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Background: The first inquisitorial trials were against Muslims and Jews. Later, they focused on women, especially caregivers. Progressively, they were linked to witchcraft and sorcery because of their great care, generational and empirical knowledge. The historiography of health in the 15th–18th centuries still has important bibliographical and interpretative gaps in the care provided by women. Objective: To analyse the care provided by healers as health providers, accused by the Inquisition, justifying the importance of nursing in the diversity of community care in the 15th–18th centuries. Method: A scoping review was conducted following the Dialectical Structural Model of Care (DSMC). A database search was conducted for the period 2013–2022. Bibliographic and legislative resources were used. Cases and convictions from Castilla la Nueva were found in the National Historical Archive and the Diocesan Archive of Cuenca. Results: The concepts of healer, witch and sorceress envolved during the study period. They reflect and reveal the collective imaginary of the social structure. They had healing laboratories, practised psychological and sexual care. They used to accompany their therapeutic action with prayers and amulets. They shared their professional activity with their main denouncers, doctors, apothecaries and priests. They were usually women in socially vulnerable situations, who did not conform to social stereotypes. Conclusions: They were predecessors of today’s nursing, they overcame socio-cultural difficulties, although they were condemned for it. Healers did not manage to regulate their profession, but they acted as agents of health in a society that demanded them while participating in the “witch-hunt”.

(1) Background: The role of Al-Andalus’s women were the result of Arabization and Islamization in Spain. The 10th to the 14th centuries were a time of significant cultural diversity in the region. Female physicians and midwives were important for providing care to women. Despite existing studies, there is still a lack of focused research on the professionalization of these trades, including their requirements, intervention areas, and treatments. (2) Methods: To address this gap, we conducted a scoping review using the dialectical structural model of care (DSMC). Primary medical and legislative sources were used. (3) Results: two kinds of midwife, or qābila, were discovered, along with a woman physician, or ṭabība, who also acted as a midwife. These professions underwent diverse training and fulfilled duties as obstetricians and pediatricians. Midwives were esteemed members of society and were the sole female professionals who needed qualified training. Their performance in the courts was exemplary. Tools for facilitating childbirth and interventions related to female health were discovered in the study. (4) Conclusions: The patriarchal societies suffer from significant inequality in terms of academic training, knowledge transmission, and healthcare provision. Midwives functioned in segregated domestic and legal spaces and were responsible for providing public care to communities from the 10th to 14th centuries.

El VIH infecta a más de 2,6 millones de personas/año, alcanzando en 2019 cerca 38,0 millones de infectados. La OMS reconoció la enfermedad como grave amenaza para la humanidad. Objetivo. Evaluar el nivel de conocimiento del VIH-SIDA y factores asociados en estudiantes durante eventos populares, Évora-Portugal. Métodos. Estudio cuantitativo transversal, muestra de conveniencia, 313 estudiantes que visitaron el pabellón institucional, sur Portugal. Recogieron datos sociodemográficos, se aplicó el Cuestionario de Conocimientos sobre VIH (HIV-KQ-18). La prueba de Kuder-Richardson arrojó un coeficiente de 0.847. Análisis de datos SPSS versión 24.0. Resultados. El 56.9% fueron mujeres (16 y 30 años). Excepto en 5 ítems, en los que el porcentaje de respuestas correctas superó al 50%, de sujetos que respondió incorrectamente sobre la transmisión del VIH. Las pruebas de Mann-Whitney y Kruskall-Walis, no detectaron diferencias en conocimientos de hombres/mujeres, grupos de edad y disponibilidad de preservativos. El análisis de conglomerados mostró dos perfiles: 1) mayor conocimiento universitarios, ser mujer, 19-21 años, consumo bajo o muy alto. 2) conocimiento bajo/muy bajo con factores asociados consumo moderado de alcohol, representado por varones (22-24 años). Conclusión. La realización de este tipo de encuestas permite que los programas de educación aborden carencias concretas sobre el VIH/SIDA., Introduction. HIV infects more than 2.6 million people/year, reaching 38.0 million by 2019. WHO recognized the disease as a major threat to humanity. Objective. To assess the level of knowledge of HIV-AIDS and associated factors in students during popular events, Évora-Portugal. Methods. Quantitative cross-sectional study, convenience sample, 313 students who visited the institutional pavilion, South Portugal. Sociodemographic data were collected, the HIV Knowledge Questionnaire (HIV-KQ-18) was applied. The Kuder-Richardson test yielded a coefficient of 0.847. Data analysis SPSS version 24.0. Results. 56.9% were female (16 and 30 years). Except for 5 items, where the percentage of correct responses exceeded 50%, subjects answered incorrectly about HIV transmission. Mann-Whitney and Kruskall-Walis tests detected no differences in male/female knowledge, age groups and condom availability. Cluster analysis showed two profiles: 1) higher university knowledge, being female, 19-21 years old, low or very high use. 2) low/very low knowledge with associated factors moderate alcohol consumption, represented by males (22-24 years). Conclusion. Conducting this type of survey allows education programmes to address specific HIV/AIDS gaps., O VIH infecta mais de 2,6 milhões de pessoas/ano, atingindo 38,0 milhões em 2019. A OMS reconheceu a doença como uma grande ameaça para a humanidade. Objectivo. Para avaliar o nível de conhecimento do VIH-SIDA e factores associados nos estudantes durante eventos populares, Évora-Portugal. Métodos. Estudo transversal quantitativo, amostra de conveniência, 313 estudantes que visitaram o pavilhão institucional, Sul de Portugal. Foram recolhidos dados sociodemográficos, foi aplicado o Questionário de Conhecimento sobre VIH (HIV-KQ-18). O teste Kuder-Richardson produziu um coeficiente de 0,847. Análise de dados SPSS versão 24.0. Resultados. 56,9% eram do sexo feminino (16 e 30 anos). Excepto em 5 itens, em que a percentagem de respostas correctas excedeu 50%, os sujeitos responderam incorrectamente sobre a transmissão do VIH. Os testes Mann-Whitney e Kruskall-Walis não detectaram diferenças no conhecimento masculino/feminino, grupos etários e disponibilidade de preservativos. A análise de cluster mostrou dois perfis: 1) conhecimento universitário superior, sendo do sexo feminino, 19-21 anos de idade, uso baixo ou muito alto. 2) conhecimento baixo/muito baixo com factores associados consumo moderado de álcool, representado por homens (22-24 anos). Conclusão. A realização deste tipo de inquérito permite que os programas educativos abordem as lacunas específicas do VIH/SIDA.

The objective of this historical investigation is to discover if the Institution called "La Gota de Leche" existed in Toledo. Methodology by means of the heuristic method, the historical press is analyzed and other primary archival sources are reviewed. Results, although its creation was tedious and its operation was subject to criticism, its benefits were soon seen through the maternal and child health indicators. The institution between 1906 and 1966, was present in both the urban and rural areas of Toledo. Since the creation the mother received health care throughout the gestational period; she acquired habits on child hygiene and obtained health education to establish adequate breastfeeding. Conclusion La Gota de Leche Toledana was a School of Childcare and Maternology, a fact that allowed to carry out prevention, care and education activities throughout the gestational period. Thus, the results obtained were extremely satisfactory, since it was possible to reduce infant mortality during the first half of the 20th century, through the improvement of maternal and child health indicators., El objetivo de esta investigación histórica es descubrir sí en Toledo existió la Institución denominada «La Gota de Leche». Metodología por medio del método heurístico se analiza la prensa histórica y se revisan otras fuentes primarias archivísticas. Resultados, aunque su creación fue tediosa y su funcionamiento estuvo sujeto a críticas, sus beneficios pronto se dejaron ver, a través de los indicadores salud materno-infantil. La institución entre 1906 y 1966, estuvo presente tanto en el ámbito urbano como rural de Toledo. Desde la creación la madre recibía atención sanitaria durante todo el periodo gestacional; adquiría hábitos sobre higiene infantil y obtenía educación sanitaria para establecer una lactancia materna adecuada. Conclusión La Gota de Leche Toledana fue una Escuela de Puericultura y Maternología, hecho que permitió llevar a cabo actividades de prevención, asistencia y educación durante todo el periodo gestacional. De modo que los resultados obtenidos fuero sumamente satisfactorios, pues se logró reducir la mortalidad infantil durante la primera mitad del siglo XX, a través de la mejoría de los indicadores de la salud materno-infantil., O objetivo desta investigação histórica é descobrir se a Instituição chamada "La Gota de Leche" existia em Toledo. Metodologia por meio do método heurístico, a imprensa histórica é analisada e outras fontes arquivísticas primárias são revisadas. Resultados, embora sua criação tenha sido tediosa e seu funcionamento sujeito a críticas, seus benefícios logo foram percebidos através dos indicadores de saúde materno-infantil. A instituição entre 1906 e 1966, esteve presente tanto na zona urbana como rural de Toledo. Desde a criação a mãe recebeu cuidados de saúde durante todo o período gestacional; adquiriu hábitos de higiene infantil e obteve educação em saúde para estabelecer o aleitamento materno adequado. Conclusão La Gota de Leche Toledana foi uma Escola de Puericultura e Maternologia, fato que possibilitou a realização de atividades de prevenção, cuidado e educação durante todo o período gestacional. Assim, os resultados obtidos foram extremamente satisfatórios, uma vez que foi possível reduzir a mortalidade infantil durante a primeira metade do século 20, por meio da melhoria dos indicadores de saúde materno-infantil.

In Spain, the wet nurse had a prominent place in the Court of Philip II (1540–1580), suckling princes. The aim of this review is to identify the role of wet nurses in the Spanish monarchy and the survival of the infants, who were children of Philip II (16th century). A scoping review is presented, studying documents on wet nurses in the Spanish monarchy. The dialectical structural model of care (DSMC) is applied, and three thematic blocks are used to make up the historical-cultural model. Books, chapters and databases were analysed from Cuiden, Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct and Google Scholar, from January–September 2021. These wet nurses were treated as ladies, as they came from wealthy families related to royalty. The services of wet nurses from neighbouring localities to the court were used. They had to be of good appearance and in excellent health. They were hired because of the need for survival of the infants, children of Philip II. The functions of the four wives of Philip II were relegated to reproduction, childcare, family and monarchical duties. They used empirical medicine in the form of prescriptions for beauty, hygiene and feminine care. The wet nurses were the driving force that promoted the health of babies through breastfeeding.

With the sublime emotional description that Stephen King achieves of the main characters in Misery, the writer manages to delve into the world of affections and feelings, exploring the art of care and its negative aspects. He manages to delve into the figure of the nurse Genene Jones, representative of the role of the angel of death, making visible theories that frame these typologies and their acts. Objective: to describe the behaviours, experiences, beliefs and values set out by Stephen King in the story "Misery" (1987). Methodology: Phenomenological-historical study with an exploratory approach in narrative and secondary sources of the events that took place in the period between 1950-1990. Results: The piece is a masterful analysis of Genene Jones' nursing practice. It also reflects the transformation from the role of an angel of death, carried out by a health professional, to become a serial killer. Conclusion: The study of the horror literature allows the study of the nursing role to deepen and increase the knowledge of the nursing role, both for health professionals and nursing students and the general population., Con la sublime descripción emocional que Stephen King logra de los protagonistas de Misery, el escritor consigue profundizar en el mundo de las afecciones y los sentimientos, explorando el arte del cuidado y sus aspectos negativos. Consigue ahondar en la figura de la enfermera Genene Jones, representante del rol de ángel de la muerte, visibilizando teorías que encuadran estas tipologías y sus actos. Objetivo: describir las conductas, vivencias, creencias y valores expuestos por Stephen King en la narración “Misery” (1987). Metodología: Estudio fenomenológico-histórico con abordaje exploratorio en fuentes narrativas y secundarias de los acontecimientos sucedidos en el periodo de tiempo comprendido entre 1950-1990. Resultados: La obra es un análisis magistral del proceder enfermero de Genene Jones. Asimismo, refleja la transformación desde el rol de ángel de la muerte, llevado a cabo por un profesional de la salud, hasta llegar a convertirse en un asesino en serie. Conclusión: El estudio de la literatura de terror permite profundizar e incrementar los conocimientos del rol enfermero, tanto a los profesionales de la salud como a los estudiantes de enfermería y la población en general., Com a sublime descrição emocional que Stephen King consegue nos protagonistas da Miséria, o escritor mergulha no mundo dos afectos e sentimentos, explorando a arte do cuidado e os seus aspectos negativos. A figura da enfermeira Genene Jones, um representante exemplar do papel do anjo da morte, é aprofundada, tornando visíveis as teorias que enquadram estas tipologias e os seus actos. Objectivo: descrever os comportamentos, experiências, crenças e valores expostos por Stephen King na história "Miséria" (1987). Metodologia: Estudo fenomenológico-histórico com uma abordagem exploratória em narrativa, com recurso a fontes secundárias dos acontecimentos que tiveram lugar no período de 1950-1990. Resultados: O trabalho é uma análise do procedimento de enfermagem de Genene Jones e de como o papel de anjo da morte, desempenhado por um profissional de saúde pode vir a personificar a figura de um assassino em série. Conclusão: O estudo da literatura de horror permite aprofundar, ver outras facetas, e aumentar o conhecimento do papel da enfermagem, tanto pelos profissionais de saúde e estudantes de enfermagem como pela população em geral.

Introducción: La lactancia materna a lo largo del tiempo ha reglado el modo de establecer relaciones, traspasando fronteras sociales y religiosas. La regulación jurídico-religiosa y médica de la lactancia andalusí, es un tema poco explorado a pesar de que actualmente continua en las sociedades islámicas. Objetivos: 1) Determinar la repercusión jurídico-religiosa de la lactancia en los siglos X-XV y su implicación para la sociedad musulmana actual; 2) Examinar las diferentes funciones de la nodriza andalusí; 3) Establecer la valoración social de la nodriza a través de su profesionalización. Metodología: Revisión histórica-narrativa. Se consultaron bases de datos y fuentes primarias. La selección documental siguió criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: Desde el nacimiento, los textos sagrados regulan los derechos de madre, padre, nodriza y recién nacido. Se legislan parentescos que regularán de por vida a nodriza y lactante; el parentesco de leche se equipara al de consanguinidad. La nodriza asumió además funciones de crianza y educación. Tuvo un papel decisivo para asegurar la supervivencia del lactante, por lo que llegó a ser un oficio con gran repercusión socio-sanitaria. Conclusión: Existen variables prácticas del cuidado materno-infantil. Se han de tener en cuenta para cuidar desde un marco de competencia cultural integrador., Introduction: Breastfeeding throughout time has regulated the way of establishing relationships, crossing social and religious boundaries. The legal-religious and medical regulation of Andalusian breastfeeding is a subject that has been little explored, although it continues to this day in Islamic societies. Objectives: 1) To determine the legal-religious repercussion of breastfeeding in the 10th-15th centuries and its implications for Muslim society today; 2) To examine the different functions of the Andalusian wet nurse; 3) To establish the social valuation of the wet nurse through her professionalization. Methodology: Historical-narrative review. Databases and primary sources were consulted. Documentary selection followed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: From birth, sacred texts regulate the rights of mother, father, wet nurse and newborn. Kinships are legislated that will regulate for life the wet-nurse and the infant; the kinship of milk is equated to that of consanguinity. The wet nurse also assumed the functions of upbringing and education. This figure played a decisive role in ensuring the survival of the infant, which is why it became an occupation with great socio-health repercussions. Conclusion: There are practical variables of maternal and infant care that must be taken into account in order to provide culturally competent care., Introdução: A amamentação ao longo do tempo regulamentou a forma de estabelecer relações, atravessando fronteiras sociais e religiosas. A regulamentação jurídico-religiosa e médica da amamentação andaluza é um assunto pouco explorado, embora continue até hoje nas sociedades islâmicas. Objetivos: 1) Determinar a repercussão legal-religiosa da amamentação nos séculos X-XV e as suas implicações para a sociedade muçulmana de hoje; 2) Examinar as diferentes funções da ama de leite andaluza; 3) Estabelecer a valorização social da ama de leite através da sua profissionalização. Metodologia: Revisão histórico-narrativa. Foram consultadas bases de dados e fontes primárias. A seleção documental seguiu critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Resultados: Desde o nascimento, os textos sagrados regulam os direitos da mãe, do pai, da ama de leite e do recém-nascido. A legislação regula as amas de leite e a criança considerando-as parentes para toda a vida; o paren-tesco do leite é equiparado ao da consanguinidade. A ama de leite também assumiu as funções de criação e educação. Esta figura desempenhou um papel decisivo na garantia da sobrevivência da criança, razão pela qual se tornou uma ocupação com grandes repercussões sócio-sanitárias. Conclusão: Existem variáveis práticas de cuidados maternais e infantis que devem ser tidas em conta a fim de proporcionar cuidados culturalmente competentes.

Background and Objectives: The first inquisitorial processes were developed against Muslims and Jews. Then, they focused on women, especially those dedicated to care. Progressively, they were linked to witchcraft and sorcery due to their great assistance, generational and empirical knowledge. The health historiography of the 15th–18th centuries still has important bibliographic and interpretive gaps in the care provided by women. The main objective was to analyse the care provided by midwives in the legislative and socio-sanitary context of New Castile, in the inquisitorial Spain of the 15th–18th centuries. Materials and Methods: A historical review was conducted, following the Dialectical Structural Model of Care. Historical manuals, articles and databases were analysed. Results: The Catholic Monarchs established health profession regulations in 1477, including midwives. However, all legislations were annulled by Felipe II in 1576. These were not resumed until 1750. Midwives assumed a huge range of functions in their care commitment (teaching, care and religion) and were valued in opposing ways. However, many of them were persecuted and condemned by the Inquisition. They used to accompany therapeutic action with prayers and charms. Midwives were usually women in a social vulnerability situation, who did not comply with social stereotypes. Conclusions: Midwives, forerunners of current nursing and health sciences, overcame sociocultural difficulties, although they were condemned for it. Midwives achieved an accredited title, which was taken from them for two centuries. They acted as health agents in a society that demanded them while participating in a “witch hunt”.

(1) Introduction: The establishment of milk banks in the Islamic world as well as donation to Islamic families in Western countries remains a challenge in the context of human lactation. Religious reservations established since the Qur’an and regulated at the legal–religious and medical level equate milk kinship with consanguinity, which prevents donation. The aim of the study was to analyse the evolution in the model of breastfeeding and care in Islamic society. (2) Methods: The methodology of comparative history was applied, following the structural–dialectical model of care. Historical manuals, articles and databases were analysed. (3) Results: Paediatric care in medical manuals from the 10th–15th centuries is similar to that practiced by the Muslim population today, some beneficial, some harmful; the wet nurse had to follow a series of dietary habits and have a series of physical, moral and educational characteristics in order to be hired. They constituted a beginning of pseudo-professionalisation, in a domestic–family framework. Human milk was used as a remedy for different health problems. (4) Conclusions: Islamic society and nursing have to evolve towards transnational care adapted to the needs of the population.