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In this research, a mathematical model is used to simulate a Triple Gate Spin-FET with Indium Arsenide in the channel. DC simulations verify the simulation results. Later, different logic functions are achieved by specifying the appropriate channels and several other parameters like spin injection, spin detection, etc. Each gate terminal receives a unique set of inputs. One multi gate spin-FET is used to attain the desired functionality. Using conventional CMOS to achieve the same goals would require a far greater number of chips. The attained capabilities are competitive with designs using VLSI CMOS in terms of power and speed. The table below compares the efficiency of the proposed design to that of the existing VLSI CMOS for the same logic operations., {"references":["1.\tDatta, S., & Das, B. (1990). Electronic analog of the electro‐optic modulator. Applied Physics Letters, 56(7), 665-667.","2.\tKoo, H. C., Han, S. H., Chang, J. Y., Kim, H. J., & Choi, J. W. (2012). U.S. Patent No. 8,125,247. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.","3.\tBychkov, Y. A., & Rashba, É. I. (1984). Properties of a 2D electron gas with lifted spectral degeneracy. JETP lett, 39(2), 78.","4.\tLommer, G., Malcher, F., & Rossler, U. (1988). Spin splitting in semiconductor heterostructures for B→ 0. Physical review letters, 60(8), 728.","5.\tDas, B., Miller, D. C., Datta, S., Reifenberger, R., Hong, W. P., Bhattacharya, P. K., ... & Jaffe, M. (1989). Evidence for spin splitting in In x Ga 1− x As/In 0.52 Al 0.48 As heterostructures as B→ 0. Physical Review B, 39(2), 1411.","6.\tDresselhaus, G. (1955). Spin-orbit coupling effects in zinc blende structures. Physical Review, 100(2), 580.","7.\tSato, Y., Gozu, S., Kikutani, T., & Yamada, S. (1999). Spin-splitting transport in In0. 75Ga0. 25As/In0. 75Al0. 25As quantum wire field-effect-transistor. Physica B:","8.\tCondensed Matter, 272(1-4), 114-116.","9.\tTakahashi, S., & Maekawa, S. (2003). Spin injection and detection in magnetic nanostructures. Physical Review B, 67(5), 052409.","10.\tSu, L., Zhang, Y., Klein, J. O., Zhang, Y., Bournel, A., Fert, A., & Zhao, W. (2015). Current-limiting challenges for all-spin logic devices. Scientific reports, 5(1), 14905."]}

In this paper, we propose a technique for weighted test sequence generation for synchronous sequential circuit’s on-chip. Three weights—0, 0.5, and 1—are adequate for combinational circuits to completely cover stuck-at failures because they can accurately duplicate any given test pattern. We define the weights for sequential circuits based on subsequences of a deterministic test sequence. These weights enable us to partially replicate the test sequence and assure that the resulting weighted test sequences would receive full fault coverage. This accumulator-based 3-weight test pattern generating system is demonstrated and more effectively addresses the fundamental shortcomings of the suggested scheme. Compared to traditional techniques of creating test sequences for complicated large-scale systems, the weighted random test pattern generation represents a major improvement., {"references":["1.\tRadecka, K., Rajski, J., & Tyszser, J. (1997). Arithmetic built-in self-test for DSP cores. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 16(11), 1358-1369.","2.\tRajski, J., & Tyszer, J. (1998). Arithmetic built-in self-test for embedded systems. Prentice-Hall, Inc..","3.\tWang, S. (2001, November). Low hardware overhead scan based 3-weight weighted random BIST. In Proceedings International Test Conference 2001 (Cat. No. 01CH37260) (pp. 868-877). IEEE.","4.\tSavir, J. (1998, April). Distributed generation of weighted random patterns. In Proceedings. 16th IEEE VLSI Test Symposium (Cat. No. 98TB100231) (pp. 225-232). IEEE.","5.\tVoyiatzis, I., Gizopoulos, D., & Paschalis, A. (2005, July). Accumulator-based weighted pattern generation. In 11th IEEE International On-Line Testing Symposium (pp. 215-220). IEEE.","6.\tStroele, A. P. (1995, April). A self-test approach using accumulators as test pattern generators. In Proceedings of ISCAS'95-International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (Vol. 3, pp. 2120-2123). IEEE.","7.\tWunderlich, H. J. (1990). Multiple distributions for biased random test patterns. IEEE transactions on computer-aided design of integrated circuits and systems, 9(6), 584-593.","8.\tPomeranz, I., & Reddy, S. M. (1993). 3-weight pseudo-random test generation based on a deterministic test set for combinational and sequential circuits. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 12(7), 1050-1058.","9.\tZhang, S., Seth, S. C., & Bhattacharya, B. B. (2005, December). Efficient test compaction for pseudo-random testing. In 14th Asian Test Symposium (ATS'05) (pp. 337-342). IEEE."]}

In order to protect the availability and integrity of digital community information, there is security measures put in place. Typically, protection measures for information will prevent individuals from accessing, disclosing, modifying, or even destroying facts on both software and hardware technologies. New cyber-attacks keep coming up in all business processes, according to an evaluation done by industry experts in the place of information security. An analysis of the level of risk, after all the data had been analysed, has shown that although it is not extremely dangerous in the majority of cases, it is highly dangerous for valuable data and the severity of those attacks is prolonged. Various layers of protection have already been implemented to identify and guard against various cyber-threats, mainly using a processed data feed or alert for revealing each deterministic and stochastic behaviour. Deterministic patterns in cyber-attacks have revealed that they are neither random nor unbiased over time. Assaults that occurred in the past provide a forecasting range for future assaults. Generally speaking, the deterministic styles can be used to create slightly accurate monitoring., {"references":["1.\tYe, X., Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., & Wen, F. (2015). Quantitative vulnerability assessment of cyber security for distribution automation systems. Energies, 8(6), 5266-5286.","2.\tWaters, G., & Blackburn, J. (2011). Optimizing Australia's response to the cyber challenge.","3.\tAnderson, H. S., & Roth, P. (2018). Ember: an open dataset for training static pe malware machine learning models. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.04637.","4.\tShalaginov, A., Banin, S., Dehghantanha, A., & Franke, K. (2018). Machine learning aided static malware analysis: A survey and tutorial. Cyber threat intelligence, 7-45.","5.\tSahoo, D., Liu, C., & Hoi, S. C. (2017). Malicious URL detection using machine learning: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.07179.","6.\tCrockett, K., Latham, A., & Whitton, N. (2017). On predicting learning styles in conversational intelligent tutoring systems using fuzzy decision trees. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 97, 98-115.","7.\tSun, B., Chen, S., Wang, J., & Chen, H. (2016). A robust multi-class AdaBoost algorithm for mislabeled noisy data. Knowledge-Based Systems, 102, 87-102.","8.\tBaig, M. M., Awais, M. M., & El-Alfy, E. S. M. (2017). AdaBoost-based artificial neural network learning. Neurocomputing, 248, 120-126.","9.\tPan, X., Luo, Y., & Xu, Y. (2015). K-nearest neighbor based structural twin support vector machine. Knowledge-Based Systems, 88, 34-44.","10.\tBahnsen, A. C., Aouada, D., & Ottersten, B. (2015). Example-dependent cost-sensitive decision trees. Expert Systems with Applications, 42(19), 6609-6619."]}

The present study was undertaken to analyse the performance of the dairy sector in India by using compound growth rate analysis and to determine the trends observed in the parameters. It was observed that the compound growth rate of the livestock population was 0.89 per cent, positive and significant from 1956 to 2019. Buffalo population has shown a positive and significant growth rate of 1.43 per cent and 0.31 per cent for cattle and 1.58 per cent for goats. In comparison to indigenous cows, exotic or crossbred cows showed a greater significant growth rate of 5.14 per cent against 1.71 per cent. There has been observed a positive and significant compound annual growth rate of 4.71 per cent to milk production and 3.26 per cent for per capita availability. Dairy cooperative societies, producer members, milk procurement and liquid milk marketing showed a positive and significant compound annual growth rate of 3.47, 2.31, 7.78 and 6.04 per cent respectively. The compound annual growth rate of exports in quantity showed a positive rate of 14.24 per cent and imports with a negative growth rate of 9.70 over the period which indicates that India is a net exporter of dairy products.

Introduction In the present study, the combination of two tablets, one with Aspirin and Promethazine and the other with vitamin D3, C, and B3 along with zinc and selenium supplementation was proposed as an intervention (APMV2020). The ingredients in the formulation represent a precise, tailored therapy for the symptoms of COVID-19, combined with natural constituents to help the body itself build immunity to recover from infection. The present study was conducted to clinically validate the safety and efficacy of the APMV2020 tablets. Trial design The present trial is a randomized, multicentric, controlled clinical trial involving 260 mild to moderate COVID-19 patients. The treatment duration was of 10 days. Methodology The subjects were randomized to receive either the control intervention (clinical management protocol for COVID-19 advocated by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) or the test intervention (treatment with APMV2020 tablets along with the standard control treatment. The assessment days were baseline, days five and 10. Results APMV2020 significantly (0.05) improved symptoms of COVID-19 like cough, myalgia, headache, and anosmia as compared to the control group. APMV2020 treatment also reduced inflammatory markers like lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Conclusion APMV2020 can prove as a good candidate to be integrated into the COVID-19 management protocol. As it can offer speedy clinical recovery to reduce the burden on healthcare infrastructure, second, the combination shows significant anti-inflammatory potential to improve prognosis, and lastly, the immunomodulatory properties offer long-term protection that can help in combating long COVID symptoms and complications.

A study was carried out to analyze the factors influencing the performance of dairy industries in Andhra Pradesh. Principal component analysis, a multivariate technique was employed to determine the factor influencing dairy industries. The variable of milk procurement with highest loadings of 0.925 under first component was the most influencing factor showing the performance of the industries. The next most dominant factor was milk sold by the industries per year with loadings of 0.912 comes under second component. Likewise, the overall selected variables were represented under four components with high component loadings. Out of the four components considered, milk procurement by the different dairies was the most influencing factor that shows the performance of dairy industry.

Objectives: Despite the inclusion of hoarding disorder (HD) in the DSM-5, there is little epidemiological data on hoarding from low and middle-income countries. This study, the first from India, examines the prevalence and correlates of HD among primary care patients in the state of Kerala, India. Methods: To assess correlates, the Hoarding Rating Scale-Interview (HRS-I) and other structured instruments were administered to 7,555 subjects selected by stratified random sampling from 71 primary health centers. Results: The prevalence of HD was 1.02% (95%CI 0.8-1.3). Those with HD were more likely to be older and live alone. In the binary logistic regression analysis, after controlling for significant sociodemographic variables, subjects with HD had a higher odds of reporting chronic illness, depression, anxiety disorder, alcohol abuse, and tobacco dependence. Subjects with HD had significantly higher disability scores than unaffected individuals. Conclusion: Although HD is not uncommon in India, this disorder is rarely reported in specialty settings in India, which suggests that awareness and detection should be improved, considering the co-occurring negative correlates and disability among affected individuals.

Risk estimates of depression and anxiety disorders in primary care patients was studied in 7017 patients from 71 primary health centres in Kerala, India. When compared to those without, patients with a single chronic medical illness had approximately 3-4-fold higher rates of depression and anxiety disorders; this increases to 6-fold when the number of medical illnesses is two or more. Patients with hypertension, diabetes, epilepsy, tuberculosis, asthma, and arthritis had higher odds of depression after controlling for socio-demographic variables and co-occurring medical illnesses. The findings were replicated for anxiety disorders except for tuberculosis. Findings highlight the need for integrated interventions.

Biotech-KISAN Hub, established at Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh with the major objectives of assessment of the yield gaps in major pulses and groundnut in Scarce rainfall zone i.e., Srikakulum and Visakhapatnam districts and North coastal zone i.e., Ananthapur and Kurnool districts. Conducted base line survey at selected 25 villages in these districts with 60 farmers from each district to assess the potentials of the districts by developing a database in order to exploit resources and develop action plans in cooperation with line departments. The adoption index was found to be medium to low in case of Srikakulam and Visakhapatnam districts and medium to high in case of Ananthpur and Kurnool districts indicating that more focused interventions are required in the North coastal zone when compared to Scarce rainfall zone. The overall Adoption Index indicated that majority of the respondents fell in the medium category (49.00%) followed by High (35.00%) and low category (15.00%) indicating that there is scope to increase adoption of recommended practices. The constraint analysis of the respondents regarding adoption of pulse production practices revealed that the major constraints as perceived by the respondents of the four districts were small farm size, poor income level, lack of knowledge, high cost of inputs, lack of technical skill and poor extension contacts. Hence thrust should be given to these areas prior to any intervention and action plans. &nbsp

The production and marketing of rice cultivation have been studied in Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh during 2018-19. Tools such as costs and returns, marketing margins, input use efficiency, marketing margins and price spread were used for the study. The results have shown that the Benefit-Cost ratiois 1.05. The input use efficiency has shown a negative significance for chemical fertilizers,pesticides and seed rate. The price spread analysis has shown that the producers receive 27% of the consumer price. Marketing margin for the adopted marketing channel was worked out by comparing the prices prevailing at each stage of marketing. Since used prices were related to a particular point of time and as small concurrent margins were also worked out.

The Circulation Water Channel (CWC) is an experimental facility available at Indian Maritime University, Visakhapatnam Campus. A study for comparing the flow pattern and velocity in the test section, for different configurations of the CWC, is complex. To study the flow, a physical model of the CWC, with different configurations, should be made, which in overall is a complicated and time-consuming exercise. But this difficulty can be overcome through using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis, as in this study, where a CFD analysis is done using ‘STAR-CCM+’ software. A CFD model of the existing CWC [corresponding to the 1:4 scale setup at IMUV], is first made, and its validity is checked, by comparing the results of the CFD analysis, against those results obtained from the experimental analysis. On successfully validating the results, modifications are suggested for rectifying the disturbance which is present in the test section. The test section is the area in the CWC where experimental activities are carried out. In order to carry out the experiments with a certain degree of accuracy, it is important to have a smooth streamlined flow in the test section. To ensure this, a honeycomb structure is positioned such that the flow enters the test section through the honeycomb, which streamlines the flow. On successfully rectifying the disturbance, studies are carried out to improve the streamlined flow in the test section, for which, different configurations of honeycomb structure are studied. The optimum honeycomb structure, which produces a smooth flow in the test section of a CWC is found out, by conducting analyses for different shapes - i.e. for shapes ranging from rectangular to hexagonal and circular, against different inlet velocities. The present paper sums up the findings of our earlier research, ‘CFD as a Tool to Validate and Modify the Flow in the Test Section of a Circulating Water Channel’, and ‘Study of Flow in the Test Section of a Circulating Water Channel by Varying the Honey Comb Cross Section’, which were published in the conference proceedings of Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, and Indian Maritime University, Visakhapatnam, respectively.

Impact analyses are performed on fiber metal laminates (FMLs) by free fall of a mass at low to medium velocities and time-out of plane displacement responses are compared with following Digital Image Correlation (DIC) test procedure involving random pattern image projection on the specimen and high-speed camera. CARALL 1 consists of five aluminium layers which are reinforced with twelve embedded quasi-isotropic carbon fibre laminates and CARALL 2 involves three layers of aluminium reinforced with two embedded carbon fibre laminates. The thin plate undergoes predominant elastic deformation and explicit dynamic analysis shows good agreement with experimental results than CARALL 1 that undergoes both elastic and plastic deformation. Both test and analyses show good agreement on the assessment of response time of the FML laminates. The behaviour of deflection under impact loading up to low velocity is found to be linear and beyond which, a non-linear behaviour is observed.

There is a solid requirement for the real-time ordering of enormous measures of information streaming at the rate of 10 GB/s or more. This information should be scanned for designs and the query items are time-basic in fields as different as security reconnaissance, monetary services including stock exchanging, checking the basic well-being states of patients, atmosphere notice frameworks, etc. Here, the file will be required to age-off in a little time and thus will be of limited size. Notwithstanding, such situations cannot endure any infringement of indexing latency and severe pursuit reaction times. Likewise, future greatly parallel (multicore) structures with capacity class recollections will empower rapid in-memory constant indexing, where the index can be totally put away in a high limit storage class memory. As the Web is growing, it means a number of documents on the Web are also growing so index size will also grow. The approach would be to partition a single large search index into smaller partitions and assigned to each node in the cluster. Later, when a search request comes each node in the cluster will perform a search on the local index for each query term and send the result back to the central machine, which will later combine search results from all nodes in the cluster and then send it to the user.

The effect of oryzanol (well known hypolipidemic component in rice bran oil) and its chemical constituents- ferulic acid (FA) and phytosterols on hypolipidemia were investigated. Methods and Results: Docking (in silico) studies showed that FA had a better binding ability with lipase while sterols bound well with HMG-CoA reductase. Further in vivo studies of feeding high fat (30%) to rats increased body weights, serum TC, TG, non-HDL-C and reduced HDL-C were observed, compared to normal diet fed group (ND). ORZ treated groups alleviated the lipid profile. Furthermore, increased organ weights, higher intestinal lipase activity, and liver lipid peroxidation was observed in the high-fat group (HF). These effects were ameliorated in oryzanol concentrate fed groups (ORZ). Higher fecal fat was found in ORZ groups, analysis of fecal matter by mass spectroscopy revealed the presence of FA. In vitro, a bile acid binding study supported the strong affinity of sterol towards bile acids. In conclusion, oryzanol in the intestine is cleaved into FA and sterol by intestinal lipase enzymes both lipase and HMG-CoA reductase activities were inhibited, respectively. These hydrolysates eliminated the bile acids, thus lowering lipid profiles.

Objectives: To study the prevalence of chronic perinatal pain among mothers who had infants between the ages of 13–25 months in the State of Kerala, India and to report its correlates in the socio-...

Data mining has been used extensively and broadly by several network organizations. Classification based algorithms provide a significant advantage in order to detect attacks in the training data. Network applications usage is being increased every day as the internet usage is exponentially increasing. In the same way, Network attacks detection is gradually decreased as data source is increasing. There is a need to develop some robust decision tree in order to produce effective decision rules from the attacked data. In this paper improved, decision tree is implemented in order to detect network attacks like TCP SYN , Ping of Death, ARP Spoof attacks. This improved tree is also tested on famous network intrusion dataset Kddcup 99 dataset. Experimental result shows this improved decision tree classifier gives effective decision rules compare to existing decision tree techniques like ID3 and C45 algorithms. Finally, this robust decision tree evaluates less false positive and true negative alarm rates compare to existing algorithms.

Space vehicles that re-enter earth’s atmosphere require thermal protection system (TPS) to safeguard them from intense aerodynamic heating. Depending on the type of re-entry (lifting/ballistic), trajectory, duration of flight in atmospheric regime etc., the heat flux may vary from 40kW/m2to 180kW/m2. In our studies on metallic TPS (MTPS), corrugated core is joined to either side of the skins by brazing. The brazed joint is evaluated using both pulsed thermography (PT) and ultrasonic testing. PT images show clear visualization of joint and defects. Also it is faster and easier. Ultrasonic testing is done using pitch-catch and pulse-echo techniques, which shows many limitations. In literature, it is reported that for brazed joints using ultrasonic testing, defect location can be identified by faster decay pattern of multiple echoes (compared to that of good location). In case of PM 2000 panel, reversal of the patterns is observed. This new phenomenon is verified with the support of PT. It is also found that for inconel panel, the decay patterns are as reported in literature.

The generation of dental structures and/or entire teeth in the laboratory depends upon the manipulation of stem cells and requires a synergy of all cellular and molecular events that finally lead to the formation of tooth-specific hard tissues, dentin and enamel. This review focuses on the different sources of stem cells that have been used for making teeth in vitro and their relative efficiency. Embryonic, post-natal and adult stem cells were assessed and proved to possess an enormous regenerative potential, but their application in dental practice is still limited due to various parameters that are not yet under control such as the high risk of rejection, cell behaviour, long tooth eruption period, appropriate crown morphology and suitable colour. Nevertheless, the development of biological approaches for dental reconstruction using stem cells is promising and remains one of the greatest challenges in the dental field.

The present work is aimed to develop new oral drug delivery systems of 5-fluorouracil for the treatment of colorectal cancer by using hydrophilic swellable polymer hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) and pH responsive soluble polymer Eudragit L100 (ED) as coating materials. Core tablets containing 50mg of 5-fluorouracil were prepared by direct compression. The core tablets compression coated with different ratios (9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4 and 5:5) of HPMC and ED with a coat weight of 300 and 400mg. All the formulations were evaluated for the hardness, friability, drug content uniformity and in vitro drug release studies in media of different pH 1.2, 7.4 and 6.8. The formulations released 0 to 7% of the drug in physiological environment of stomach and small intestine depending upon proportion of HPMC and ED used in the coat. Among the different ratios used for coating with HPMC:ED combination, ratio 9:1 gave the best release profile with the coat weight of 300mg (1.34% in the initial 5h and 87% in 24 h). Further increase in the coat weight to 400mg with different ratios of 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4 and 5:5 led to drug release of 0%, 0%, 0%, 3.47% and 6.25%, respectively in the initial 5 h and 73.52%, 87.03%, 92.18%, 96.33% and 97.61%, respectively, in 24 h. Thus, based on the results of in vitro drug release studies, the ratio 7:3 with a coat weight of 400mg was found to be suitable for targeting 5-fluorouracil to the colon without being released in physiological environment of stomach and small intestine. The formulation showed no change in physical appearance, drug content or in vitro release pattern after storage at 40° C / 75% RH for 3 months. The release of 5-fluorouracil from developed formulation was directly proportional to amount of ED used in the coat. The DSC and FTIR studies indicated no possibility of interaction between 5-fluorouracil and excipients.

In our endeavor to design and synthesize novel anticancer agents, a new series of indoloquinazoline compounds were prepared and tested initially for anticancer activity in vitro against a panel of human cancer cell lines. Most of these compounds exhibited cytotoxic activity in in vitro screens. Compounds were selected and further evaluated using a modified Hollow Fiber Assay for their preliminary in vivo activity against 12 cell lines implanted in the subcutaneous and intraperitoneal compartments in mice. The results indicate that these compounds may constitute a new class of anticancer agents.

A number of carbon substituents possessing various functional groups could be introduced onto aromatic nitro compounds using dimethyl malonate as a one-carbon source and linker. Decarboxylation of both the ester groups originating from dimethyl malonate in this methodology is particularly significant.

A growth medium with Leibovitz-15 (L-15) as the base, supplemented with foetal bovine serum (10% v/v), fish muscle extract (10% v/v), prawn muscle extract (10% v/v), lectin (concanavalin A) (0.02 μg ml−1), lipopolysaccharide (0.02 μg ml−1), glucose D (0.2 mg ml−1), ovary extract (0.5% v/v) and prawn haemolymph (0.5%) has been formulated with 354±10 mOsm for the development and maintenance of a cell culture system from the ovarian tissue of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. For its subculturing, a cell dissociation/extracting solution, composed of equal portions of trypsin phosphate versene glucose (TPVG) (containing 0.0125% (w/v) trypsin and 25% (v/v) non-enzymatic cell dissociation solution 1 and 2, has also been developed with which the cell culture can be passaged 15 times after which they cease to multiply and consequently perish. The cell cultures can be maintained for 12–15 days without fluid change between the passages. This is the first report of a cell culture system from the ovarian tissues of African catfish.

This paper proposes a method of harmonics detection and theoretical basis for the measurement of reactive and distortion powers using wavelet multi-resolution technique. The proposed method decomposes the voltage/current waveforms into the uniform frequency bands corresponding to the odd-harmonic components of the signal and uses a method to reduce the spectral leakage due to the imperfect frequency response of the used wavelet filter bank. The harmonic analysis has been performed on typical distribution system and compares the performance of the proposed method with the results obtained using the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) analysis. The measurement of real power relies on the use of broad-band phase-shift networks to create concurrent in-phase currents and quadrature voltages. The advantage of viewing the real and reactive powers in the wavelet domain is that the domain preserves both the frequency and time relationship of these powers. The harmonic analysis and real power measurement in a typical distribution system using wavelet multi-resolution technique is verified in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.

A number of carbon substituents possessing various functional groups could be introduced onto aromatic nitro compounds using dimethyl malonate as a one-carbon source and linker. Decarboxylation of both the ester groups originating from dimethyl malonate in this methodology is particularly significant.

With an intention to synergise the antibacterial activity of chalcones and oxazolidinones, several hybrid compounds possessing both chalcone and oxazolidinone moieties were synthesized and tested for antibacterial activity. The hybrid molecules containing heterocycles instead of aromatic ring were found to be active. A SAR study with various heterocycles resulted in a lead molecule 20, which was converted to one of the potent antibacterial compounds 27.

For the first time in India a cell culture system from the eye stalk of Penaeus indicus has been developed by a simple technique. On repeated trials 100% reproducibility could be obtained and the cell cultures developed could attain 100% confluency in plasdc bottles. The medium used for the development consisted of Leibovitz (L-15) 45%, (2X) (HIMEDIA, Bombay), supplemented with 18% foetal bovine serum (FBS), 27% prawn muscle extract (PME), 10% prawn haemolymph (PHL) and antibiodc mixture consisdng of penicillin, streptomycin sulphate and chloramphenicol. pH of the medium was adjusted to 6.8 to 7.2 and the osmolarity 720 ± 10 mOsm and the temperature of incubadon was 25°C. The cell culture development could be attained in closed system as well as in open system in a CO2 incubator in an atmosphere of 5% CO2. Interesdngly in all instances cell proliferadon and migration from the expiants and formation of monolayer could commence within 24 hours and the cultures developed could be maintained for more than 60 days without fluid change. The cells developed were epitheloid like with intracellular granules.