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A novel synthetic route for (parent) phosphorus-containing cycloalkanes such as phosphetanes, phospholanes, 5 phosphinanes and phosphepanes and their organo-substituted derivatives is reported. For the first time the parent phospholane was synthesised.

My work in the form of water-soluble fertilizers for self-rooted and grafted watermelon cultivation, applied simultaneously with irrigation, it concentrates on examining different nutrient levels during the growing season. Within that, I focused on the application of macronutrients - nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. Therefore, I set up 4 different nutrient levels for both types of seedlings, in two replicates, of which I developed a phosphorus, a nitrogen, and a potassium overweight nutrient level, and a nutrient level in which all three nutrients were in equal proportions. The latter formed the control. For both self-rooted and grafted seedlings, I wondered whether changes in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium would affect, and if so, the positive or negative direction of plant development, or the quality or the weight of the crops. My research pointed out that at the beginning of the growing season, before or during the first flowering period, higher amounts of phosphorus applied simultaneously with irrigation have a positive effect on the development and yield and quality of grafted plants throughout the growing season. Higher phosphorus content applied by irrigation before and during the first flowering period also promotes flowering of self-rooted plants and improves their crop quality. But in their case, the higher potassium active substance applied during the ripening period has the most positive effect on their yield results. Respectively, the experiment showed that the nutrients applied during nutrient solution are of great importance.

Cp*4Sb4 as Sb source for the formation of poly-Sb ligand complexes was examined. Whole or partial degradation of the Sb4 unit can be observed as well as a substitution of Cp* by Fe or Mo fragments. As a result, e.g. [{CpRFe(CO)2}4(μ4-Sb4)] (CpR = Cp′′, Cp′′′) are formed.

A missing family of the extremely air sensitive tripentelyltrielanes was discovered. Their stabilisation was achieved by using the bulky NHC IDipp (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene, IDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imidazolin-2-ylidene). The tripentelylgallanes and tripentelylalanes IDipp ⋅ Ga(PH2)3 (1 a), IDipp ⋅ Ga(AsH2)3 (1 b), IDipp ⋅ Al(PH2)3 (2 a) and IDipp ⋅ Al(AsH2)3 (2 b) were synthesised by salt metathesis of IDipp ⋅ ECl3 (E=Al, Ga, In) with alkali metal pnictogenides such as NaPH2/LiPH2 ⋅ DME and KAsH2, respectively. Moreover, the detection of the first NHC-stabilised tripentelylindiumane IDipp ⋅ In(PH2)3 (3) was possible by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Initial investigations of the coordination ability of these compounds resulted in the successful isolation of the coordination compound [IDipp ⋅ Ga(PH2)2(μ3-PH2{HgC6F4}3)] (4) by reaction of 1 a with (HgC6F4)3. The compounds were characterised by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Supporting computational studies highlight the electronic features of the products.

We report the direct synthesis of the terminal pnictidenes [An(Tren

The bridging MeCN ligand in the dicopper(I) complexes [(DPFN)Cu2 (μ,η1 : η1 -MeCN)][X]2 (X=weakly coordinating anion, NTf2 (1 a), FAl[OC6 F10 (C6 F5 )]3 (1 b), Al[OC(CF3 )3 ]4 (1 c)) was replaced by white phosphorus (P4 ) or yellow arsenic (As4 ) to yield [(DPFN)Cu2 (μ,η2 : η2 -E4 )][X]2 (E=P (2 a-c), As (3 a-c)). The molecular structures in the solid state reveal novel coordination modes for E4 tetrahedra bonded to coinage metal ions. Experimental data and quantum chemical computations provide information concerning perturbations to the bonding in coordinated E4 tetrahedra. Reactions with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) led to replacement of the E4 tetrahedra with release of P4 or As4 and formation of [(DPFN)Cu2 (μ,η1 : η1 -Me NHC)][X]2 (4 a,b) or to an opening of one E-E bond leading to an unusual E4 butterfly structural motif in [(DPFN)Cu2 (μ,η1 : η1 -E4 Dipp NHC)][X]2 (E=P (5 a,b), E=As (6)). With a cyclic alkyl amino carbene (Et CAAC), cleavage of two As-As bonds was observed to give two isomers of [(DPFN)Cu2 (μ,η2 : η2 -As4 Et CAAC)][X]2 (7 a,b) with an unusual As4 -triangle+1 unit.

A synthetic pathway for the synthesis of novel anionic sandwich complexes with a cyclo‐E3 (E=P, As) ligand as an end deck was developed giving [Cp′′′Co(η3‐E3)]− (Cp′′′=1,2,4‐tri‐tert‐butylcyclopentadienyl, E=P ([5]), As ([6])) in good yields suitable for further reactivity studies. In the reaction with the chlorophosphanes R2PCl (R=Ph, Cy, tBu), neutral complexes with a disubstituted cyclo‐E3P (E=P, As) ligand in [Cp′′′Co(η3‐E3PR2)] (E=P (7 a–c), As (9 a–c)) were obtained. These compounds can be partially or completely converted into complexes with a cyclo‐E3 (E=P, As) ligand with an exocyclic {PR2} unit in [Cp′′′Co(η2:η1‐E3PR2)] (E=P (8 a–c), As (10 a–c)). Additionally, the insertion of the chlorosilylene [LSiCl] (L=(tBuN)2CPh) into the cyclo‐E3 ligand of [5] and [6] was achieved and the novel heteroatomic complexes [Cp′′′Co(η3‐E3SiL)] (E=P (11), As (12)) could be isolated. The reaction pathway was elucidated by DFT calculations., The transfer of an intact cyclo‐E3 ligand (E=P, As) from the nickel complex [Cp′′′Ni(η3‐E3)] to the anionic cobalt complex [Cp′′′Co(η3‐E3)]− was achieved, which was afterwards quenched with main group electrophiles such as chlorophosphanes (R2PCl). That way, the E3 cycle can be expanded to a substituted four‐membered ring, which undergoes further rearrangement processes by ring contractions to a cyclo‐E3 ligand with an exocyclic {PR2} unit.

Transfer reagents are useful tools in chemistry to access metastable compounds. The reaction of [Cp′′2ZrCl2] with KSb(SiMe3)2 leads to the formation of the novel polyantimony triple decker complex [(Cp′′Zr)2(μ,η1:1:1:1:1:1-Sb6)] (1, Cp′′ = 1,3-di-tertbutyl-cyclopentadienyl), containing a chair-like Sb66− ligand. Compound 1 represents a valuable transfer reagent to form novel antimony ligand complexes. Thus, the reaction of 1 with CpR-substituted transition metal halides of nickel, cobalt and iron leads to the formation of a variety of novel Sbn ligand complexes, such as the cubane-like compounds [(Cp′′′Ni)4(μ3-Sb)4] (2) and [(Cp′′′Co)4(μ3-Sb4)] (3a) or the complexes [(CpBnCo)3(μ3-Sb)2] (4) and [(Cp′′′Fe)3(μ3-Sb)2] (5), representing a trigonal bipyramidal structure. Moreover, beside the transfer of Sb1 units, also the complete entity can be transferred as seen in the iron complex [(Cp′′′Fe)3(μ3,η4:4:4-Sb6)] (6). DFT calculations shed light on the bonding situation of the products., The synthesis and characterization of the unique polyantimony complex [(Cp′′Zr)2(μ,η1:1:1:1:1:1-Sb6)] (1) is described. Compound 1 was used as antimony source to transfer Sbn units to late transition metal fragments [CpRM] (M = Fe, Co, Ni).

The so far missing parent compound of the large family of pentaphosphaferrocenes [CpFe(η5 -P5 )] (1 b) was synthesized by the thermolysis of [CpFe(CO)2 ]2 with P4 using the very high-boiling solvent diisopropylbenzene. It was comprehensively characterized by, inter alia, NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray structure analysis, cyclic voltammetry and DFT computations. Moreover, its coordination behavior towards CuI halides was explored, revealing the unprecedented 2D polymeric networks [{CpFe(η5:1:1:1:1 -P5 )}Cu2 (μ-X)2 ]n (2 a: X=Cl, 2 b: X=Br) and [{CpFe(η5:1:1 -P5 )}Cu(μ-I)]n (3) and even the first cyclo-P5 -containing 3D coordination polymer [{CpFe(η5:1:1 -P5 )}Cu(μ-I)]n (4). The sandwich complex 1 b can also be incorporated in nano-sized supramolecules based on [Cp*Fe(η5 -P5 )] (1 a) and CuX (X=Cl, Br, I): [CpFe(η5 -P5 )]@[{Cp*Fe(η5 -P5 )}12 (CuX)20-n ] (5 a: X=Cl, n=2.4; 5 b: X=Br, n=2.4; 5 c: X=I, n=0.95). Thereby, the formation of the CuI-containing fullerene-like sphere 5 c is found for the first time.

Grafting is an effective tool in intensive vegetable growing systems that provides standard quality and yield. In the present study, the effect of two rootstocks (‘Capsifort F1’ and ‘Snooker F1’) on two commercial varieties (‘SV9702 F1’ and ‘Karpex F1’) grown on two media (soil and coconut fibre) was evaluated. During our 2-year study, those instrumental attributes, which have a dominant effect on the chosen chemical components of fruit quality (total soluble solids and titratable acidity) were investigated. Sensory tests were also implemented in order to identify any changes due to the applied technological combinations. Sensory profile analysis was used to identify the descriptive attributes and their perceived intensities. Panellists worked in individual booths with standard lighting, test results were recorded with the Profisens software. In general, it can be concluded that the major instrumental and sensory parameters did not deteriorate as a result of grafting and the application of coconut fibre medium. Some attributes were identified, where the grafted plants on coconut fibre medium showed higher values, namely flesh thickness and shape. Based on our results, grafting and the application of coconut medium is a feasible technological development for growers and agri-business companies.

A novel reactivity of [{Cp*Cr(CO) 3 } 2 (µ,η 1:1 ‐P 4 )] (Cp* = C 5 Me 5 ; 1 ) is reported, which utilizes the selective cleavage of the two P–Cr bonds and subsequently initiates a substituent exchange yielding P 4 butterfly compounds. By means of NMR and IR spectroscopy studies, the successful implementation of 1 to obtain [{Cp‴Fe(CO) 2 } 2 (µ,η 1:1 ‐P 4 )] (Cp‴ = C 5 H 2 t Bu 3 ; 2 ) and Cp‴ 2 P 4 ( 3 ) could be confirmed, by reacting 1 with 2.0 eq. of K[Cp‴Fe(CO) 2 ] or NaCp‴, respectively. Hereby, a quantitative conversion could be detected alongside the formation of 2.0 eq. of the [Cp*Cr(CO) 3 ] ‐ anion. Moreover, various syntheses of novel organometallic and organo‐P 4 butterfly compounds were examined and first results show that the generation of different compounds should be possible. However, the isolation and stabilization of these sensitive molecules proves to be a major challenge.

The reaction of the organometallic diarsene complex [Cp2 Mo2 (CO)4 (η2 -As2 )] (1) with Ag[Al{OC(CF3 )3 }4 ] (Ag[TEF]) yielded the AgI monomer [Ag(η2 -1)3 ][TEF] (2). This compound exhibits dynamic behavior in solution, which allows directed selective synthesis of unprecedented organometallic-organic hybrid assemblies upon its reaction with N-donor organic molecules by a stepwise pathway, which is supported by DFT calculations. Accordingly, the reaction of 2 with 2,2'-bipyrimidine (L1) yielded the dicationic molecular compound [{(η2 -1)2 Ag}2 (μ-L1)][TEF]2 (3) or the 1D polymer [{(η2 -1)Ag}(μ-L1)]n [TEF]n (4) depending on the ratio of the reactants. However, its reactions with the pyridine-based linkers 4,4'-bipyridine (L2), 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (L3) and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethyne (L4) allowed the formation of the 2D polymers [{(η2 -1)Ag}2 (μ-Lx)3 ]n [TEF]2n [Lx=L2 (5), L3 (6), L4 (7), respectively]. Additionally, this concept was extended to step-by-step one-pot reactions of 1, [Ag(CH3 CN)3 ][Al{OC(CF3 )2 (CCl3 )}4 ] ([Ag(CH3 CN)3 ][TEFCl ]) and linkers L2-L4 to produce the 2D polymers [{(η2 -1)Ag}2 (μ,Lx)3 ]n [TEFCl ]2n [Lx=L2 (8), L3 (9), L4 (10), respectively].

A szúbogarak (Curculionidae, Scolytinae) egyes fajai, különösen fenyőerdőkben, a legveszélyesebb erdei károsítók közé tartoznak. A legtöbb szúfaj általában nem támad meg, nem pusztít el egészséges fákat, hanem a legyengült egyedeket, valamint az elpusztult fákat kolonizálja sikeresen. Egyes fajok azonban bizonyos abiotikus tényezők hatására (tartósan meleg és száraz időjárás, széltörés, hótörés) tömegesen elszaporodhatnak, így gazdasági és ökológiai hatásuk jelentős. A bogarak táplálkozásában, a gazdanövény sikeres kolonizálásában, a gradációjukban fontos szerepet játszanak a szúkkal társult mikroorganizmusok, mint például gombák és baktériumok. Jelen írás célja ezen mikroorganizmusok a szúbogarak életmódjára, valamint a szúk és tápnövényeik közötti interakcióra gyakorolt hatásának bemutatása. Tesszük ezt egy, a ma reneszánszát élő koncepció, a holobiont elmélet szerinti megközelítéssel, vagyis a szúbogarakat és a velük társult mikrobiótát egységes egészként értelmezve.

The reactivity of [{Cp′′′Fe(CO)2}2(μ,η1 : 1-P4)] (1) towards half-sandwich complexes of Ru(II), Rh(III), and Ir(III) is studied. The coordination of these Lewis acids leads to a rearrangement of the P4 butterfly unit to form complexes with either an aromatic cyclo-P4R2 unit (R = Cp′′′Fe(CO)2) or a catena-tetraphosphaene entity.

The reactivity of the P4 butterfly complexes [{Cp′′′Fe(CO)2}2(μ,η1:1-P4)] (A, Cp′′′ = C5H2tBu3) and [{Cp*Cr(CO)3}2(μ,η1:1-P4)] (B, Cp* = C5(CH3)5) towards the N-heterocyclic carbene IMe (1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-imidazol-2-ylidene) is reported. The reaction of A affords [P(IMe)2][Fe(CO)2Cp′′′] (1) or [P(IMe)2][{Cp′′′Fe}2(μ,η3:3-P3)] (2), the latter possessing a P3-allylic moiety. In contrast, the reaction of B yields [P(IMe)2][Cr(CO)3Cp*] (3) and [{Cp*Cr(CO)2}(η2-P2IMe2)][Cr(CO)3Cp*] (4), featuring a novel metal-bridged P2 dumbbell.

Melon (Cucumis meloL.) is an important and valuable vegetable crop that nowadays has a 550ha cultivation area in Hungary. The use of grafting for cucurbits is a growing technique of interest to the food industry. Nevertheless, for melons the practice of grafting is not widespread, in contrast grafted seedlings are widely used by the watermelon growers. On the other hand, it should be mentioned that the food quality attributes can change, due to the grafting. Globally there are not many scientific articles available in this topic. The goal of our study is to provide a systematic review of literature with emphasis on the influence of grafting on melon fruit quality variations and the major advantages of this technique. Over the last few years, the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and electronic tongue method became popular to measure food attributes.

Electrophilic functionalisation of [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5)] (1) yields the first transition‐metal complexes of pentaphospholes (cyclo‐P5R). Silylation of 1 with [(Et3Si)2(μ‐H)][B(C6F5)4] leads to the ionic species [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5SiEt3)][B(C6F5)4] (2), whose subsequent reaction with H2O yields the parent compound [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5H)][B(C6F5)4] (3). The synthesis of a carbon‐substituted derivative [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5Me)][X] ([X]−=[FB(C6F5)3]− (4 a), [B(C6F5)4]− (4 b)) is achieved by methylation of 1 employing [Me3O][BF4] and B(C6F5)3 or a combination of MeOTf and [Li(OEt2)2][B(C6F5)4]. The structural characterisation of these compounds reveals a slight envelope structure for the cyclo‐P5R ligand. Detailed NMR‐spectroscopic studies suggest a highly dynamic behaviour and thus a distinct lability for 2 and 3 in solution. DFT calculations shed light on the electronic structure and bonding situation of this unprecedented class of compounds., The reaction of pentaphosphaferrocene [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5)] with cationic electrophiles results in the formation of the complexes [Cp*Fe(η5‐P5R)][B(C6F5)4] (R=SiEt3, H, Me). These compounds represent the first structurally characterised coordination complexes bearing elusive pentaphospholes (cyclo‐P5R) as ligands, including the parent cyclo‐P5H.

The reaction of [Cp2 Mo2 (CO)4 (μ,η2:2 -E2 )] (A: E=P, B: E=As, Cp=C5 H5 ) with the WCA-containing CuI salts ([Cu(CH3 CN)4 ][Al{OC(CF3 )3 }4 ] (CuTEF, C), [Cu(CH3 CN)4 ][BF4 ] (D) and [Cu(CH3 CN)3.5 ][FAl{OC6 F10 (C6 F5 )}3 ] (CuFAl, E)) affords seven unprecedented coordination compounds. Depending on the E2 ligand complex, the counter anion of the copper salt and the stoichiometry, four dinuclear copper dimers and three trinuclear copper compounds are accessible. The latter complexes reveal first linear Cu3 arrays linked by E2 units (E=P, As) coordinated in an η2:1:1 coordination mode. All compounds were characterized by X-ray crystallography, NMR and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. To define the nature of the Cu⋅⋅⋅Cu⋅⋅⋅Cu interactions, DFT calculations were performed.

The reaction of the organometallic diarsene complex [Cp2 Mo2 (CO)4 (μ,η2 -As2 )] (B) (Cp = C5 H5 ) with Ag[FAl{OC6 F10 (C6 F5 )}3 ] (Ag[FAl]) and Ag[Al{OC(CF3 )3 }4 ] (Ag[TEF]), respectively, yields three unprecedented supramolecular assemblies [(η2 -B)4 Ag2 ][FAl]2 (4), [(μ,η1 :η2 -B)3 (η2 -B)2 Ag3 ][TEF]3 (5) and [(μ,η1 :η2 -B)4 Ag3 ][TEF]3 (6). These products are only composed of the complexes B and AgI . Moreover, compounds 5 and 6 are the only supramolecular assemblies featuring B as a linking unit, and the first examples of [AgI ]3 units stabilized by organometallic bichelating ligands. According to DFT calculations, complex B coordinates to metal centers through both the As lone pair and the As-As σ-bond thus showing this unique feature of this diarsene ligand.

Different substituents at the β-diiminato ligand in low-valent [LFe(tol)] (L = β-diiminato) complexes fundamentally change their reactivity towards yellow arsenic. By using dmp (2,6-dimethylphenyl) as flanking groups, the tetranuclear complexes [(LFe)4As8] (L = L1 (1), L2 (2)) are isolated. For dipp (2,6-diisopropylphenyl) substituted ligands, dinuclear complexes [(LFe)2(cyclo-As4)] (L = L3 (3a), L4 (4a)) are obtained. Not only the choice of the ligand impacts the product formation, but also the temperature of the crystallization can shift their ratio in the solid state.

The oxidation of [(Cp*Mo)2(μ,η6:η6-P6)] (1) with halogens or halogen sources was investigated. The iodination afforded the ionic complexes [(Cp*Mo)2(μ,η3:η3-P3)(μ,η1:η1:η1:η1-P3I3)][X] (X=I3−, I−) (2) and [(Cp*Mo)2(μ,η4:η4-P4)(μ-PI2)][I3] (3), while the reaction with PBr5 led to the complexes [(Cp*Mo)2(μ,η3:η3-P3)(μ-Br)2][Cp*MoBr4] (4) [(Cp*MoBr)2(μ,η3:η3-P3)(μ,η1-P2Br3)] (5) and [(Cp*Mo)2(μ-PBr2)(μ-PHBr)(μ-Br)2] (6). The reaction of 1 with the far stronger oxidizing agent PCl5 was followed via time- and temperature-dependent 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy. One of the first intermediates detected at 193 K was [(Cp*Mo)2(μ,η3:η3-P3)(μ-PCl2)2][PCl6] (8) which rearranges upon warming to [(Cp*Mo)2(μ-PCl2)2(μ-Cl)2] (9), [(Cp*MoCl)2(μ,η3:η3-P3)(μ-PCl2)] (10) and [(Cp*Mo)2(μ,η4:η4-P4)(μ-PCl2)][Cp*MoCl4] (11), which could be isolated at room temperature. All complexes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR spectroscopy and their electronic structures were elucidated by DFT calculations.