognostic value of a stage pT3a diagnosis based on perirrenal fat infiltration. Material and methods: A series of 300 patients diagnosed of renal cell carcinoma (CCR) between 1992 and 2001 were retrospectively analyzed. Focusing on pT3a tumors as defined by perirrenal fat infiltration, a group of 92 patients (91,08%) regardless lymph node involvement (Nall) were included. Patients with distant metastases were excluded. In patients with pT3a Nall M0 tumors, tumour size was a significant parameter predicting survival. The most significant cut-off value for tumor size based on ROC curve was 5,5 cm. Therefore two groups were defined (up to 5,5 cm or greater than 5,5 cm) and actuarial survival were compared between both groups. Results: No significant differences were found comparing actuarial survival of selected pT3a and tumour size less than 5,5 cm with pT1 and pT2 tumors. After classifying selected pT3a less than 5,5 cm as pT1, multivariate analysis showed no differences regarding to prognostic variables before and after classification. Subsequently multivariate analysis showed that modified T stage was an independent significant predictor of cancer specific actuarial survival. Conclusions: Perirrenal fat infiltration in renal cell carcinoma should not be used to assign T category. In our series grading tumors pT3a lesser than 5,5 cm as pT1/pT2 TNM stage does not affect their prognostic value.

Objetivo: evaluar las características clínicas y patológicas del CCR en nuestra serie de tumores, analizando su impacto en el grupo de edad de mayores de 65 años. Material y método: Se estudiaron 300 pacientes con adenocarcinoma renal (CCR). En 252 se realizó un estudio del ADN tumoral mediante citometría de flujo e histopatológico de las piezas quirúrgicas. Según los criterios de la Sociedad Española de Geriatría, los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos en función de la edad, mayores y menores de 65 años. Las características clínicas e histopatológicas fueron comparadas entre ambos grupos. También encontramos diferencias significativas al comparar la supervivencia actuarial cáncer específica de modo global, con mayor supervivencia de los pacientes menores de 65 años Resultados: De los 300 pacientes, 103 (33,3%) se incluyeron en el grupo de edad geriátrica. No hallamos diferencias significativas entre los grupos al comparar estadio, tamaño tumoral o tratamiento realizado, aunque encontramos un mayor índice de recidivas en los pacientes de edad geriátrica. El análisis del DNA evidenció un mayor porcentaje de aneuplodías en el grupo en edad geriátrica. La supervivencia actuarial cáncer específica fue superior en el grupo de menos de 65 años. Conclusiones: El CCR en la edad geriátrica, tiene unas características clínicas y patológicas similares al resto de pacientes en nuestra serie. Sin embargo existen diferencias en la supervivencia media y actuarial, que es menor en el paciente de más de 65 años por el mayor porcentaje de aneuploidías detectado y la mayor tasa de recidivas en tumores organoconfinados en este grupo de edad. Objetive: to evaluate the clinical and pathological characteristics of the CCR in our series of tumors, analyzing its impact in the group of age greater than 65 years. Material and methods: 300 patients with renal adenocarcinoma (CCR) were studied. In 252, ploidy pattern of DNA and pathologic characteristics of the surgical pieces were done. According to the criteria of the Spanish Society of Geriatrics, the patients were divided in two groups based on the age, greater and smaller of 65 years. The clinical and pathologic characteristics were compared between both groups. Results: 103 of the 300 patients (33.3%) were included in the geriatric group. We did not found differences between both groups comparing stage, tumoral volume or treatment realized, but found differences in DNA ploidy pattern, recurrences and survey. Conclusions: The RCC in the elderly has a few clinical and pathological characteristics similar to the rest of patients in our series. Nevertheless differences exist in the average and actuarial survival, which is minor in the patient of more than 65 years, cause the percentage of detected aneuploidies and number of recurrences in not confined tumors in this group of age.

Objetivo: Analizar la influencia en los niveles séricos de PSA total (PSAt) y PSA libre (PSAl) de los signos de inflamación crónica detectados mediante biopsia prostática en pacientes no sintomáticos. Pacientes y método: Seleccionamos 518 pacientes asintomáticos sometidos a ecografía transrectal y biopsia sextante de próstata por PSAt > 4 ng/mL y/o tacto rectal sugestivo de malignidad. Seleccionamos aquellos pacientes en los que la biopsia descartaba malignidad. Se definieron dos grupos, pacientes con lesión benigna de próstata (LBP) y pacientes con infiltrado inflamatorio crónico (SIC). Resultados: En 456 pacientes (88,03%) la biopsia se realizó por elevación de PSAt o/y por tacto rectal sospechoso en 62 pacientes (11,97%). El volumen medio prostático en pacientes con LBP fue 54 cc, siendo 51 cc el volumen medio en pacientes con criterios histológicos de SIC. El PSAt medio en pacientes con LBP fue 9,43 (IC 95% ± 7,8) y 8,8 (IC 95% ± 5,73) en el grupo de SIC. Conclusiones: La presencia de SIC, no tiene influencia significativa en los valores PSAl y PSAt en la población estudiada. Estos hallazgos, a efectos de práctica clínica, permite en nuestro medio valorar las cifras de PSA con independencia de la presencia de SIC en las muestras de biopsia. Purpose: To analyze the influence in total serum PSA (PSAt) and free PSA (PSAl) of chronic inflammatory patterns from prostate biopsy specimens of non-symptomatic patients. Patients and methods: 518 non-symptomatic patients underwent ultrasonography and prostatic biopsy for PSAt> 4 ng/mL and/or DRE suspicious of malignancy. Those with a negative biopsy were divided into two subgroups: patients with benign prostatic lesions (LBP) and patients with chronic inflammatory signs (SIC). Results: 456 patients (88.03%) were biopsied for elevated PSAt or/and DRE suspicious of malignancy in 62 patients (11.97%). Mean volume in patients with LBP was 54cc, while 51cc was the mean volume in patients with histological pattern of chronic inflammatory infiltrate. Mean PSAt in patients with LBP was 9.43 (IC 95% ± 7.8) and 8.8 (IC 95% ± 5.73) in SIC's group patients. Conclusions: The presence of SIC has no significant influence in the eventual value of PSAl y PSAt in a selected population. As a result of that finding data from serum PSA can be reliably evaluated even in the presence of SIC in biopsy specimens.