Search

To understand the clinicopathological forms of African swine fever (ASF) in wild boar, it is crucial to possess a basic knowledge of the biological characteristics of the currently circulating ASF virus isolates. The aim of this work is to establish an accurate and comprehensive histopathologic grading system to standardize the assessment of the ASF lesions in wild boar. The study evaluated the differences between animals infected with a high virulence genotype II isolate (Arm07) (HVI) through intramuscular (IM) (n = 6) and contact-infected (n = 12) routes, alongside those orally infected with a low virulence isolate (Lv17/WB/Riel) (LVI) (n = 6). The assessment included clinical (CS), macroscopic (MS), and histopathologic (HS) scores, as well as viral loads in blood and tissues by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Tissues examined included skin, lymph nodes, bone marrow, palatine tonsil, lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, thymus, heart, adrenal glands, pancreas, urinary bladder, brain, and gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts. The HVI group exhibited a 100% mortality rate with elevated CS, MS, and HS values. Animals infected by contact (CS = 12; MS = 58.5; HS = 112) and those intramuscularly infected (CS = 14.8; MS = 47; HS = 104) demonstrated similar values, indicating that the route of infection does not decisively influence the severity of clinical and pathological signs. The LVI group showed a 0% mortality rate, an inconspicuous clinical form, minimal lesions (CS = 0; MS = 12; HS = 29), and a lower viral load. Histopathologic evaluation has proven valuable in advancing our comprehension of ASF pathogenesis in wild boar and paves the groundwork for further research investigating protective mechanisms in vaccinated animals., Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Depto. de Sanidad Animal, Depto. de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

Author Contributions: Conceptualization and methodology, C.V., J.O. and J.B.; Formal analysis, investigation and resources C.V., J.O., A.G.-B., A.G., M.L., B.R., L.d.J., J.Á. and J.B.; Data curation C.V., J.O. and J.B.; Writing original draft preparation, C.V., J.O. and J.B.; Writing review and editing A.G.-B., J.Á., B.R., L.d.J. and J.B., Supervision, project administration and funding acquisition, J.Á., B.R, L.d.J. and J.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. The authors would like to thank the Official Veterinary Services of Castilla y León and Mycobacteria Unit staff at the VISAVET Centre for their technical support., Paratuberculosis (PTB) and tuberculosis (TB) are two mycobacterial diseases with a severe economic and health impact on domestic ruminants. The ante mortem diagnosis of PTB is hampered, among other factors, by the limited sensitivity of all the available diagnostic techniques. Since TB-infected goats subjected to the comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CITT) may experience a booster effect on their antibody titer and a potential enhancement to the sensitivity of humoral techniques for tuberculosis, in the present study we aimed to evaluate this diagnostic strategy on the humoral diagnosis of PTB in serum and milk samples collected from a caprine herd that was TB free and PTB infected. The results from 120 goats indicated a significant increase (p < 0.001) in the quantitative response detected using an ELISA technique, conducted using serum and milk samples taken 15 and 30 days after performing a CITT (day 0 of the study); although, it did not translate into a significant increase in the number of reactors during any of the testing events (0, 3,15, 30 and 60 days post-CITT). Additionally, the number of ELISA-positive animals was higher for the serum versus the milk samples at both 15 and 30 days post-CITT. The increase in the quantitative ELISA result suggested a diagnostic strategy that maximizes ELISA sensitivity, mainly using serum samples, in PTB-infected herds; although, it may depend on individual differences and the interpretation criteria., European Union, ICRAD, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Depto. de Sanidad Animal, Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

Antimicrobial resistance demands the development of therapeutic alternatives such as prebiotics, probiotics, and nutraceuticals. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial proprieties of the nutraceutical fermented defatted “alperujo”, derived from olive oil production, in a laying hen farm (n = 122,250) endemic with avian intestinal spirochetosis (Brachyspira spp.). Part of the batch (n = 1440) was divided into six groups of 240 hens each that included 80 or 108-week-old laying hens, supplemented with 0%, 2%, or 6% fermented defatted ‘alperujo’ for a month. At the end of the experiment, eight hens from each group were autopsied and cecal content was subjected to (i) Brachyspira culture and species identification by PCRs, and (ii) direct DNA extraction and Brachyspira qPCR. Furthermore, the ceca were processed for histopathology. Microbiological isolation revealed B. pilosicoli and B. hyodysenteriae co-infection in all groups. The 80-week-old hen group 2% supplemented showed a reduction in the cecal Brachyspira content (qPCR) compared with non-supplemented hens. Cecal histopathology showed a diffuse mild infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and heterophils; and hyperplasia of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue hyperplasia which decreased in severity in 80-week-old supplemented hens. The reduction in Brachyspira colonization and the severity of the lesions observed in supplemented hens highlights a potential protective function against avian intestinal spirochetosis., Ministerios de Economía, Industria y Competetividad (RTC-2015-3621-2), Comunidad de Madrid (S2013/ABI-2747), Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (RTI2018-098658-B-C22), Ministerio de Universidades (PRE2019-087439), Depto. de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Depto. de Sanidad Animal, Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

Author contributions: AG-B: Data curation, Formal analysis, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. JAl: Data curation, Funding acquisition, Resources, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. JB: Funding acquisition, Writing—review & editing. JM: Conceptualization, Supervision, Writing—review & editing. JAm: Data curation, Resources, Writing—review & editing. JS: Investigation, Resources, Writing—review & editing. LdJ: Data curation, Funding acquisition, Writing—review & editing. BR: Data curation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing—review & editing., Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are considered a relevant cause of non-specific reactions to the most widely applied bovine tuberculosis (bTB) test, the intradermal tuberculin test. In order to establish which NTM species might act as a potential source of such diagnostic interference, a collection of 373 isolates obtained from skin test positive cows from 359 officially tuberculosis-free (OTF) herds, culled in the framework of the bTB eradication campaign in Spain, were identified at the species level through PCR and Sanger sequencing of the 16S rDNA, hsp65 and rpoB genes.. Of the 308 isolates for which a reliable identification was achieved, 32 different mycobacterial species were identified, with certain species being most represented: among M. avium complex members (n = 142, 46.1%), M. avium subsp. hominissuis (98; 69.0%) was the most abundant followed by M. avium subsp. avium (33, 23.2%), and M. intracellulare(7, 4.9%). Among non-MAC members (n = 166, 53.9%), M. nonchromogenicum (85; 27.6%) and M. bourgelatii (11; 5.6%) were the predominant species. In addition, mixed results were obtained in 53 isolates presenting up to 30 different genotypes, which could be indicative of new mycobacterial species. Our results represent a first step toward characterizing the diversity of NTM species that could interfere with official diagnostic tests for bTB eradication in Spain., European Union Reference Laboratory for Bovine Tuberculosis, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Depto. de Sanidad Animal, Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

The authors thank G. Torre (VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid) for her technical support. We are indebted to all the environmental law enforcement agents (Agentes de Medio Ambiente) for their field work., Human–wildlife conflicts may have devastating consequences for fauna due to targeting by humans of wildlife populations suspected to have predated livestock. Suspicion of depredation of extensively raised livestock by vultures in Europe has triggered public administration-led forensic investigations intended to distinguish between predation and scavenging in order to compensate farmers for attacks on their livestock. In this study, gross and histological analyses were carried out on suspected cases of domestic animal depredation by griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) over a 1-year period. Fifty-eight animals were affected (n = 41, suspected depredation), including domestic cattle (75.9%), sheep (22.4%) and a goat (1.7%). All the adults affected were female and most cases of suspected depredation occurred during the peripartum period (56%). Histological investigations distinguished between post-mortem (84% of diagnostic samples) and ante-mortem (16% of diagnostic samples) cases, and gross examinations revealed significant differences (P ≤ 0.002) between ante-mortem, post-mortem and non-diagnostic samples. This study highlights the need to optimize sampling protocols to increase the success of forensic studies. The forensic investigations presented here may be applied to resolve human–wildlife conflicts involving not only vultures but other endangered carnivores and contribute to human–wildlife coexistence in rural areas by protecting the interests of both the livestock sector and endangered species., Depto. de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

Author contributions J.M.G. and I.A.S. conceived and planned the study and obtained the funding. B.P.V., L.M., M.L.B., J.B., G.J.J., H.M.V., J.M.G. and I.A.S. contributed to choosing isolates and/or deciding skin test protocols and antigens. B.P.V., L.M. and M.L.B. provided isolates. G.J.J. and H.M.V. provided antigens. L.F.V., M.F., M.V.G., J.M.G. and I.A.S. performed the experiments and laboratory analysis and compiled the data. R.A.J., J.M.G. and I.A.S. analyzed and interpreted the results. R.A.J., J.M.G. and I.A.S. wrote the original draf of the manuscript. All authors reviewed the original draft and contributed to writing and editing the final version of the manuscript. Additional information Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to I.A.S., The single and comparative intradermal tuberculin tests (SITT and CITT) are official in vivo tests for bovine tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis using bovine and avian purified protein derivatives (PPD-B and PPD-A). Infection with bacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) can result in nonspecific reactions to these tests. We evaluated the performance of the skin test with PPDs and new defined antigens in the guinea pig model. A standard dose (SD) of Rhodococcus equi, Nocardia sp., M. nonchromogenicum, M. monacense, M. intracellulare, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, M. avium subsp. avium, M. avium subsp. hominissuis, M. scrofulaceum, M. persicum, M. microti, M. caprae and M. bovis, and a higher dose (HD) of M. nonchromogenicum, M. monacense, M. intracellulare, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis were tested using PPD-B, PPD-A, P22, ESAT-6-CFP-10-Rv3615c peptide cocktail long (PCL) and fusion protein (FP). The SD of R. equi, Nocardia sp., M. nonchromogenicum, M. monacense, M. intracellulare and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis did not cause any reactions. The HD of M. nonchromogenicum, M. monacense, M. intracellulare, and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and the SD of M. avium subsp. hominissuis, M. scrofulaceum and M. persicum, caused nonspecific reactions (SIT). A CITT interpretation would have considered M. avium complex and M. scrofulaceum groups negative, but not all individuals from M. nonchromogenicum HD, M. monacense HD and M. persicum SD groups. Only animals exposed to M. bovis and M. caprae reacted to PCL and FP. These results support the advantage of complementing or replacing PPD-B to improve specificity without losing sensitivity., Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, INTERREG POCTEFA, European Regional Development Fund, Depto. de Sanidad Animal, Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), TRUE, pub

The application of pedagogical models can have positive effects on sportsmanship and students’ enjoyment of Physical Education (PE) lessons. The aim of this study was to compare the influence on sportsmanship and fun of the application of, on the one hand, the combination of the Sports Education Model (SEM) and the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) model and, on the other, the Personal and Social Responsibility Model (PSRM). The participants in this study were a total of 85 Spanish teenagers, 39 girls and 46 boys, studying Secondary Education. They completed the SSI questionnaires adapted to Physical Education (SSI-PE) to analyse their enjoyment, and the Multidimensional Sportsmanship Orientations Scale (MSOS) to analyse sportsmanship. Results showed significant differences in enjoyment when applying both the hybrid model (SEM+TGfU) and the PSRM model (p < .01). It is concluded that both interventions with the hybrid model and the PSRM generate positive effects on students’ enjoyment., La aplicación de modelos pedagógicos puede tener efectos positivos sobre la deportividad y la diversión del alumnado en la clases de Educación Física (EF). El objeto de estudio se basó en comparar la influencia de la aplicación de una hibridación del Modelo de Educación Deportiva (MED) y el Modelo Comprensivo (TGfU), y del Modelo de Responsabilidad Personal y Social (MRPS), sobre la deportividad y la diversión. Para ello, participaron un total de 85 estudiantes, 39 chicas (46%) y 46 chicos (54%), de edades comprendidas entre los 16 y 17 años (16.42 ± 0.50). Los participantes de dos grupos de 4º ESO y dos de 1º BACH, cumplimentaron dos cuestionarios al inicio y al final de la unidad formativa. La versión final española del cuestionario SSI adaptado a la EF (SSI-EF) para analizar la diversión, y la versión española de la Escala Multidimensional de Orientaciones a la Deportividad Multidimensional (MSOS) para analizar la deportividad. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en la diversión percibida al aplicar tanto el modelo híbrido como el MRPS (p < .01). Se concluye afirmando que tanto la intervención a través de un modelo híbrido (MED + TGfU) y mediante el MRPS, genera efectos positivos sobre la diversión del alumnado.

The purpose of this study is to determine the existence of the classical category exceptio utilis and extract its essential characters. The work is divided into two parts; first part presents an approach to the classic concept of exceptio, and the second part, explores the concept of exceptio utilis through the selected fragments. Finally the section dedicated to the conclusions, provides unity to the study whose theme was the exceptio utilis through the sources. The exceptio utilis can be defined as a jurisprudential creation that designates a procedural mechanism of the formulary procedure, through which the magistrate under his iurisdictio, create from an exceptio edictalis a new exceptio, the exceptio utilis, taking into account the circumstances of the case and thereby extending the scope of the exceptio edictalis., La finalidad del presente estudio es la de constatar la existencia de la categoría clásica exceptio utilis y extraer sus caracteres fundamentales. El trabajo se divide en dos partes, una primera parte en que se presenta una aproximación al concepto clásico de exceptio, y una segunda parte, en la que se profundiza en el concepto de exceptio utilis a través de los fragmentos seleccionados. Finalmente en el apartado dedicado a las conclusiones, se da unidad al estudio cuyo hilo conductor ha sido la exceptio utilis a través de las fuentes. La exceptio utilis puede ser definida como una creación jurisprudencial que designa un mecanismo procesal propio del procedimiento formulario, por el que el magistrado en virtud de su iurisdictio, crea a partir de una exceptio edictalis una nueva exceptio, teniendo en cuenta las circunstancias del caso concreto, y extendiendo de este modo el ámbito de aplicación de la excepción edictal.

[EN] The single and comparative intradermal tuberculin tests (SITT and CITT) are official in vivo tests for bovine tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis using bovine and avian purified protein derivatives (PPD-B and PPD-A). Infection with bacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) can result in nonspecific reactions to these tests. We evaluated the performance of the skin test with PPDs and new defined antigens in the guinea pig model. A standard dose (SD) of Rhodococcus equi, Nocardia sp., M. nonchromogenicum, M. monacense, M. intracellulare, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, M. avium subsp. avium, M. avium subsp. hominissuis, M. scrofulaceum, M. persicum, M. microti, M. caprae and M. bovis, and a higher dose (HD) of M. nonchromogenicum, M. monacense, M. intracellulare, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis were tested using PPD-B, PPD-A, P22, ESAT-6-CFP-10-Rv3615c peptide cocktail long (PCL) and fusion protein (FP). The SD of R. equi, Nocardia sp., M. nonchromogenicum, M. monacense, M. intracellulare and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis did not cause any reactions. The HD of M. nonchromogenicum, M. monacense, M. intracellulare, and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and the SD of M. avium subsp. hominissuis, M. scrofulaceum and M. persicum, caused nonspecific reactions (SIT). A CITT interpretation would have considered M. avium complex and M. scrofulaceum groups negative, but not all individuals from M. nonchromogenicum HD, M. monacense HD and M. persicum SD groups. Only animals exposed to M. bovis and M. caprae reacted to PCL and FP. These results support the advantage of complementing or replacing PPD-B to improve specificity without losing sensitivity