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Objective: Basal ganglia are important structures at motormotional control. In this study we aimed to reveal possible auidoand visual reaction times relation with basal ganglia by using volumetric stereological analysis related with basal ganglia, whichdesigned for pathological situation that the main motor motional cyclus disorders, at a speedy reaction time group of elite sportsman comparing with sedanters.Methods: Right handed elite 19 sportsman whom 19–25 yearsold and right handed sedate 20 person whom 18–28 years oldtwo groups partake to our study. Visual and auditory reactiontimes, stereological basal ganglia volumetry were evaluated forboth groups.Results: The mean of the visual reaction time found higherthen auditory reaction time in sportive group. The left basalganglia volumetry found higher then the right side in both ofthe study and control group. Auditory reaction time was significantly decreased in elite sportsman compared to sedate cases.Conclusion: We decide our study satisfy morphometric clinicaldata to literature.Keywords: basal ganglia, elit athlets, reaction times, morphometry.&nbsp

Objective: Knowing the volumetric and morphometry properties of lumbar vertebrae and discus intervertebralis is importantto achieve a successful approach to degenerative disc diseases. Inthis study, we aimed to compare the heights of intervertebraldiscs and concavity index values in patients with disc herniationand Mr images of healthy cases and also the corpus of lumbarvertebrae and the volumes of intervertebral discs in patients withdisc herniation according to age and gender.Methods: Changes in the concavity index of discus intervertebralis were recorded in order to evaluate the differentiation inlumbaric lordosis. The control group consisted of 50 (25women and 25 men) lumbar disc hernias with age range 18–75(20 women and 20 men). In both groups, the volume of the discwas evaluated by using the Cavalier method. The concavityindex was evaluated as the ratio of central disc height (c) toanterior disc height (a). Increased concavity index (C/a) ratiowas evaluated as reduction/flatness in lumbar lordosis.Results: It was found that age-related degeneration and loss ofvolume due to dehydration occurred in the disc compared tohealthy disc herniation cases.Conclusion: The morphometric evaluation of discus intervertebralis and the concavity index of lumbar lordosis were calculated and revealed in cases with disc hernias due to age and gender, both radiologically and clinically, we anticipate that thediagnosis and treatment will provide a clue.Keywords: disc hernias, lumbar lordosis, morphometry

Topographical evaluation of the foramen spinosum Objective: The aim of the study is to define the topographicalevaluation and the shape of foramen spinosum (FS) on skulls andto obtain the distances between the structure and related anatomical bony landmarks.Methods: The study was performed on the craniums of 50(100 sides) West Anatolian adult subjects. Morphometricmeasurements of the FS and related adjacent structures weretaken of the skulls using a Vernier caliper accurate 0.01 mm.The results were evaluated statistically with SPSS 22.0.Results: The mean distance of the right FS and the left FS; thedistance between FS and the structures such as foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and the distance between FS and foramenovale were investigated. The mean distance between the foramen and posterior, middle and anterior clinoid processes werealso evaluated, respectively. The mean distance between theforamen and lateral border of sella turcica were also evaluated,respectively. Evaluations have already been carried on.Conclusion: Anatomical results of FS and related anatomicalbony landmarks may be useful for neurosurgical procedure.Keywords: foramen spinosum, morphometry, neurosurgicalprocedure

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the localization,mean length, mean diameter and also the shape of the superiororbital fissure (SOF) on skulls and to find out the distancesbetween the structure and neighbouring anatomical bony landmarks. We also applied stereological assessment method for estimating the surface area of SOF.Methods: This study was performed on the craniums of 50(100 sides) West Anatolian adult subjects. Morphometricmeasurements of the SOF were taken from the skulls using aVernier caliper accurate 0.01 mm. A uniform point-grid with apoint associated area of 0.25 cm2 was randomly superimposedon each SOF of dry skull. The results were evaluated statistically with SPSS 22.0.Results: Distance between SOF and foramen lacerum; the distance between SOF and foramen spinosum and distancebetween SOF and the neigbourhood structures such as foramen rotundum, foramen ovale were evaluated. Evaluationshave already been carried on.Conclusion: The localization of the fissure, the mean lenghtand the mean diameter of SOF and the distances between thefissure and anatomical bony landmarks are of importance during neurosurgical interventions.Keywords: superior orbital fissure, morphometry, neurosurgical procedure

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the localizationand the shape of hypoglossal canal (HC) on skulls and to find outthe distances between this area and anatomic landmarks.Methods: This study was performed on the craniums of 50(100 sides) adult West Anatolian People. Eight morphometricmeasurements of the distances between parts were taken of theskulls using a Vernier caliper accurate 0.01 mm. The resultswere evaluated statistically with SPSS 15.0.Results: HC was found as a separated canal on 23 sides. Thelenght of the HC, the width of the occipital condyl, the distance between of the entrance of the HC and crista occipitalisexterna, the distance between of the anterior point of the rightand the left occipital condyl, the distance between of the posterior point of the right and the left occipital condyl and thethickness of the occipital condyl were found on the right andthe left sides 9.28 mm and 8.77 mm; 11.76 mm, and 12.12 mm;23.28 mm and 22.89 mm; 28.81 mm and 29.30 mm; 19.03 mm;33.82 mm; 9.30 mm, 8.90 mm, respectively.Conclusion: The localization of HC and the distancesbetween this canal and anatomic landmarks may be useful forscrew replacement during the operation of the transcondylarand the supracondylar approach of the neurosurgery.Keywords: hy

"Anatomical, Biological, and Surgical Features of Basal Ganglia", Human Anatomy -Reviews and Medical Advances, Edt: Alina Maria Sisu

"Anatomical and Surgical Perspective to Approach Degenerative Disc Hernias",Explicasive cases of controversial issues in neurosurgery, Edt: Signorella Francesco

Objective: The occipital artery has an important role in the vasculature of the scalp. The aim of this study was to determine the origin, location, length, size, and adjacent regions of the occipital artery. Material and Methods: In the present study, occipital artery types were evaluated according to the location, origin, diameter, length, and course; and in relation to the artery with hypoglossal, greater occipital and accessory nerves by bilateral meticulous anatomic microdissection under 4X loop magnification in formalin fixed 14 adult (28 cases) cadavers. Results: The examinations revealed that the occipital artery originated separately from the external carotid artery in 89% of cases. It originated from the posterior auricular artery as an occipitoauricular common trunk in 11% of cases. The hypoglossal nerve formed an apparent hook proximal to the origin of the artery in 52%, distal to the origin of the artery in 4% and at the origin of the artery in 44%. Conclusion: In this study, the anatomical data of the occipital artery will help the surgeons to elevate flaps based on the occipital artery in a safer way as well as to protect the artery during cranial and maxillofacial surgical approaches.

WOS: 000264334900007 PubMed: 19263353 AIM: The masseter muscle is often exploited by craniofacial surgeons in transposition operations to correct facial palsy, benign masseteric hypertrophy; or neurectomy-induced atrophy of the muscle. A clear understanding of the course of the premasseteric branch of the facial artery and its relations with adjacent structures is essential in maneuvering the masseter muscle safely. In the present study the premasseteric branch was analyzed in details. MATERIAL and METHODS: Neurovascular and anatomical features and relations of the premasseteric branch and its branches were evaluated according to location, origin, diameter, length and course by bilateral meticulous anatomic micro dissection under 4x loop magnification in fomialin fixed 14 adult preserved cadavers. RESULTS: The premasseteric branch originated separately from the facial artery in all cases. The course of the branch was observed to the upper anterior border of the masseter muscle. The diameter of the premasseteric branch was 1.12 mm (mean) at the level of origin. The diameter of the premasseteric branch was larger than the facial artery in 3% of cases. The location of the branch was defined according to body of the mandible. Branches and anastomoses of the premasseteric branch were also represented. CONCLUSION: Anatomical data of the premasseteric branch will help craniofacial surgeons elevate flaps safely.

Lumbal vertebraların volumetrisi ve discus intervertebralis'lerin volumetri ve morfometri özelliklerinin bilinmesi, dejeneratif disk hastalıkları üzerinde başarılı bir yaklaşımın gerçekleştirilmesi için önemlidir. Bu çalışmada; intervertebral disklerin yüksekliklerinin ve konkavite indeks değerlerinin disk hernili olgular ile sağlıklı olguların MR görüntüleri ve ayrıca lumbal vertebraların korpusları ile intervertebral disklerin volumlerinin sağlıklı ve disk hernili olgularda yaşa ve cinsiyete bağlı olarak karşılaştırılması amaçlandı. Discus intervertebralis'deki konkavite indeks değerinde yaşa ve cinsiyete bağlı olarak oluşan değişiklikler, lumbal lordozdaki farklılaşmanın değerlendirilmesi amacıyla kaydedildi. Yaş aralığı 18-75 olan 50 (25 kadın ve 25 erkek) lumbal disk hernili ile yaş aralığı 18-75 olan (20 kadın ve 20 erkek) kontrol grubu incelendi. Her iki grupta da disk hacmi Cavalieri yöntemi kullanılarak stereolojik olarak değerlendirildi. Konkavite indeksi ise, santral disk yüksekliğinin (c) , anterior disk yüksekliğine (a) oranı olarak değerlendirildi. Artmış konkavite indeks (c/a) oranı lumbal lordozda azalma/düzleşme olarak değerlendirildi. Sağlıklı olgular ile disk hernili olgular karşılaştırıldığında yaşa bağlı olarak dejenerasyon ve diskte dehidrasyona bağlı hacim kaybı oluştuğu saptandı. Discus intervertebralis'in morfometrik olarak değerlendirmesi ve ayrıca lumbal lordozun konkavite indeks hesaplanarak yaşa ve cinsiyete bağlı olarak disk hernili olgularda ortaya konulması, hem radyolojik tanı hem de klinik yaklaşım ve tedaviye katkı sağlayabileceği öngörüsündeyiz. Knowing the volumetry and morphometry properties of lumbal vertebrae and discus intervertebralis is important for the realization of a successful approach on degenerative disc diseases. In this study, it was aimed to compare the height of the intervertebral discs and the concavity index values of the patients with disc hernias and the MRI images of healthy cases and also the corpuses of the lumbal vertebrae and the volumes of the intervertebral discs in healthy and disc hernias depending on age and gender. Changes in the concavity index value in Discus intervertebralis based on age and gender were recorded for the purpose of assessing differentiation in lumbal lordosis. The control group of 50 (25 women and 25 men) with lumbal disc hernias with age range 18-75 (20 women and 20 men) was examined. In both groups, the volume of the disc was assessed stereologically using the Cavalieri method. The concavity index was evaluated as the ratio of the central disk height (c) to the anterior disk height (a). The increased concavity index (C/a) ratio was assessed as a reduction / flattening in lumbal lordosis. In comparison with healthy patients and patients with disc hernias, degeneration due to age and loss of volume due to dehydration was found in the disc. We predict that morphometric evaluation of Discus intervertebralis and also lumbal lordosis can contribute to both radiological diagnosis and clinical approach and treatment in patients with disc hernias depending on age and gender by calculating concavity index. 71

Çalışma gözlemsel, kesitsel araştırma olarak, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Farabi Hastanesi Acil Kliniği'nde Serebrovasküler Hastalık (SVO) tanısını almış bireylerde anatomik, fonksiyonel, duysal ve davranışsal değişiklikler ve yetersizlikler ortaya konularak, bakımın multidisipliner planlanması, bireylerde yaşam kalitelerinin yükseltilmesi amacıyla yapıldı.Çalışmanın örneklemini Haziran- Aralık 2011 tarihleri arasında aynı hastanenin Acil Kliniği'nde SVO tanısı ile yatan 100 birey oluşturdu. Verilerin istatistiksel analizinde; yüzde, aritmetik ortalama ve Chi kare testi kullanıldı; p