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Le tournant des années 1920-1939 constitue un moment fort dans l’histoire coloniale, symboliquement magnifié par une exposition coloniale internationale qui, en 1931, à Paris, célèbre l’Empire français. Mais la programmation des mandats, la progression des idées d’auto-détermination, les revendications nationalistes, les difficultés économiques, démentent l’enthousiasme et assignent au droit un rôle nouveau, fait de rapprochements avec celui de la métropole. Vont se multiplier les indices d’un début de « démontage », retardé par la montée des dictatures et emporté par la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Ecartelés un temps entre Vichy et les Gaullistes, les territoires coloniaux se voient ensuite assigner par la conférence de Brazzaville, puis par les constitutions de 1946 et de 1958, une place nouvelle. Il fallait que ce volume 7 en livre quelques étapes, utiles à faire comprendre la situation nouvelle faite aux magistrats, mais aussi utiles à montrer en quoi le « Retour » qui signe la fin de la colonisation se produit au sein d’un monde colonial perturbé et condamné. Avant que les tomes 8 et 9 disent l’essentiel sur ce repli des juges en métropole, leur éventuel maintien dans les nouveaux Etats et le suivi des problèmes de droit pour encore de nombreuses années, il fallait laisser entrevoir les doutes encore existants (Partir et/ou Rester ?) et rappeler le sentiment d’inachèvement en soulignant, par cette recherche, que tout n’avait pas été dit. Appelons cela « Faire le point », en particulier sur les problèmes de citoyenneté lors des élections, sur les tribunaux de commerce, sur le rôle joué par les magistrats en droit de la « mer », autant de questions laissées jusqu’ici en suspens. Il fallait également laisser à quelques auteurs le soin de dire comment ils entrevoyaient, après 1939, les changements dans le domaine du droit pénal, du contentieux administratif ou dans celui de l’enseignement ou, plus directement, dans le besoin de dire comment on pouvait tirer les leçons des perturbations causées par la guerre sur les carrières des agents coloniaux. Ce « retour » est un peu aussi celui de chercheurs qui emportent avec eux cet esprit d’indépendance dans les recherches qu’ils entendent conduire.

Cet ouvrage collectif est le résultat d’un colloque international qui s’est tenu à Lille en septembre 2008, organisé par le Centre d’Histoire Judiciaire (CHJ- UMR 8025) et soutenu par le CNRS, l’Université Lille 2, l’Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF) et le ministère des Affaires étrangères. Si des liens avaient été auparavant noués, cette manifestation a inauguré une collaboration officielle entre Lille et les universités de Sousse (Tunisie) et de Marrakech (Maroc), concrétisée par un accord de coopération universitaire. Une telle collaboration a permis, au Maghreb, d’organiser deux autres colloques : l’un concernait le droit dans les protectorats tunisien et marocain entre 1881 et 1956 (Marrakech, octobre 2009) et le second portait sur les acteurs de la justice dans le même cadre géographique et temporel (Sousse, octobre 2010). Dans tous les cas, ces manifestations ont été l’occasion d’échanger et de renforcer les liens avec nos collègues des rives Sud de la Méditerranée, ainsi qu’avec l’équipe de Montpellier qui travaille sur l’histoire du droit colonial (UMR 5825). Fruit de ces échanges, Les discours sur le droit et lajustice au Maghreb durant la période coloniale (XLV-XX' siècles) revêt une importance particulière, parce qu’il est le premier ouvrage d’une future trilogie, mais aussi d’une nouvelle collection des éditions du CHJ, « Colibris », qui porte sur le colonial et, plus généralement, l’outre-mer. Mais au fond de quoi s’agit-il ? Quel est l’objet de cette étude collective ? Le terme « discours » n’est pas entendu ici uniquement comme une « expression verbale de la pensée » car l’objet de cet ouvrage ne serait pas appréhendable en raison de son extrême diversité. Il suppose également une construction de la pensée et se différencie en cela du simple avis ou opinion. Etudier les discours dans cette acception n’est pas particulièrement original car l’on connaît l’intérêt des chercheurs pour l’histoire des représentations, notamment en matière coloniale. Toutefois, un examen plus approfondi de l’historiographie montre que les discours sur le droit et la justice dans ce contexte particulier demeurent moins étudiés que d’autres (spécialement les expositions ou la littérature coloniales). En outre, ils sont peu mis en perspective avec la pratique. Dans ce cadre, l’objectif d’une telle recherche est de mettre en évidence les premiers éléments d’une typologie de ces discours. Mais quelle méthode adopter pour y répondre au mieux ? Nous aurions pu choisir une démarche systématique en nous concentrant sur un producteur du discours à une même époque dans différents territoires, ou encore sur les supports qui lui permettent d’être diffusés. Si nous n’avons pas demandé aux auteurs de s’y restreindre, c’est parce que cette étude se veut avant tout un moyen de découvrir un grand nombre de pistes. De ce point de vue, nous sommes revenus à la définition première du terme « discours » : « l’action de parcourir en tout sens ». Cela ne signifie pas que nous ayons fait abstraction des limites a quo et ad quem indispensables à toute réflexion. Cette étude s’étend, en effet, sur l’ensemble du « moment colonial français » au Maghreb, c’est-à-dire, en prenant en considération le territoire qui a été le plus tôt et le plus longtemps occupé (l’Algérie), entre 1830 et 1962. De même, l’espace géographique sut lequel porte les contributions est circonscrit, tout comme les grandes thématiques qui structurent l’ouvrage. Comment ces thématiques ont-elles été pensées ? Tout d’abord s’est posée naturellement la question de l’origine de ces discours : étaient- ils nés avec la colonisation au Maghreb ou se retrouvaient-ils antérieurement au sein du Premier Empire colonial français ? Cette interrogation introduit une réflexion plus générale sur les ruptures et continuités entre l’Ancien Régime et la période contemporaine. Afin d’éclairer le lecteur sur ce point, un article introductif tente l’« esquisse d’une typologie du discours sur le droit dans le contexte colonial » en partant de l’exemple d’un territoire colonisé aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles et en apparence très différent du Maghreb : le Canada français. On rentre ensuite dans le vif du sujet. Les thèmes abordés dans le cœur de l’ouvrage sont en premier lieu définis par rapport à leur objet : le discours sur le droit tout d’abord (première partie), puis sur la justice (deuxième partie). L’idée étant ensuite de décaler le regard de l’objet vers le support en analysant les revues coloniales et les discours qu’elles véhiculent (troisième partie). A travers ces thèmes se dégagent des interrogations plus précises. Quant aux formes des discours : où commencent les discours et où commence le droit ? Les textes juridiques et judiciaires peuvent-ils être considérés comme une forme de discours ? Comment hiérarchiser les supports du discours et quelle légitimité leur donner ? Quant à la nature et aux buts des discours : dans quelle mesure le discours est-il une narration de la réalité ou son extrapolation ? Quel écart existe-t-il entre la pratique et le discours ? Comment la précision ou l’imprécision des termes employés sont-elles utilisées pour parvenir aux objectifs impartis ? Quant aux acteurs des discours : ces acteurs sont-ils multiples, qu’ils soient émetteurs ou récepteurs ? Les discours s’adressent-ils à l’opinion publique ou à un public ciblé ? Quelle est la stratégie de l’émetteur ? Qui instrumentalise-t-il ? Le fait-il pour des raisons idéologiques ou personnelles ? Comment le récepteur réagit-il ou se réapproprie-t-il le discours ? Quant à la spécificité et aux permanences des discours : le discours sur le droit et le discours sur la justice en contexte colonial se différencient-ils l’un de l’autre ? Se différencient-ils de ceux que l’on retrouve en Métropole ? Les discours coloniaux de l’époque contemporaine sont-il, au final, antagonistes ou pas avec ceux de l’Ancien Régime ?

The aromatic quality of chocolate requires the use of cocoa with high aromatic potential, this being acquired during the fermentation of cocoa beans. Traditional fermentation is still often carried out on a small scale with wild strains of yeasts and acetic bacteria and under poorly controlled conditions leading to cocoa quality ranging from best to worst. This study is the first part of a project aiming to control quality of cocoa to produce high aromatic quality chocolate by using a mixed starter of selected strains of yeast and acetic bacteria and by controlling the conditions of fermentation. To achieve this objective, a mathematical model of the alcoholic fermentation of cocoa beans has been developed. The growth, glucose consumption and ethanol production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae LM strain in synthetic broth were modeled for the most important intrinsic (pH, glucose, ethanol, free nitrogen and oxygen levels) and extrinsic (temperature, oxygen level) fermentation parameters. The model was developed by combining the effects of individual conditions in a multiplicative way using the gamma concept. The model was validated in liquid synthetic medium at two different inoculation levels 104 and 106 CFU/mL with an increase in temperature that recorded during spontaneous fermentations. The model clearly shows that the level of inoculation and the speed of the increase in temperature clearly drive yeast growth, while other factors including pH and ethanol, free nitrogen and oxygen levels have no significant impact on yeast growth.

Lactoperoxidase system (LPOS) was incorporated into chitosan solutions (0.5, 1, and 1.5%) to protect mangoes against two strains of fungi. Coating solutions effectiveness in vitro (in Petri dish) and in vivo (on mango) were studied on fungal (Phomopsis sp. RP257 and Pestalotiopsis sp.) growth isolated from mango cv Amelie . In vitro, chitosan concentration at least 1% containing or not LPOS effectively inhibited Pestalotiopsis sp. growth at 100%. Presence of LPOS or Lactoperoxydase system with iodine (LPOSI) in chitosan at 0.5% increased the percentage of inhibition from 26 to 93%. Edible films with LPOS inhibited Phomopsis sp. RP257 particularly when LPOS was incorporated in chitosan concentrations of 1 and 1.5%. Iodine did not influenced antifungal activity of LPOS against Pestalotiopsis sp. but decreased activity antifungal toward Phomopsis sp. RP257. The properties (water vapor permeability and mechanical properties) of chitosan films were not significantly changed by the incorporation of the enzyme system. in vivo condition, chitosan coating at 1 and 1.5% with or without enzyme system was sufficient to inhibit totally (100%) Pestalotiopsis sp. and was 60% efficient against Phomopsis sp. with chitosan only at 1 and 1.5%. However, when coating solution mainly at 1 and 1.5% was enhanced by LPOS with or without iodine, it inhibited totally (100%) Phomopsis sp. RP257. The presence of iodine slightly reduced antifungal activity against Phomopsis sp. RP257.

International audience; Mare milk has been consumed for thousands of years in Central Asia and neighbouring regions. Its composition is similar to human milk, but different from cows’ milk. Fermentation with lactic acid bacteria and yeasts leads to the production of a traditional drink called qymyz. Qymyz, which is a symbol of good health, is a central part of the national cuisine and of the traditional cycle of horse husbandry, as well as playing a role in the cultural identity of Central Asian people. Mare milk, along with qymyz, has been reported to have a wide range of therapeutic effects. In this article, the authors have compiled information on mare milk composition, qymyz production and the therapeutic effects of mare milk and its products.

This paper describes a mixed fermentation model made by assembling block hosting models for the growth of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum) and a yeast strain (Pichia kluyveri), metabolic production and the physical-chemical changes which occur during the fermentation of gowe. The growth model for P. kluyveri was developed on a synthetic medium following the gamma concept taking into account the effect of pH, temperature, concentrations in glucose, lactic acid and ethanol. Additional parameters for the previously defined L. plantarum growth model were also determined (glucose and ethanol concentrations). The model was validated in three different gowe processing conditions. Even if the model underestimates LAB growth, it explains what occurs in the product and enables in silico extrapolation to various fermentation conditions. The predicted hydrolysis rates of native and gelatinised starches showed that increasing malt content is not an efficient way to increase the sweetness of gowe in contrast to increasing the level of pre-cooking. The builing-block model developed in this study could be applied to many other fermented foods and particularly to non-alcoholic but acid and sweet cereal based beverages.

In this study, coffee pulp was used as carbon source in solid-state fermentation to produce a phenol-rich extract for industrial applications. Fermentations were carried out at laboratory (0.4 kg), semi-pilot (12 kg) and pilot (90 kg) scales in presence of 2.5 g kg−1 yeast strains and with three different coffee pulp materials. The extract stability was investigated using different stabilizing agents: SO2, ascorbic and acetic acids. Then, a study was conducted to determine the effect of ultrasound treatment on extraction yields. Results showed that higher concentrations of chlorogenic acids were obtained with fermentation without ultrasound treatment and by adding sulfite at 0.5 wt% at 8 h of fermentation. Despite of variations in coffee pulp composition, the process was validated at semi-pilot and pilot scales, providing an extract 400% richer in chlorogenic acids (600 mg kg of coffee pulp) and with lower sugar amounts to separate during the downstream processing. Universidad de Costa Rica/[735-A2-502]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CITA)

The objective of this work was to study the differences between some minerals content of gariss samples collected from two different production areas in two different production systems (i.e. traditional system Kordofan area and semi-intensive system- which, the camels are kept in an open barn and graze around the farm. The lactating female camels are supplemented with concentrates in addition to good quality ration containing groundnut cake and Sorghum biocolor and water supply upon required in Kordofan and Khartoum provinces in Sudan at the different seasons (summer, autumn and winter) and their gariss samples were collected. Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus of gariss samples collected in autumn season (Kordofan area), summer season (Khartoum area), and winter season (Khartoum and Kordofan areas) were determined, after that the age of gariss was noted from farmers directly when the samples were collected. Four different ages of gariss which registered were (5-8 hrs, 12 hrs, 48 hrs and more than 48 hrs). Each fermentation time (age of gariss) was used for analyzing mineral contents. The results showed that gariss prepared from different production locations and in different seasons in Kordofan and Khartoum production areas were statistically different in most of the mineral contents determined. To conclude, different feeding sources or different physiological status may affect camels’ milk and consequently their gariss product, also different age of gariss had affects the mineral content of milk.

Gowe is a traditional fermented Beninese soft cooked paste made from a blend of malted and non-malted cereals that is diluted with water/ice and sugar just before consumption as a thirst-quenching drink. Major differences in the processes used for the preparation of gowe, which includes natural lactic fermentation, result in variable quality. Acidity and free sugar content have been linked to the process parameters but also to the type of strains that can be used for inoculation. The aim of this study was to investigate the starch degradation mechanism in relation with the activity of degrading enzymes during the preparation of gowe and enzyme impact on the quality (sugar content and viscosity) of the final product. Our results point to a key role for malt α-amylase and its susceptibility to acidic conditions in the sequence of the preparation process and in the final quality of gowe. Pre-cooking and inoculation speeds up and increases acidification of the product thereby favoring its safety, but reduces the final free sugar content and increases the final viscosity of gowe, which are both organoleptic defects of the product.

Influence of chitosan coating with or without the active antimicrobial lactoperoxidase system was studied on postharvest mangoes. Mangoes were treated with three concentrations of chitosan (0.5; 1; 1.5%) containing or not lactoperoxidase with or without iodine as a second electron donor. Coatings containing 1 and 1.5% chitosan incorporated with lactoperoxidase system efficiently inhibited fungal proliferation and delayed mango ripening. Iodine did not influence antifungal activity. Ripening parameters (firmness, respiration, weight loss and color) were not influenced by the lactoperoxidase system, but were more influenced by chitosan concentration. Chitosan coating alone reduced weight loss, and delayed the decline in firmness and respiration rate. It exhibited a beneficial effect on the contents of total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid, total acidity (TA) and pH.

Gowé is an acidic beverage obtained after simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of sorghum. A previous paper focused on modeling the growth of lactic acid bacteria during gowé processing. This paper focuses on modeling starch amylolysis to build an aggregated SSF model. The activity of α-amylase was modeled as a function of temperature and pH, and the hydrolysis rates of both native and soluble starch were modeled via a Michaelis-Menten equation taking into account the maltose and glucose inhibition constants. The robustness of the parameter estimators was ensured by step by step identification in sets of experiments conducted with different proportions of native and gelatinized starch by modifying the pre-cooking temperature. The aggregated model was validated on experimental data and showed that both the pre-cooking and fermentation parameters, particularly temperature, are significant levers for controlling not only acid and sugar contents but also the expected viscosity of the final product. This generic approach could be used as a tool to optimize the sanitary and sensory quality of fermentation of other starchy products.

Neem, Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), is a medicinal tree from India. Neem kernel oils obtained using a cold press and solvent extraction by the Soxhlet method were assessed for antifungal activity against 17 fungal strains isolated from banana fruit. These oils (used at different concentrations) significantly inhibited mycelial growth of 14 of the strains tested after 7 days exposure at 30 °C by virtue of volatile compounds released from 100 iL of the oil. Volatile compounds present in the oils were characterized by SPME and GC-MS. This showed the presence of biologically active volatile compounds, such as organosulfur compounds, in the neem oils tested. These compounds are known to have antimicrobial activity. The in vitro results suggest that employing neem kernel oil as a fumigant to control post-harvest pathogens is worthy of further investigation. (Resume d'auteur)

Aims: To quantify and model the combined effects of temperature (T) (10–40°C), water activity (aw) (0·993–0·818) and CO2 concentration (9·4–55·1%, v/v) on the growth rate of Aspergillus niger and Alternaria alternata that cause spoilage during the storage and packaging of dates. Methods and Results: The effects of environmental factors were studied using the γ-concept. Cardinal models were used to quantify the effect of studied environmental factors on the growth rates. Firstly, the cardinal parameters were estimated independently from experiments carried out on potato dextrose agar using a monofactorial design. Secondly, model performance evaluation was conducted on pasteurized date paste. The boundary between growth and no-growth was predicted using a deterministic approach. Aspergillus niger displayed a faster growth rate and higher tolerance to low aw than Al. alternata, which in turn proved more resistant to CO2 concentration. Minimal cardinal parameters of T and aw were lower than those reported in the literature. Conclusions: The combination of the aw and CO2 effects significantly affected As. niger and Al. alternata growth. The γ-concept model overestimated growth rates, however, it is optimistic and provides somewhat conservative predictions. Significance and Impact of the Study: The developed model provides a decision support tool for the choice of the date fruit conservation mode (refrigeration, drying, modified atmospheric packaging or their combination) using T, aw and CO2 as environmental factors. (Resume d'auteur)

The objective of the present work was to estimate the prevalence of Bacillus cereus group species in traditional cereal-based lactic acid-fermented slurries and nonfermented flours used to prepare infant foods in an African context. High counts on mannitol-egg yolk-polymixin agar medium were determined for the fermented slurries (median, 4.5 × 10(4) CFU/ml of slurry) compared with the nonfermented flours, most of whose counts were lower than 10(-1) CFU/g. Virulence genes were characterized in 60 isolates from 26 traditional cereal-based foods in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Seventy-two and 38 % of isolates were positive for the complete set of genes coding for hemolysin BL and nonhemolytic enterotoxin, respectively, suggesting a high enterotoxigenic potential for these foodborne isolates. No potentially emetic toxin-producing strains were detected. Because of the high counts found for fermented slurries, survival tests with vegetative cells inoculated in fermented slurries were performed, which showed that growth of B. cereus was inhibited. This result suggests that fermentation in traditional production units is presumably not adequately controlled, enabling growth during any unit operations before fermentation, or even during the fermentation step, when the process was poorly controlled. However, adding nisin (0.1 mg/ml) enabled a 5-log reduction in the B. cereus population in 5 h, suggesting that the use of nisin could be a way to upgrade the hygienic quality of this type of food.

Au Kazakhstan, la cohabitation du chameau de Bactriane, du dromadaire et de leurs hybrides est un fait courant au sein même des fermes. La composition physico-chimique de 147 échantillons de lait provenant de 57 chameaux de Bactriane, 70 dromadaires et 20 hybrides a été déterminée. Les échantillons ont été prélevés dans 4 fermes provenant de 4 régions différentes aux 4 saisons au cours d'une année. Comparé à celui de dromadaire, le lait de chamelle de Bactriane apparaît plus riche en matière grasse (6,67 vs. 5,94 %), vitamine C (177 vs. 152 mgL-1), calcium (1,30 vs. 1,16 gL-1), et phosphore (1,07 vs. 0,91 gL-1). L'indice d'iode est significativement plus élevé dans le lait de dromadaire (16,69) que dans le lait de chamelle de Bactriane (14,99). Afin de distinguer les deux types de lait, une analyse discriminante a été mise en oeuvre après avoir éliminé les effets liés à la variabilité saisonnière et régionale. Les paramètres discriminants sont le phosphore (coefficient linéaire discriminant=–1,00), le pH(–0,408), la vitamine C (–0,377) et la matière grasse (–0,226), en concentrations plus élevées dans le lait de Bactriane que dans celui de dromadaire. L'indice d'iode (0,287) était plus élevé dans le lait de dromadaire. Après une analyse discriminante quadratique, on peut prédire d'après la composition du lait, l'origine spécifique avec un pourcentage de bien classés de 75,4 %. La composition chimique du lait des hybrides s'est avérée intermédiaire mais avec un faible pouvoir discriminant.

introduction. La consommation des agrumes et de leur jus s'est fortement developpee pendant ces dernieres decennies. Cependant, a l'heure actuelle, la tracabilite de cette filiere est uniquement documentaire. En cas de doute ou de fraude, aucune analyse normalisee ne permet de discriminer ou de determiner l'origine geographique de la culture du fruit. Materiel et methodes. Une methode d'ecologie bacterienne, la PCR-DGGE, a ete utilisee pour caracteriser la flore bacterienne des clementines importees en France d'Espagne et du Maroc afin de montrer qu'il existe une relation entre les communautes bacteriennes des fruits et leurs origines geographiques. Le principe repose sur la determination de marqueurs biologiques specifiques d'une localisation donnee. Les protocoles d'extraction et d'amplification des ADN microbiens ont ete optimises. Resultats. Le profil de DGGE etudie par une analyse multivariee a permis de determiner les profils microbiens specifiques des differentes regions etudiees. Conclusion. Nous proposons d'utiliser la methode de la PCR-DGGE comme un nouvel outil de tracabilite qui fournirait un code barres unique aux produits issus d'agrumes et permettrait de relier les agrumes a leur zone de culture originale. (Resume d'auteur)

International audience; Le Centre d'Histoire Judiciaire a organisé, avec ses partenaires tunisiens et marocains, un cycle de manifestations sur les protectorats en Afrique du Nord. Cet ouvrage traitant des normes au Maghreb est le fruit d'une journée d'études qui s'est tenue à l'Université Cadi Ayyad et fait suite à l'ouvrage paru dans la même collection et portant sur "Les discours sur le droit et la justice au Maghreb" (Colibris, 2011).Cette publication se propose d'étudier la façon dont les normes sont, dans un contexte colonial, créées, adaptées et/ou respectées. Le droit en vigueur dans les protectorats et les colonies n'est pas en général la simple transcription de la norme métropolitaine. Elle est parfois adaptée aux particularismes du territoire et à la multiplicité des groupes et des droits locaux, parfois elle s'avère même particulièrement novatrice. La fabrication de la norme est en effet liée à différentes influences (réformisme pré-colonial, transplantation de modèles ou expériences juridiques d'autres pays, intérêts économiques, etc.), mais également aux contextes sociaux et culturels des territoires occupés. Ces conditions particulières de pluralisme juridique entraînent parfois des expérimentations juridiques.Les contributeurs de cet ouvrage se proposent d'aborder ces questions à travers des études de cas, tant sur les territoires algériens, tunisien que marocain.

International audience

A global model of the lactic fermentation step of gowe was developed by assembling blocks hosting models for bacterial growth, lactic acid production, and the drop of pH during fermentation. Commercial strains of Lactobacillus brevis and of Lactobacillus plantarum were used; their growth was modeled using Rosso’s primary model and the gamma concept as a secondary model. The optimum values of pH and temperature were 8.3 ± 0.3, 44.6 ± 1.2 °C and 8.3 ± 0.3, 3.2 ± 37.1 °C with μmax values of 1.8 ± 0.2 and 1.4 ± 0.1 for L. brevis and L. plantarum respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration of undissociated lactic acid was 23.7 mM and 35.6 mM for L. brevis and L. plantarum, respectively. The yield of lactic acid was five times higher for L. plantarum than for L. brevis, with a yield of glucose conversion to lactic acid close to 2.0 for the former and 0.8 for the latter. A model was developed to predict the pH drop during gowe fermentation. The global model was partially validated during manufacturing of gowe. The global model could be a tool to aid in the choice of suitable starters and to determine the conditions for the use of the starter.

A total of 316 samples of traditional milk and milk products (66 milk, 52 Ergo - naturally fermented milk, 66 butter, 66 buttermilk and 66 Ayih, Ethiopian cottage cheese); 20 samples of cleaning water and 20 samples of udder swabs were collected in the central highlands of Ethiopia to assess the occurrence and distribution of enteric bacteria. A total of 534 isolates distributed among 10 genera and 20 species were identified. Klebsiella, Escherichia and Enterobacter were the dominant genera in their order of abundance with Escherichia coli, the most prevalent species. Erwinia, Klyuvera and Providentia were the least abundant genera. Most of the genera/species identified were isolated predominantly from milk samples followed by butter and buttermilk during the dry season and from milk, buttermilk and butter during the wet season in order of their abundance. The overall mean aerobic mesophilic, coliform and enterobacterial counts of dairy products were 8.3, 4.5 and 5.2 log cfu mL-1 or g-1, respectively. Ergo samples had 0.7 more log cfu of aerobic mesophilic count than butter samples. Coliform and enterobacterial counts were generally lower in samples of fermented milk products than milk with the largest difference being 1.2 log cfu mL-1 for coliform and 1 log cfu mL-1 for enterobacteria between milk and Ergo samples. The highest and lowest coliform counts were 5.2 and 3.9 log cfu mL-1 or g-1 in samples collected from cooperative centers and smallholder producers, respectively. The knowledge of the enteric bacterial properties of traditional dairy products is essential for the improvement of quality and preservation of the products thereby provide a wholesome product to the consumer with minimum health risk. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

New bioprocesses to prepare high energy density (HED) gruels for complementary young child feeding are being developed based on the ability of amylolytic lactic acid bacteria (ALAB) to modify the rheological characteristics of cereal-based slurries, provided appropriate pretreatment are applied. Gelatinisation is a common pre-treatment which could be implemented to enhance the action of amylases, and has been successfully used in a former study (Nguyen, T. T. T., Loiseau, G., Icard-Vernière, C., Rochette, I., Trèche, S., & Guyot, J.-P. (2007). Effect of fermentation by amylolytic lactic acid bacteria in process combinations on characteristics of rice/soybean slurries: a new method to prepare high energy density complementary foods for young children. Food Chemistry, 100, 623-631.) in combination with ALAB to prepare from a blend of rice/soybean flours semi-liquid fermented HED gruels with a high dry matter (DM) content (23-32%). In this study, it is shown that a mild pre-heating treatment which consists in suspending a rice/soybean flour blend in hot water (70°C) combined with high pressure homogenisation (HPH) can substitute gelatinisation before fermentation by the ALAB Lactobacillus plantarum A6 to prepare HDE gruels after cooking of the fermented slurry. As an alternative, allowing better condition of handling and storage, spray drying can be applied to such pre-heated HPH treated fermented slurries to obtain fermented flours which can be used further to prepare HDE gruels. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved.

In vitro adhesion assay using Lactobacillus reuteri KUB-AC5 as a test strain has been studied by applying simple PCR reaction together with image analysis and plate count techniques. Critical factor affecting the PCR method was quality and quantity of DNA. The cell lysis technique was modified to optimize this method. Thus, lysozyme and proteinase K were added to lyse the cells, followed by SDS solution to obtain a complete cell lysis. Only PCR products from total cells (TC) were obtained, with low consistency, but none from cells bound to mucus (BC) at either 0.1 or 0.5 mg/mL concentration. It was hypothesized that the attached cells might not be extracted into the cell suspension. Therefore, 1% SDS solution and 0.1M NaOH were used directly in the extraction. As expected, PCR products were observed when both TC and BC were used as a DNA template. Adhesion appeared at a wide range of 0-45%, with low consistency. Therefore, a simple microbiological method (plate count) was used. The extraction of bound cells into cell suspension was critical in this method. Extraction times of 20, 60, 120 and 150 min were tried. Results showed that maximum cell number was obtained with 120 min extraction. L. reuteri KUB-AC5, L. reuteri KUB-AC16, L. reuteri KUB-AC20, L. salivarius KUB-AC21, L. acidophilus KV-1, Escherichia coli E010, Salmonella sp. S003, E. coli ATCC8739, and S. typhimurium ATCC 13311 exhibited adhesion activity of 21.6%, 0.8%, 5.7%, 1.1%, 23.1%, 10.7%, 10.3%, 4.4% and 3.2%, respectively. Among the 9 types of microorganisms tested L. acidophilus KV-1 and L. reuteri KUB-AC5 showed higher adhesion activity than the others.

The antibacterial activity of the lactoperoxidase system (LPS) on the growth of Xanthomonas campestris, the causal agent of bacterial black spot in mangoes, Botryodiplodia theobromae, the causal agent of stem-end rot disease in mangoes, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the causal agent of anthracnose disease in mangoes, was determined during culture at 30 degrees C and at several pH values (4.5, 5.5, and 6.5). When the results of using the LPS were compared with those from control cultures without the LPS reagents, the growth of the three microorganisms was totally inhibited in all of the conditions tested. Viability tests enumerating cultivable cells of X. campestris showed that the LPS had a bactericidal effect, whatever the pH value. This effect is faster at pH 5.5, corroborating the results reported in the literature (optimal pH for the LPS efficiency). Further, we proved that hydrogen peroxide alone had little inhibition effect on the growth of the microorganisms studied. This compound is essentially used to convert thiocyanate into hypothiocyanate during the lactoperoxidase reaction. The potential of the LPS for the postharvest treatment of the fruits for controlling microbial diseases was thus demonstrated. Nevertheless, further studies are needed on fresh fruits before envisaging any application.

Glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch are naturally present in cereals. Fermentation of different combinations of these carbohydrates by Lactobacillus fermentum Ogi E1, a sourdough heterofermentative lactobacillus, was investigated to determine effects on fermentation kinetics, growth energetics and alpha-amylase production. Irrespective of the substrate combination, the strain was able to simultaneously produce alpha-amylase and consume starch, glucose, fructose and sucrose. In mixtures of starch with either sucrose or fructose or with both fructose and glucose, yields of alpha-amylase from biomass (Y(amy/x)) were similar to those observed for starch. However, for starch and glucose or starch, glucose, fructose and sucrose mixtures, both Y(amy/x) and the specific rate of alpha-amylase production decreased markedly. In fructose- or sucrose-containing mixtures, mannitol was formed stoichiometrically indicating that fructose served as electron acceptor, and acetate was produced at constant yield from biomass (Y(ac/x)) (1 g acetate g biomass(-1)). Acetate production was expected to confer to the strain a competitive advantage during natural fermentation by improving biomass formation and growth through an increase in the ATP gain. Y(ATP) varied depending on the carbohydrate mixture, indicating different effects of substrate mixtures on the efficiency in ATP coupling to biomass formation. Compared to starch fermentation, the highest value of Y(ATP) (29 g biomass mol ATP(-1)) was estimated for the starch/fructose mixture but no increase in mu(max) was observed. The lowest value (16 g biomass mol ATP(-1)) was obtained for the starch, glucose and fructose mixture, whereas for the mixture of all carbohydrates, Y(ATP) was similar to that obtained with starch alone (20 g biomass mol ATP(-1)) and it was intermediary for the starch and sucrose mixture (17 g biomass mol ATP(-1)). It is concluded that competitiveness of the strain cannot be based on expected energy gain in mixed substrate fermentation involving fructose and sucrose with glucose and starch, but rather on its ability to simultaneously use carbohydrates while producing alpha-amylase and to produce acetic acid. Acetic acid production could enhance the strain capacity to inhibit nonacid-tolerant, competitive microflora at the earlier stage of natural fermentation.

A new ATP bioluminescence-based method was developed to determine the effectiveness of nisin on a sensitive strain of Lactococcus cremoris. The principle of the method is to quantify the release of adenylic-nucleotides (AN) by a sensitive strain under the action of the bacteriocin, with the complex luciferin–luciferase. Nisin-induced leakage of AN included ATP from a sensitive L. cremoris to the external medium immediately after the contact with the bacteria. The growth of L. cremoris was correlated with the extracellular AN content. The extracellular ATP and AN concentration exhibited a linear correlation to the logarithm of the nisin concentration. For the determination of the effectiveness threshold, the concentration of AN was more sensitive and more reliable than the direct quantification of ATP. The effectiveness threshold, corresponding to a 100% inhibition of L. cremoris growth, was obtained for a null concentration of intracellular nucleotides, i.e. for a ANtot:ANext ratio = 1. For an initial concentration of 1.4 × 107 bacteria/mL, the nisin effectiveness threshold is 3.4 ± 0.01 mg nisin/L. It is possible to detect effectiveness threshold concentration by taking into account the physiological state of the cells. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Consumption of fermented camel milk, named shubat, is very popular in Central Asia and especially in Kazakhstan where it is known for its medicinal and dietary properties. To identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) camel milk and shubat were sampled from 4 regions of Kazakhstan with important camel's population. In total, 26 dairy samples from 13 selected farms representing the variability of the farming system in the country were collected. Isolated strains were identified by genotypic approach including PCR using three different pairs of primers (338f/518r; W001/23S1; Lac1/Lac2/Lac3) and 16S rDNA gene sequencing. Three genus were in majority: Lactococcus, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus. The following microorganisms were identified: Enterococcus durans ; Enterococcus faecalis; Enterococcus faecium; Lactobacillus casei; Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei; Lactobacillus curvatus; Lactobacillus kefiri; Lactobacillus paracasei; Lactobacillus sakei; Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis; Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Identification of camel milk and shubat microflora provides a theoretical foundation for developing starter cultures by using local LAB strains for industrial production of traditional fermented milk products. (Resume d'auteur)

Longtemps restées, pour l’essentiel, l’apanage des historiens du droit et des chartistes, les archives judiciaires suscitent désormais un intérêt bien au-delà de ces cercles spécialisés, en particulier chez les historiens en quête de nouveaux objets. Et d’Europe les travaux s’étendent désormais aussi aux colonies et aux protectorats, dont les archives sont progressivement accessibles. La présente étude sur La justice française et le droit pendant le protectorat en Tunisie s’inscrit dans ce mouvement de recherche global et particulier. Le système judiciaire du protectorat de la France en Tunisie (1883-1956) est ici étudié dans son ensemble, tant en ce qui concerne ses acteurs (statuts des magistrats) que le fonctionnement des institutions (hiérarchie des ordres judiciaires et contrôle). Les contributions des différents auteurs montrent comment la Tunisie a pu servir de laboratoire d’expérimentation, les autorités ayant instauré ce protectorat de manière empirique. Les auteurs s’interrogent également sur l’exportation vers d’autres pays, voire vers la Franc, de certaines solutions pragmatiquement dégagées à partir du cas tunisien.

Lorsque les premiers magistrats arrivent en Tunisie en avril 1883, dans les jours qui suivent la promulgation de la loi instituant les premières juridictions françaises, c’est tout un symbole que la République exporte. L’établissement d’une justice française en Tunisie constitue le premier pas vers l’organisation définitive du protectorat. Dans l’esprit des républicains, la justice se doit d’être avant tout, tant dans son organisation que dans son mode de fonctionnement, l’outil d’une politiq...

Aims : Nutritional requirements of #Lactobacillus fermentum$ Ogi E1 were studied in order to define a simplified fermentation medium. Methods and Results : When grown with MRS-medium in 21 bioreactors, a biphasic pattern of growth and metabolite production was observed. Study of nutritional requirements resulted in a simplified medium (SYAM) that allowed, under anaerobiosis, similar results to be obtained as in MRS medium, but without biphasic fermentation kinetics. The best substrates for both growth and amylase production were starch and maltose. Although melibiose, raffinose, fructose, sucrose and glucose also supported growth, lower amylase activity was observed. Conclusions : The physiology of the strain can be investigated with SYAM medium, using either starch or maltose as substrate. The strain also presented potential for alpha-galactoside fermentation. Significance and Impact of the Study : #Lactobacillus fermentum$ was one of the dominant bacteria of African maize dough fermentations. Amylolytic strains with activity against other compounds (i.e. raffinose) suggested a potential to be used as starter for cereal fermentation. (Résumé d'auteur)

This study examined the feasibility of coupling dehydration-impregnation by soaking (DIS) with a subsequent lactic fermentation in the treatment of meat. A series of beef fillets were subjected to 3 different DIS treatments. The resulting DIS-treated fillets had 3 different characteristics in terms of water activity, salt, and fermentable sugars contents. Fillets treated with the DIS with the shortest immersion time (5 h) and the highest salt concentration in the DIS bath (100 g/L) were inoculated with Lactobacillus sakei. A control group was left without inoculation. After 24 h incubation at 25 °C, only inoculated fillets showed signs of lactic fermentation. At 24 h, these fillets had a d-lactic acid content of 68 μmol/g dry basis and a high population of L. sakei revealed by methods of plate count and quantitative PCR. DIS could therefore be compatible with a subsequent fermentation step by L. sakei.Traditional meat preservation processes often combine unit operations such as salting, smoking, fermentation, and drying. In tropical countries, high temperatures and high relative humidity, poor infrastructure, and improper slaughterhouse practices explain the need for more drastic processes (more salt, more water loss) for meat preservation. Dehydration-impregnation by soaking (DIS) could be used as a rapid pretreatment of meat, in order to counteract tropical conditions. This study validates a novel approach whereby DIS is coupled with lactic fermentation by surface inoculation with Lactobacillus sakei. With a final drying step this process could be used for the treatment of whole meat pieces.

The effectiveness of the fermented milk product for decreasing the absorption of Lead (Pb) in vivo by testing several combinations of different strains and individual strains of LAB isolated from camel milk and shubat (fermented camel milk) was determined. During 4 weeks 0.5 ppm of Pb was given to cavies in fermented milk product and water. Control group and groups treated only by fermented milk products, also, were observed. Faeces, Blood, Heart, Lungs, Liver, Kidneys, and Spleen were analyzed. The lead concentrations in faeces of Control group and lead nitrate treated group were nearly the same. The quantity of Pb in faeces of fermented milk treated groups was higher than in Control and Water Pb groups. In the different cavies' organs of Water Pb group, the higher concentration of heavy metal (ppm) was observed in spleen (1.04), heart (0.65), kidneys (0.58), and blood (0.46) to be compared to 0.82, 0.2, 0.58 and 0.31 respectively in control group. In groups treated with fermented milk without/with Pb, the lead concentration decreased in target organs. Quantity of lead in blood samples of Control group and groups treated fermented milk products without/with Pb is nearly same. Highest concentration of blood Pb was observed for Water Pb group.

The effect of temperature (10–30 °C), relative humidity (RH, 50–90%), and storage period (2–10 days) were studied on the production and sustainability of thiocyanate (SCN − ) and hypothiocyanite–hypoiodite (OSCN − , OI − ) components of a lactoperoxidase system (LPOSI) in chitosan film by applying response surface methodology and Doelhert experimental design. The results of analysis of variance indicated that the temperature and storage period exhibited a significant effect on the film properties. Temperature had a positive influence on OSCN − , OI − , while these products (OSCN − , OI − ) decreased during the storage period, and SCN − disappeared after 2 days. Lactoperoxidase systems with iodine (LPOSI) or without iodine (LPOS), incorporated into chitosan films, showed inhibition of Xanthomonas campestris pv. Mangiferae indicae and did not changed the chitosan film permeability to gas and water vapor.

The individual and interactive effects of glycerol and chitosan concentrations on edible film properties were investigated using response surface methodology. The results of ANOVA indicated that all the independent variables exhibited significant effect on the film properties. Chitosan concentration had a positive effect on CO2 permeability and negative effect on O2 while the glycerol concentration had a positive effect on permeability to both gases. Regarding water vapor permeability, the chitosan concentration had a negative effect, whereas the glycerol had no influence. Moreover, both chitosan and glycerol concentration influenced the elongation at break point (%A), and only glycerol concentration had a significant effect on tensile strength. Optimization by desirability approach was carried out on the independent variables to get the optimum levels within the experimental conditions. It was found that 1.5 % of chitosan and 25 % of glycerol (wt/wt of chitosan) retarded respiration and showed a strong permeability to water vapor.

In Kazakhstan, camel breeding mainly occupies areas sometimes close to polluting industries or other sources of pollu- tion as industrial agriculture, mainly cotton. Products issued from camel farms close to these sources as camel raw milk and fermented milk (shubat), wool and meat, traditionally used by humans could be contaminated. We investigated camel raw milk and fermented milk for the content of heavy metals (lead, cadmium, zinc and copper), radionuclide and some organic pollutants (PAHs, pesticides and indicator PCBs) in samples from different regions with a priori high risk of pollution (Atyrau, Kyzylorda, South-Kazakhstan and Almaty region). In the present paper, only some milk samples presented high lead concentration (> 500 ppb). After analysis for organic pollutants, it was observed some traces of hexachlorocyclohexane, lindane, hexanchlorothalonil in milk samples from different regions. One sample was also slightly contaminated with radionuclide. These preliminary results allow establishing a first map of risk for camel farming. As the whole, South-Kazakhstan appeared the most exposed region.

Postharvest diseases are a major concern for plant products, leading to considerable postharvest losses. Colletotrichum musae is responsible for anthracnose and is also involved in crown rot, the two main postharvest diseases of banana. The use of antimicrobial agents such as the lactoperoxidase system (LPS) represents an interesting alternative to the use of conventional fungicides for the control of postharvest diseases of banana. Conidial germination and fungal growth of three different strains of Colletotrichum musae originating from Cameroon (C 52 and C 62) and Guadeloupe (C 46.12) were monitored in the presence of LPS or Eau Activée® (an industrial derivative of LPS). In vivo studies were also conducted on bananas preinoculated with strain C 46.12 and then subjected to a soaking treatment in LPS and Eau Activée® solutions. However, this postharvest treatment did not show any significant effect of the LPS or Eau Activée®. The in vitro studies showed a difference in the behaviour of Colletotrichum musae strains subjected to LPS and Eau Activée® treatments. A highly visible inhibitory effect of LPS was observed on fungal growth of strains C 52 and C 62. Furthermore, LPS gave better results than its industrial derivative, Eau Activée®., Bolesti biljaka nastale tijekom skladištenja uzrokuju velike gubitke u proizvodnji. Colletotrichum musae je uzročnik antraknoze i truleži plodova, dvaju glavnih bolesti banana. Primjena antimikrobnog agensa, poput laktoperoksidaznoga sustava (LPS), zanimljiva je alternativa suzbijanju tih bolesti konvencionalnim načinom, tj. fungicidima. Praćeno je klijanje konidija i rast triju različitih sojeva gljivice Colletotrichum musae, porijeklom iz Kameruna (C 52 i C 62) i Gvadalupe (C 46.12), u prisutnosti LPS ili Eau Activée® (industrijski derivat LPS). Provedeno je in vivo ispitivanje na bananama prethodno inokuliranim sojem C 46.12, a zatim umočenim u otopinu LPS ili Eau Activée®. Zaključeno je da postupak nije bitno utjecao na rast toga soja. Rezultati pokusa in vitro pokazali su da se sojevi gljivice različito ponašaju nakon obrade otopinom LPS ili Eau Activée®. LPS je imao bolji učinak od Eau Activée®, a osobito je bio djelotvoran pri suzbijanju rasta gljivičnih sojeva C 52 i C 62.

Les exigences de la qualité relèvent des mêmes droits des consommateurs au Sud comme au Nord. Toutefois le contexte des pays du Sud tant en termes de conditions climatiques que sociologiques ou économiques induit des positionnements différenciés. Les contextes du Sud renvoient à la nécessité de mettre en place des systèmes de contrôle parfois spécifiques et de réfléchir à l’obligation d’établir des normes en fonction des marchés visés. La caractérisation des produits animaux spécifiques aux pays tropicaux (par exemple la viande des animaux créoles aux Antilles ou lait de chamelle au Moyen-Orient) est une étape pour aborder justement la question des normes applicables dans les pays du Sud. La qualité devient dès lors une construction sociale pouvant efficacement s’appuyer sur une approche participative impliquant tous les acteurs d’une filière. Enfin, il convient de distinguer les niches du marché visé, international, local ou régional, les pays du Sud sachant s’adapter en fonction de ceux-ci comme le montre l’exemple du marché du bétail de l’Afrique Australe., The requirements of quality concern the same regulations for the consumers of the South as well as the North. However, the contextof southern countries in terms of climatic conditions as well as sociological or economic leads to differentiated positions. The contextof the South returns to the need for setting up specific control systems, and for establishing standards according to the concernedmarkets. The characterization of the livestock products specific to tropical countries (for example creole animal meat in the WestIndies or camel milk in the Middle East) is a step to precisely tackle the question of the standards applicable in southern countries. Quality consequently becomes a social construction effectively being be based on a participative approach implying all the stakeholdersof a sector. Lastly, it is advisable to distinguish the niches from the market concerned, international, local or regional, withsouthern countries being able to adapt accordingly as with the cattle market in southern Africa.

Urea is a part of non-protein nitrogen in milk. The variability of its concentration was never reported in camel milk. The present communication aimed to give some reference values on urea content in camel milk and to explore some interpretable variation factors. In 102 milk samples collected in Kazakhstan, at four seasons of the year, in four distant regions and in different species (Camelius dromedaries, Camelius bactrianus and their hybrids), urea was determined in the raw milk. The mean value of urea concentration was 81.6 ± 60.4 mg·L−1 with a range of 0–290.5 mg·L−1. The values changed significantly (P < 0.001) according to season, the highest concentration being observed in spring when the grass contained the highest soluble nitrogen. The milk urea was positively correlated to the total protein concentration in milk. On average, those values were lower than in cow milk.

The new European regulation 178/2002 imposes the determination of the geographical origin in the traceability process of the foodstuffs at the moment of commercial transactions. In practice, it is difficult to determine with accuracy the geographical origin of foodstuffs. For this purpose, the total analysis of the bacterial communities in samples is used. In the present study the molecular technique using 16S rDNA profiles generated by PCR-DGGE was used in order to detect the variation in bacterial community structures of Tilapia fish from three different lakes of the north of Cameroon and the effect of the season and fish species on these bacteria profiles. The V3 region of bacterial rDNA from fish was amplified by PCR and was analyzed by DGGE. When the 16S rDNA profiles were analysed by multivariate analysis, distinct microbial communities were detected. The bands profiles obtained from different lakes were different and specific for each location and could be used as a bar code to certify the origin of the fish. The fish specie did not have an influence on microbial profiles of fish contrarily to the season.

Eleven samples of dromedary camel colostrum in Kazakhstan, which originated from one farm only, were collected to study the changes in the physico-chemical composition (total fat, total protein, iodine index, lactose, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin C, urea, ammonia, density, Dornic acidity, pH, and skimmed dry matter) all along the first postpartum week. At that time, the fat matter decreased from 25.9% to 3.1% and protein from 17.2% to 4.2%, in contrast to vitamin C which increased. Minerals showed high variations with lower values the first day after parturition and variable changes up to the end of the week where the values were stabilized. The iron concentration decreased from the second day postpartum. No clear changes of the other parameters were observed, notably for the non-protein nitrogen (urea and ammonia).

The change in the composition of camel milk in four dromedaries was studied by including the common measured parameters: protein, total fat, lactose, main minerals (calcium, phosphorus, and iron), and vitamin C. The fat matter varied from 4.34% to 7.81% with a slight decrease all along the lactation and a minimal value at the 14th week corresponding to the lactation peak. Those variations were less important for protein content (from 2.58% to 3.64%), but the minimal value was observed at the 14th week also. The lactose varied slightly around its mean of 3.46%. The vitamin C concentration varied from 48 to 256 mg/l with a tendency of increasing all along the lactation. Calcium and phosphorus concentrations were quite parallel and their ratio Ca/P was constant. The minimal values (1.43 g/l for calcium and 1.16 g/l for phosphorus) were observed at the beginning of the lactation. The iron concentrations varied around the mean of 1.73 mg/l.

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effect of the lactoperoxidase system (LPS) on fungus Colletotrichum spp. responsible of mango alterations as well as on the quality of the fruit storage. In vitro study using LPS showed a negative effect on the growth of Colletotrichum spp. selected and isolated from mango. This fungus was grown at pH 5,5 with optimised culture medium at 30°C. We found that the LPS was able to inhibit its growth with the best efficacy at this pH. Following the in vitro study, the LPS effect was directly evaluated on fresh mangoes of KEITT variety. The mangoes were soaked in the LPS solution at 35°C. The bacterial charge on the mango surface was cut down in comparison to the reference, after 120 min at 35°C However, after two or three weeks storage at 12°C and 80% relative humidity, the mangoes treated at 35°C (120 min) were not significantly different the reference ones. Finally, we studied the LPS effect on the mangoes of KEITT variety, which were infected by the in vitro selected fungus. We observed that the soaking treatment in the LPS solution at 35°C for 120 min decreased the disease symptom in respect to the references. These results clearly showed the interest of LPS treatment for the storage of fresh mangoes. Nevertheless, further studies should be carried out to consider an industrial application. (Resume d'auteur)

Camel milk composition from both dromedary and Bactrian species was described in several publications. Eighty-two references from scientific journals or grey literature were selected, and a meta-analysis was achieved including the gross composition of camel milk (fat matter, total protein, lactose, ash and dry matter). A high variability was observed in the published data. Two factors were specifically studied: the geographical origin of the data and the year of publication. The references from Asia gave results with higher values in all the components, except ash, probably linked to the camel species, the Bactrian camel being predominant in the area. Milk composition reported in East African references was higher in fat matter content compared to other references in Africa and Western Asia. The chronicle made it possible to distinguish four periods according to fat matter and total protein values. Personal data from Kazakhstan showed significantly higher fat matter and total protein contents, but a lower lactose content compared to other references from Central Asia.

Fishes in general and tilapia in particular are traded all over the world. However, it is difficult to find out their exact geographical location. One of the techniques used in the traceability of fish and its byproducts consist in analysing in a global way the whole viable and non viable bacterial communities. For this purpose, the molecular technique employing the bacterial 16S DNA banding profiles generated by PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction-Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) was used to evaluate the differences between the bacterial profiles of fishes from Vietnam (An Giang, south province) and those of Cameroon (Yagoua, Maga, Lagdo). The different PCR-DGGE 16S rDNA banding profiles obtained were analysed and results showed that there were specific bands for each geographical location though some bands common to Cameroon and Vietnam were observed. This method could be used as a rapid analytical traceability tool for fish products and could be considered as a provider of a unique biological bar code.

In four regions of Kazakhstan (Atyrau, Aralsk, Shymkent and Almaty), a survey on camel farms was achieved in order to study the variability of the physico-chemical composition of camel milk both in dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) and Bactrian (Camelus bactrianus) camel as well as their hybrids. As the whole, 163 milk samples were analyzed for calcium, phosphorus and iron determination. In order to maximize the variance, the samples were done in four different seasons which expressed the feeding change and the physiological stage changes as the calving season was concentrated in few months. The mean values were respectively 1.232 ± 0.292 g/l, 1.003 ± 0.217 g/l and 2.02 ± 1.24 mg/l for calcium, phosphorus and iron. No species, season or region effect was observed on iron content in the milk. Calcium and phosphorus change significantly according to season and species, but only phosphorus was linked to region effect. Especially phosphorus content is high in Aralsk region (1.156 ± 0.279 g/l). Globally, it is noticeable to observe the high level of phosphorus in the camel milk of Kazakhstan compared to the literature's results.