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The article presents the discussion on history of vaccine development marked by a progression from religious attributions of diseases to divine punishment to the scientific exploration of immunization. Topics include contrast to the prevailing notion of diseases as divine retribution having early scrutiny of illnesses, such as the exanthematous diseases smallpox and measles; and enhancing immune responses, and the discovery of the molecular structure of antibodies.

The article primarily discusses the ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2, focusing on its virulence, amino acid mutations, and the factors influencing its continued development. It explores how mutations in key proteins, namely the Spike and Nucleocapsid proteins, affect the virus's pathogenicity, fitness, and transmission. The discussion elaborates on how variations impact the virus's ability to infect, replicate, and its potential to cause diseases.

Das Influenzavirus A ist eines der genetisch variabelsten Viren. Nicht jede Mutation ist für seine Virulenz von Bedeutung, aber einige Aminosäure-Mutationen führen zu einer erhöhten Pathogenität. Mutationen können u. a. die Bindung an die Wirtszellen beeinflussen, zu einer Suppression des angeborenen Immunsystems führen oder die Thermosensitivität der viralen Replikation ändern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article highlights the increasing incidence of infectious gastroenteritis during the warmer months, emphasizing that while these infections are often self-limiting, they can pose severe risks for immunocompromised individuals and the elderly. It notes the role of various pathogens, including Norovirus and Campylobacter, in causing these infections, and discusses detection methods such as PCR and serology, which are increasingly used for quicker diagnosis.

The article discusses the resurgence of viral infections among children following the decline in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other contagious pathogens due to pandemic-related protective measures. It explains that these measures led to reduced immunity against viruses such as adenovirus, enterovirus, influenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children, resulting in infection rates returning to pre-pandemic levels.

The article presents the discussion on concept of immunity carries benefits on both individual and population levels. Topics include successful vaccinations as seen with diseases like measles and tetanus, provide individuals with protection against illness, preserving their quality of life and averting fatal outcomes; and sought to harm others for personal gain, even resorting to acts as extreme as cannibalism.

Was unterscheidet den Menschen vom Schwein – immunologisch betrachtet? Und warum haben alle Säugetiere Transplantationsantigene, obwohl nur der Mensch Organe transplantiert? Durch die erste Transplantation eines genetisch veränderten Schweineherzens auf einen Menschen gewinnen solche scheinbar ungewöhnlichen Fragen an medizinischer Bedeutung. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]