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Patients who undergo heart valve replacements with mechanical valves need to take Vitamin K Antagonists (VKA) drugs (Warfarin, Nicoumalone) which has got a very narrow therapeutic range and needs very close monitoring using PT-INR. Accessibility to physicians to titrate drugs doses is a major problem in low-middle income countries (LMIC) like India. Our work was aimed at predicting the maintenance dosage of these drugs, using the de-identified medical data collected from patients attending an INR Clinic in South India. We used artificial intelligence (AI) - machine learning to develop the algorithm. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) regression model was built to predict the maintenance dosage of warfarin, who have stable INR values between 2.0 and 4.0. We developed a simple user friendly android mobile application for patients to use the algorithm to predict the doses. The algorithm generated drug doses in 1100 patients were compared to cardiologist prescribed doses and found to have an excellent correlation.

Long term outcome data after BMS implant is not available from the Indian subcontinent. This is a prospective observational study which aims to study long term outcomes after BMS implant at a tertiary care centre. 100 consecutive patients underwent BMS implant and were followed up for 20 years. LAD was the most common vessel involved and different types of BMS were implanted. All-cause mortality was noted in 21% (n = 21) whereas cardiac mortality was seen in 16% (n = 16). Cumulative revascularisation free survival at 20 years was 71%. The study showed that long term outcomes after BMS implant were fare and acceptable.

The obstacle avoidance system uses a YOLO model to detect obstacles in real-time and provide spatial information about their location and size. This information is then passed to the GTTS system, which generates audio alerts to notify the user of the presence of an obstacle and its location. The audio alerts are generated in a natural-sounding voice to provide the user with clear and concise information. To evaluate the effectiveness of our proposed system, we conducted experiments with visually impaired individuals in real-world scenarios. The results show that our system can significantly improve obstacle detection and avoidance performance compared to traditional methods. The participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the system’s performance and ease of use.

This document provides a list of references related to the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in various medical applications. PRP is derived from a patient's own blood and contains a high concentration of platelets, which release growth factors that promote tissue healing and regeneration. The references include studies on the use of PRP in skin grafting, wound healing, and other medical procedures. This list serves as a valuable resource for further research on the topic of PRP. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract We evaluated the cardioprotective effect of Amalaki Rasayana (AR), a rejuvenating Ayurvedic drug prepared from Phyllanthus emblica fruits in the reversal of remodeling changes in pressure overload left ventricular cardiac hypertrophy (LVH) and age-associated cardiac dysfunction in male Wistar rats. Six groups (aging groups) of 3 months old animals were given either AR or ghee and honey (GH) orally; seventh group was untreated. Ascending aorta was constricted using titanium clips in 3 months old rats (N = 24; AC groups) and after 6 months, AR or GH was given for further 12 months to two groups; one group was untreated. Histology, gene and protein expression analysis were done in heart tissues. Chemical composition of AR was analyzed by HPLC, HPTLC and LC-MS. AR intake improved (P

Background: We undertook this study to validate the impact of FFR-guided coronary interventions among Indian patients, which is not readily available as of date. Our patients differ from their western counterparts, both in terms of risk profile (younger, more metabolic syndrome, lipid rich diet) as well as their coronary size. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 282 patients with intermediate stenosis in their coronary arteries, who underwent FFR to assess the functional severity of the lesion. There were 3 groups: Group 1–FFR > 0.8 and kept on medical follow-up; Group 2–FFR ≤ 0.8 and underwent revascularisation; and Group 3–FFR ≤ 0.8 and refused to undergo revascularization. 281(99.6%) patients had regular follow-up in our clinic. Results: Median age-57 years (range = 28–78). Males = 230, 90 patients were in Group 1, 175 in group 2 (PCI in 144 & CABG in 31) and 17 in group 3. Median follow-up of patients was 17.9 months (2 to 56 months). Three patients(3.4%) in Group 1 had MACE (1 STEMI, 2 UA); 4 patients (2.3%) in Group 2 had Non-STE-ACS; 7 patients (41%) in Group 3 had MACE (3 deaths with acute LVF, 2 NSTEMI, 2 STEMI) Conclusion: In our experience, MACE events were not higher in patients with FFR > 0.8 and kept under medical therapy and were similarly lower in patients with FFR ≤0.8 and underwent revascularisation (p = 0.73). Also MACE events were higher in patients with FFR ≤ 0.8 and did not undergo revascularisation compared to other two appropriately treated groups (p = 0.03). FFR based revascularization decision appears to be a safe strategy in Indian patients.

Abstract Background Recognizing patterns of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in families helps to identify and target individuals who may have the most to gain from preventive interventions. The overall goal of the study is to test the effectiveness and sustainability of an integrated care model for managing cardiovascular risk in high risk families. The proposed care model targets the structural and environmental conditions that predispose high risk families to development of CHD through the following interventions: 1) screening for cardiovascular risk factors, 2) providing lifestyle interventions 3) providing a framework for linkage to appropriate primary health care facility, and 4) active follow-up of intervention adherence. Methods Initially, a formative qualitative research component will gather information on understanding of diseases, barriers to care, specific components of the intervention package and feedback on the intervention. Then a cluster randomized controlled trial involving 740 families comprising 1480 participants will be conducted to determine whether the package of interventions (integrated care model) is effective in reducing or preventing the progression of CHD risk factors and risk factor clustering in families. The sustainability and scalability of this intervention will be assessed through economic (cost-effectiveness analyses) and qualitative evaluation (process outcomes) to estimate value and acceptability. Scalability is informed by cost-effectiveness and acceptability of the integrated cardiovascular risk reduction approach. Discussion Knowledge generated from this trial has the potential to significantly affect new programmatic policy and clinical guidelines that will lead to improvements in cardiovascular health in India. Trial registration number NCT02771873, registered in May 2016 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT02771873 )

Objective: Warfarin is the most commonly prescribed oral anticoagulant, although having a narrow therapeutic index and wide interindividual variability. The aim of this study was to replicate the utility of VKORC1 (−1639G>A) rs9923231 genotyping in predicting the mean daily dose and to evaluate its ability to categorize warfarin-treated patients to high-, intermediate-, or low-dose categories in the South Indian population. Materials and methods: A cohort of 222 warfarin-treated patients was genotyped using restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The influence of the rs9923231 polymorphism on the variations in the mean daily dose was compared using one-way analysis of variance and linear regression analysis. Discriminatory ability of the rs9923231 polymorphism to group the patients into ordered dose categories was assessed by estimating the proportional odds ratios using the ordered logit regression analysis. Results: The frequency of AA genotype and A allele in the study sample was found to be 1.8% and 9.23%, respectively, which was similar to reports from other South Indian populations. The mean daily dose required to achieve the optimum international normalized ratio was significantly lower in AA homozygous genotype carriers (3.99 ± 1.67 mg/day) and GA heterozygous (4.26 ± 1.57 mg/day) compared to the GG genotype carriers (5.51 ± 2.13 mg/day), p = 0.003. The A allele carriers (GA+AA genotypes) had a 3.23 higher odds of being grouped as a low-dose requiring category compared to non-carriers (95% CI 1.49–6.98, p = 0.003). Conclusions: These preliminary results strongly support the use of VKORC1 (−1639G>A) rs9923231 polymorphism for genetically guided initial warfarin dosing in South Indian patients with heart valve replacements. Keywords: VKORC1, Polymorphism, Warfarin, Pharmacogenetics, Regression

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a disease associated with a high morbidity and mortality. There is paucity of data regarding PH from the developing countries including India. Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is the most important etiological factor in the western world, but PH secondary to rheumatic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and untreated congenital heart disease could well be the predominant causes in developing countries like India. The main objective of the PROKERALA study – Pulmonary hypertension Registry Of Kerala is to collect data regarding the etiology, practice patterns and one-year outcomes of patients diagnosed to have PH. Methods: The study is a hospital-based registry in the state of Kerala supported and funded by the Cardiological Society of India, Kerala Chapter. A total of 77 hospitals have agreed to participate in the registry. PH was defined as systolic pulmonary artery pressure derived by echocardiography of more than 50 mmHg (by tricuspid regurgitation jet) or mean PA pressure more than 25 mmHg obtained at cardiac catheterization. A detailed questionnaire is administered which includes the demographic characteristics, risk factors, family history, ECG data, 6 minute walk test distance, chest X ray findings and echocardiographic data. Details of PH specific therapy and one-year follow-up data are collected. From a preliminary survey in the region, we estimated that we will be able to collect 2000 cases over a period of one year.

Introduction: To study effects of various sites of right ventricular pacing lead implantation on left ventricular function by 2-dimensional (2D) speckle tracking for radial strain and LV dyssynchrony. Methods: This was retrospective prospective study. Fifteen patients each with right ventricular (RV) apical (RV apex and apical septum) and non-apical (mid septal and low right ventricular outflow tract [RVOT]) were programmed to obtain 100% ventricular pacing for evaluation by echo. Location and orientation of lead tip was noted and archived by fluoroscopy. Electrocardiography (ECG) was archived and 2D echo radial dyssynchrony was calculated. Results: The baseline data was similar between two groups. Intraventricular dyssynchrony was significantly more in apical location as compared to non-apical location (radial dyssynchrony: 108.2±50.2 vs. 50.5±24, P

Heart failure (HF) is recognized as a major public health problem in both the low and high- income countries. However, data are scarce on the burden, prevailing practice patterns and long-term health outcomes of HF patients in India. The Kerala heart failure registry (KHFR) is a multi-centric, prospective, and hospital based registry in Kerala, India. Consecutive patients admitted with the diagnosis of acute heart failure satisfying the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) criteria will be enrolled in the registry. Data on demographic, clinical, laboratory, imaging, other diagnostics and therapeutic approaches employed and the usage of guideline based medical therapy will be collected as part of the registry. Additionally, all registered patients will be followed-up regularly at 1-month, and thereafter at every 3-months. Both mortality and hospital admission data will be collected during the follow-up visits. We will be recruiting 7500 HF patients in the KHFR. Once completed, KFHR is going to be the largest HF registry in India. We will validate a HF mortality risk score developed based on a previously conducted Trivandrum Heart Failure Registry in the KHFR patients. Keywords: Heart failure, Registry, Coronary artery disease, Cardiomyopathy, Guideline directed medical therapy

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death and disability in Kerala, India. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a constellation of established risk factors for CAD. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of MS and evaluate the association between MS and CAD using a community-based sample population.A cross-sectional community based survey was conducted in urban and rural areas of Kerala in 2011. We included 5063 individuals for analysis. Age standardized prevalence of MS, associated diagnoses (hypertension, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia) and other potential risk factors were assessed for men and women in both urban and rural locations. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were developed to identify participant characteristics that are associated with MS.After standardization for age and adjustment for sex and urban-rural distribution, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Kerala was 24%, 29% and 33% for the NCEP ATP III, IDF and AHA/NHLBI Harmonization definitions, respectively. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 51 (14) years, and 60% were women. Women had a higher prevalence of MS than men (28% versus 20% for ATP III, p

Sinus of valsalva aneurysm is considered to be one of the rarest complications of inflammatory aortitis. Herewith, we are reporting a young male patient who presented to us with severe aortic regurgitation. On evaluation, he was found to have unruptured sinus of valsalva aneurysm. CT angiography and magnetic resonance imaging have shown value in the diagnosis of sinus of valsalva aneurysm.

Background: There is paucity of reliable contemporary data on prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and risk factors in Indians. Only a few studies on prevalence of CAD have been conducted in Kerala, a Southern Indian state. The main objective of the Cardiological Society of India Kerala Chapter Coronary Artery Disease and Its Risk Factors Prevalence Study (CSI Kerala CRP Study) was to determine the prevalence of CAD and risk factors of CAD in men and women aged 20–79 years in urban and rural settings of three geographical areas of Kerala. Methods: The design of the study was cross-sectional population survey. We estimated the sample size based on an anticipated prevalence of 7.4% of CAD for rural and 11% for urban Kerala. The derived sample sizes for rural and urban areas were 3000 and 2400, respectively. The urban areas for sampling constituted one ward each from three municipal corporations at different parts of the state. The rural sample was drawn from two panchayats each in the same districts as the urban sample. One adult from each household in the age group of 20–59 years was selected using Kish method. All subjects between 60 and 79 years were included from each household. A detailed questionnaire was administered to assess the risk factors, history of CAD, family history, educational status, socioeconomic status, dietary habits, physical activity and treatment for CAD; anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, electrocardiogram and fasting blood levels of glucose and lipids were recorded.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of percutaneous closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) on left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function in children. Background: Limited studies are available on alteration in LV hemodynamics, especially diastolic function, after PDA closure. Methods: Thirty-two consecutive children with isolated PDA treated by trans-catheter closure were studied. The LV systolic and diastolic function were assessed by two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging 1 day before the PDA closure, on day 1, and on follow-up. Results: At baseline, none of the patients had LV systolic dysfunction. On day 1 post-PDA closure, 8 (25%) children developed LV systolic dysfunction. The baseline LV ejection fraction (LVEF), LV end-systolic dimension (LVESD), and PDA diastolic gradient predicted the post-closure LVEF. Patients who developed post-closure LV systolic dysfunction had poorer LV diastolic function than those who did not. LV diastolic properties improved after PDA closure; however, the improvement in LV diastolic properties lagged behind the improvement in the LV systolic function. All children were asymptomatic and had normal LVEF on follow up of >3 months. Conclusions: Percutaneous closure of PDA is associated with the reversible LV systolic dysfunction. Improvement in the LV diastolic function lags behind that in the LV systolic function.