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A tanulmány célja, hogy leírja és elemezze a területi különbségeket Erdélyben a 18. század közepén, az új adórendszer bevezetése előtt. Az 1750-es összeírás társadalmi-gazdasági jelenségeinek elemzése alapján több mint 1500 települést csoportba soroltunk jellemzőik hasonlósága alapján. A klaszterelemzés lehetővé teszi a kutató számára a térbeli mintázatok (szétszórt vagy koncentrált) azonosítását, valamint a létrehozott csoportok sajátos, megkülönböztető jellemzőinek azonosítását. Bár a módszert a történelemkutatásban ritkán alkalmazzák, különösen a régi adathalmazok esetében, a velejáró problémák miatt, megpróbáltuk kihasználni az előnyeit a következő jelenségek vizsgálatára: (1) egybeesik-e a klaszterek térbeli mintázata a három politikai nemzet (+románok) elhelyezkedésével, vagy sem (ez utóbbi esetben a társadalmi-gazdasági különbségek nem voltak annyira egyértelműek, hogy etnikai alapú törésvonalakat hozzanak létre); (2) a társadalmi-gazdasági mutatók átlagértékei alapján a hasonlóság-eltérés szintje mellett a csoportok közötti fejlettségi szintbeli különbségek is vizsgálhatók; (3) végül a klaszterek térbeli mintázata lehetővé teszi, hogy a létrehozott kistérségeket a meglévő közigazgatási határokkal vagy a néprajzi régiók és tájak határaival hasonlítsuk össze.

The delimitation and classification of peripheral settlements using multivariate statistical methods is presented in this article, with a case study of Hungary. A combination of four different methods provided the basis for the delimitation of settlements defined as peripheral. As significant overlapping was detected between the results of the different methods, peripheries – more than one-fifth of the Hungarian settlements – were identified in a common set of the results. The independence of the results from the applied methods points to the fact that peripherisation is multi-faceted, and the peripheries of Hungary are stable and well-discernible from other regions. After the identification of peripheral areas, we classified these settlements into groups based on their specific features. Multiple steps specifying the relevant variables resulted in selecting the most appropriate 10 indicators and these served as the basis for a hierarchical cluster analysis, through which 7 clusters (types of peripheries) were identified. Five of them comprised enough cases to detect the most important dimensions and specific features of the backwardness of these groups. These clusters demonstrated a spatial pattern and their socioeconomic and infrastructural features highlighted considerable disparities. These differences should be taken into consideration when development policies are applied at regional levels or below.

Abstract We present results of experimental and theoretical studies of coherent momentum transfer to rubidium atoms in a magneto-optical trap by pairs of counter-propagating frequency-modulated (chirped) laser pulses. The counter-propagating pulse pairs partially overlap each other leading to multiphoton interaction processes. We show experimentally that the mechanical momentum transferred to atoms in this scheme of interaction is larger than in the case of non-overlapping pulse pairs acting separately on the atoms. Results of numerical simulations that take into account all relevant hyperfine energy states of Rb along with the influence of relaxation and re-pumping processes are in good agreement with obtained experimental results. Graphical abstract

Trends in regional inequalities between 1910 and 1930 in Hungary and the successor states The present article is a summary of a 5-year research on historical peripheries of Hungary between 1910 and 2010. The identification of peripheral zones in Hungary in 1910 – which geographers failed to do up to now – contributed to the assessment of mistargeted regional development planning policies in the last hundred years. On the other hand it also caused debates, because many of the backward areas coincided with regions dominated by ethnic minorities, thus strengthening the opinion of the historians of the successor states that Austria-Hungary oppressed national minorities. The first part of the article summarizes the opinions, interpretations, misunderstandings emerging from this debate around mapping of inequalities and the implementation of geographical methods in historical research. The second part of the article goes further and – by drawing up the regional differences in 2010 – evaluates the development policies of the successor states, claiming that these were not better, than in historical Hungary; the successor states were driven by the same convictions and pursued similar policies toward zones inhabited by minorities as Hungary did. We show that there were remarkable shifts in the extension of backward zones and the question naturally arises when this process began. Using the census data of the 1930s we try to analyze whether some of these changes observable by 2010 can be traced back to WWII (or were generated only later), and if yes, whether these are direct consequences of the new borders drawn in 1920 or, contrary, it was the former processes during the Hungarian rule that culminated (implying that the first 10 years of the successor states was a failure regarding the integration attempts of the new territories). For this a distric level complex development level map of the region was created by combining 10 variables and the patterns in the 1930s were compared to those in 1910 and in 2010.

A tanulmány célja annak megvilágítása, hogy a posztszovjet térségben jelenleg tapasztalható konfliktusok és gazdasági-társadalmi különbségek területi mintázata mutat-e összefüggést a történelmi múlttal. A korábbi, országtanulmányok szintjén megvalósuló kísérletek szintéziseként az 1897-es orosz birodalmi és az 1930-as történeti statisztikák felhasználásával az egész posztszovjet térségre kiterjesztve rekonstruálom a történeti régiókat, és ezek határait egybevetem az egykori és mai országhatárokkal, illetve a mai belső törésvonalakkal. Álláspontom szerint ezen országokban a törésvonalak nemcsak politikai-ideológiai ellentétek és társadalmi problémák mentén fejeződnek ki, de erőteljes területi mintázatot mutatnak, melynek történelmi meghatározottsága megkérdőjelezhetetlen. Módszertani szempontból a tanulmány a közbeszédben domináns politológiai és szociológiai szemléletet helyettesíti a földrajzi és történelmi megközelítésmóddal. Az 1897-es évre 360 területi entitásra kilenc változó alapján többváltozós statisztikai módszerrel végzett számításaim bizonyítják, hogy regionális struktúrája alapján (mind a fejlettségi, mind a hasonlósági régiókat tekintve) az Orosz Birodalom nemcsak a száz évvel korábban létezett országhatárok által meghatározott differenciákat nem volt képes felszámolni, de a mai törésvonalak futása is kísértetiesen hasonlít az 1770-es és 1890-es évek régióhatáraira. Az 1930-as évekből származó 15 változó felhasználásával végzett vizsgálat alapján pedig az a kép rajzolódik ki, hogy a mai posztszovjet térség Kelet-Közép-Európa (a visegrádi országok) területétől élesen elhatárolódott, de ez nem az 1920-as határmegvonás következménye (nem is mindenütt esnek egybe a határok és a fejlettségbeli törések), hanem korábbi időkből származik.

Based on integrated interpretation of well-log and core data of 60 fully cored deep drillings and 2D seismic profiles, sequence stratigraphic and structural development models have been elaborated for the “Maza-South–Varalja-South” coal exploration site and for the Northern Imbricates, Eastern Mecsek, SW Hungary. Twenty four mostly coal capped parasequences and 4 sequences have been identified in the deltaic series of the coal bearing formation. Coal seams of high sulfur content are related to early transgressive systems tracts, while those with low sulfur content and great thickness are associated to late transgressive systems tracts. The sequences were traced on seismic profiles and mapped by subsurface methods. The structural reconstruction indicates that an open, almost symmetric, southward plunging anticline was formed in the Maza-South–Varalja-South area striking practically north–south. This anticline has a gradual transition westward, into another open, almost symmetric, westward plunging anticline. Related to the Cretaceous–Paleogene brittle deformation a set of thrusts with northern vergence were formed as the result of an in sequence thrust wedge development causing shortening of 13%. The Northern Imbricates has been re-interpreted as the result of the Neogene activity of this thrust wedge development; its Miocene development represents an in sequence thrust and a series of out of sequence backthrusts causing shortening of 22.5%. This multi-phase compressive deformation history caused the significant (34%) increase of the coal resources in the study area. However, it also resulted in strong structural fragmentation and multiple coal seams in the coal bearing formation increasing the costs of underground mining and the risks of underground coal gasification.

We derive composite pulse sequences that achieve high-fidelity excitation of two-state systems in an optically dense, inhomogeneously broadened ensemble. The composite pulses are resistant to distortions due to the back-action of the medium they propagate in and are able to create high-fidelity inversion to optical depths $\alpha z>10$. They function well with smooth pulse shapes used for coherent control of optical atomic transitions in quantum computation and communication. They are an intermediary solution between single $\pi$-pulse excitation schemes and adiabatic passage schemes, being far more error tolerant than the former but still considerably faster than the latter., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. A

High resolution sequence stratigraphic analysis of the lignite-bearing Miocene siliciclastic sequence of the Salotarjan Lignite Formation (SLF) has been performed by lithostratigraphic dissection of more than 1350 boreholes and by detailed analysis of well logs from more than 150 boreholes. Biostratigraphic data indicate that the SLF represents a single 3rd order eustatic sequence, namely the Bur-4 of Vakarcs et al. [Vakarcs, G., Hardenbol, J., Abreu, V.S., Vail, P.R., Varnai, P., Tari, G., 1998. Oligocene–Middle Miocene depositional sequences of the central paratethys and their correlation with regional stages. SEPM Special Publication vol. 60, 209–231]. As for facies conditions, facies models for sandy shorefaces and/or wave dominated deltas can be applied. Twenty-six parasequences have been identified and mapped in the adjacent sub-basins from well-log correlations. The sharp-based sand bodies of ps. 10 and 17 were interpreted as the falling stage systems tract (FSST) of higher order sequences. The subsequent transgressive systems tracts (TST) are represented by retrograding sets of 2–3 parasequences (ps. 11–13, 18–19). Based on the regional unconformity at the base, and the regionally extended sharp-based sand bodies, three sequence boundaries (SB) were determined that dissect the 3rd order sequence into three higher order sequences. One of the special features of the sequence is that the FSSTs interrupt the rapid relative sea-level rises (ps. 9 and 16) and lie directly on the silty material of nearshore environments, leading to the lack of the higher order highstand system tracts (HST) (‘truncated transgressive semi-cycles’). Another characteristic is the striking basinward fore-stepping of the sedimentary depocentres and that of the facies belts of the lignite seams. The rapid relative sea-level falls implied by the two FSSTs are unexpected in the context of an overall eustatic rise, thus the possibility of tectonic origin of shallowing was investigated. This verification was based primarily on the observations that (1) the basin was united when parasequences 1 to 13 were developed, whereas (2) by the end of the sequence development the Palaeozoic basement protruded to the surface, dividing the basin, reflecting intense tectonic events simultaneous with sequence development. The FSSTs with the SBs above and the formation of higher order sequences can thus be regarded as sedimentary responses to syn-sedimentary tectonic elevation and tilting of the basement. This elevation was induced by tectonic compression and associated imbrication along a regional reverse fault that was known as the Darno Line. The imbrication could have controlled not only the repeated relative sea-level falls but also the striking fore-stepping of the sedimentary depocentres and facies belts of the associated lignite seams. Tectonic tilting influenced not only the FSSTs, but the subsequent early TSTs as well, thus lignite seams associated with the tectonically counteracted TSTs are characterized by multiple seams with several accessory seams (Va, IIIa, b and Ia), while those associated with tectonically quiescent periods are aerially extensive and solitary. Comparison with other coal bearing formations enhanced the importance of the FSST in the interpretation of stratigraphic truncations, coal seam geometry conditions, facies shiftings and stratal geometry, enabling a more accurate description of syn-sedimentary tectonic events.

The river regulations of the 19th century have affected each of our rivers to a different degree. In the case of the River Bodrog it was stronger than the average. In our paper a section of the river betweenBodroghalász and Szegi was examined, the extent and intensity of river channel changes was intended to be determined. The applied series of maps and aerial photos was georeferred and the riverchannel was vectorized. The morphometric parameters of the channel were measured and the changes were evaluated using the created database. From methodological aspect we concluded that the 9 variables can be grouped into 3 factors therefore most of the indexes can be substituted. We measured the changes of length and lateral shift of the channel using GIS methods. Three development periodswere identified based on our results. In the first period the development of the river was characterized by natural processes. Then, the development of the river altered owing to the antropogenic impacts. In this transient phase the average shifting of the channel was 7.43 m/y. In the third term this value reduces to 0.2 m/y as the river is getting to reach the equilibrium stage.

The study aims to introduce a new method and approach for measuring the diversity of connectivity with the help of the landscape geometrization, in order to create a new variable useful in landscapemetrics and to decrease the costs of landscape planning if its main goal is the enhancement of connectivity. Using induction we identify the landscape elements with geometric elements, calculating the theoretical maximum line, section, intersection point (node) number and compare these values of the idealistic landscape to the values of the real landscape.

Merely of 454 m maximum elevation, the geologically and geomorphologically diverse and still dynamic Uppony Mountains is relatively rich in geomorphic features (caves, pseudo-caverns, gorges, horsts, scarps, landslides, karren, natural outcrops) created by diverse processes (valley incision, derasion, mass movements, karst formation, periglacial, pedimentation). This small mountainous area with its intricate geological structure is ideal either for field investigations in order to obtain broader knowledge on the evolution of North-Hungary or to study both convergent and divergent evolution of forms generated on different rocks. Using a comparative approach, with an outlook to its environs, the quantification and numeric analysis of morphometric and lithological features combined with the traditional descriptive geomorphic approach promotes a better understanding of the area so important in the paleoenvironmental, paleogeographical reconstruction of North-Hungary.

This paper focuses on the question of whether there is a deterministic connection between the slope gradient and unconfined compression strength (UCS) as a lithological factor and on describing the nature of this connection. Moreover, the authors determined the sensitive statistical parameters in the statistical surface analyses. The surface analyses were carried out in an area extending over 1500 km 2 in northern Hungary and containing parts of the uplifted Palaeozoic and Mesozoic basement and the semi-consolidated material of the Palaeogene and Neogene molasse sediments. The 67 geological formations of the area were grouped into 10 petrophysical categories characterised by unconfined compressive strength as a petrophysical parameter. The geological database was the digitalized geological map of North Hungarian Region (1:100000). The digital topographic database was based on 10 m contour lines of 1:50000 maps, the digital elevation model was generated by kriging interpolation. Three topographic models were created with resolutions of 25 � 25, 50 � 50 and 100 � 100 m per pixels. Evident correlation can be shown between the UCS and the relative frequency of the slope gradient. The adequate regression procedure is the power regression for low slope category values while logarithmic regression is applicable at high slope angles. Based on the characteristic of the relationship and the value of r 2 , slope category intervals can be identified the relative frequency of which is proven to be determined by the UCS. These intervals are found to be between 4–10%, 10–16%, 16–22%, 22–44% and over 44%. Using the determination equations of slope gradient between 4–10% and over 44%, the UCS of the bedrock can be calculated approximately as the average value of the two calculated results. So the quotient of the frequency of these two category intervals can be regarded as an important morphometric index for a given bedrock.

In the present paper, we examine the propagation of frequency-chirped laser pulses through a medium of Lambda atoms, pulses that are capable of producing adiabatic population transfer between the stable states. We compare the propagation of these pulses to their propagation in a medium of two-level atoms, and show that the distortion of the pulses is greatly reduced in the three-level case. In effect, there exists a transparency phenomenon for frequency-chirped laser pulses propagating in the three-level medium that is somewhat similar to electromagnetically induced transparency. It is concluded that the population transfer induced by chirped pulses does populate the excited state during the process to a slight extent, even if the transfer is perfectly adiabatic. Thus the transparency of the medium is also imperfect, the pulse is eventually distorted and its capability to produce the population transfer is lost, even in the perfectly adiabatic limit.