Search

Abstract Background Previous evidence had suggested age and sex affect the reporting rate of adverse events following immunization (AEFI), but with little exploration of potential their non-linear and interaction effects on AEFIs. Examining these non-linear effects could be beneficial for identifying high-risk populations. Methods Using AEFI records and vaccination data from national passive surveillance system of adverse event following immunization and Zhejiang provincial immunization information system in the 2021–2022 influenza season, respectively. The effects of age and sex on AEFIs were analyzed through the generalized additive model (logistic regression with a smooth term) to estimate non-linear characteristics after adjusting for other co-variables (adopted significance level p

Abstract The mechanical deformation of coals occurring extensively during the geological period (tectonically deformed coals) can directly alter their pore structures and then the storage of coalbed methane. This study in-situ investigated the effects of different mechanical deformations on the ultramicropore structure and the methane adsorption of coal molecules using molecular simulations. The results show that the shear deformation (

Childhood vaccine coverage rates are not optimal for controlling vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), as outbreaks of VPDs occur from time to time globally. To address this gap, many countries have enacted and strengthened childhood vaccination programs, which are often mandatory. Mandatory vaccination programs are often controversial because they may reduce or eliminate individual choice. A standard approach for evaluating the mandatory vaccination program is not available. Vaccine types, target age groups, program rigidity, incentives or penalties, enforcement, and compensation mechanism for adverse events following immunization vary across the world. This article reviewed the mandatory childhood vaccination, and presented examples to illustrate the variations among different programs, outcomes, and key considerations when contemplating these programs. Before implementing mandatory childhood vaccination programs, it is critical to ensure financial sustainability, a steady supply of vaccines, equitable access for all target population, and tailored implementation to fit the local culture and context.

Two RV vaccines have been licensed in Zhejiang province, China, including the pentavalent RotaTeq (RV5) and the monovalent RV vaccine (RV1). This study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of RV1 and RV5 to inform the prioritization of provincial immunization program. A decision tree-Markov model was applied to assess the cost-effectiveness of RV1 or RV5 vaccination, compared to no RV vaccination in a 5-year period. The incremental health cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is averted when each kind of RV vaccine included in the immunization program was estimated. It was also compared to the willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of 1 time of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita of Zhejiang province in 2021 (16865.70US$). The uncertainties of these results were assessed through the one-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. In the base-case scenario, RV5 was the least costly RV vaccine with a cost-effectiveness ratio of 510 US$ per DALY averted. The other RV1 vaccines provided equivalent benefits but at higher costs, with a cost-effectiveness ratio of 4600 US$ per DALY averted. Compared to no vaccination, the probabilities of being cost-effective were 72.3% for RV1 and 88.4% for RV5, at a WTP threshold of 1 time of the GDP per capita. An RV vaccination program using any of the two China-licensed RV vaccines compared to no vaccination would avert 30–70% of outpatient visits, hospitalizations, and deaths from RVGE. RV5 was currently estimated to be the most cost-effective.

Objectives To evaluate the reporting rate of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (4vHPV) and to compare the reporting rate of AEFI following 4vHPV with those following other vaccines. Methods Review and describe the AEFI reported to national adverse event following immunization surveillance system (NAEFISS) in Zhejiang province from 2018 to 2020. Reporting rates of AEFI were calculated by age, city, severity of AEFI, categories of AEFI, and reaction categories. The data mining algorithm used in this study was reporting odds ratio (ROR). A value of ROR‑1.96SE >1 (standard error [SE]) was considered as positive signal. Results NAEFISS received 238 reports after receipt of 4vHPV and 899,282 doses of 4vHPV were administered during the study period, with a crude reporting rate of 2.7/10000 doses. Fever/redness/induration (101 reports) was the most common event reported (1.12/10000 doses). Two cases of anaphylactic shock, three cases of Guillain Barre Syndrome and two cases of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis were reported. ROR showed positive signals for seizure (ROR‑1.96SE: 2.1), syncope (ROR‑1.96SE: 1.3), allergic rash (ROR‑1.96SE: 1.6) and headache (ROR‑1.96SE: 2.1). Conclusion The present analysis did not identify new/unexpected safety concerns. Further epidemiological studies are required to systematically validate the data provided by NAEFISS.

The safety profile of the 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine (9vHPV) was evaluated based on the reporting rate of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) obtained from the passive surveillance data in Zhejiang. The 9vHPV AEFI reports in Zhejiang were collected and reviewed from the National Adverse Event Following Immunization Surveillance System (NAEFISS) from 2019 to 2021. Reporting rates of AEFI were analyzed under multiple aspects, including age, city, number of vaccinations, AEFI categories, and diagnosis categories. This study used the reporting odds ratio (ROR) for anomalous signal assessment. The NAEFISS collected 331 AEFI reports after administering 1,064,851 doses of 9vHPV, with a crude AEFI rate of 3.12/10,000 doses. The third dose had the highest reporting rate of minor vaccine-related reaction (n = 80, 3.06 per 10,000), followed by the first dose (n = 134, 2.98 per 10,000), and second dose (n = 76, 2.15 per 10,000). Fever/redness/induration was the most common minor adverse event (281 records, 2.64/10,000 doses). Nine cases of urticaria, ten cases of allergic rash, and ten cases of syncope were recorded. This study found a positive signal association between 9vHPV immunization and adverse events such as syncope, encephalitis, sterile abscess, and urticaria. This study did not identify any new emerging safety concerns. In the future, more research is needed to validate and further explore adverse reactions associated with 9vHPV.

Objectives: This study summarizes passive surveillance data for adverse events following immunization (AEFI) in Zhejiang province. Methods: The AEFI reports and number of doses on all vaccines used were extracted from the national AEFI surveillance system and the immunization information system of Zhejiang province (ZJIIS). Reporting rates of AEFI were calculated by age, city, severity of AEFI, categories of AEFI, vaccine types, and reaction categories. Results: A total of 13,079 AEFI records were reported and 23,091,401 vaccine doses were administered, with a reporting rate of 56.64/100,000 doses for AEFI. The highest reporting rate of AEFI was observed among the infants

Background We compared results from household data sources to medical record sources by using data from a vaccination coverage survey. Methods Vaccination coverage (VC) was calculated based on parental recall, household vaccination booklet, and Zhejiang provincial immunization information system (ZJIIS). We evaluated the accuracy of VC based on household sources (vaccination booklet and recall) assuming the medical record was accurate. Concordance, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were estimated as well as the Kappa statistic was also used to evaluate the agreement between data sources. Results Among the 1,800 children identified in the household survey, all were registered in ZJIIS. VC estimated using the vaccination booklet alone was substantially lower than that based on medical records (net bias 3.4–16.7% in different age groups). VC based on parental recall ranged from 2.5% below (among children aged 1 year) to 16.7% points above (among children aged 6 years) than those based on medical records. Concordance was lowest for card estimates (32.5–45.5%). Sensitivity was 75%, while negative predictive value was

BackgroundInflammatory pseudotumor-like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (IPT-like FDCS) is a rare subtype of follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) that is mainly located in the liver and spleen (1). Splenic IPT-like FDCS is a rare low-grade malignancy with non-specific clinical manifestations and laboratory findings. Herein, we reported the pathological and imaging features of a case with splenic IPT-like FDCS.Case presentationA 57-year-old woman was found to have a mass in the spleen during a physical examination and was hospitalized for further treatment. Her laboratory results were within the normal range. Unenhanced and contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans of the whole abdomen showed a round mass in the spleen, with a diameter of about 5 cm. After further examination with enhanced MRI, a provisional diagnosis of splenic hemangioma or splenic hamartoma was made. The patient underwent splenectomy, and the pathological diagnosis was splenic IPT-like FDCS. No tumor recurrence or metastasis was found during the 1-year follow-up after the operation.ConclusionsHerein, we reported a case of splenic IPT-like FDCS. Although the clinical examination and laboratory examination lack specificity, the imaging of this case showed that the lesion was a solid mass with progressive enhancement, and the central scar showed the characteristics of delayed enhancement, which facilitated the diagnosis.

Once the structure of a metamaterial is fixed, it has the property of controlling elastic waves in a fixed frequency range. To obtain a metamaterial with an optimal structure, a co-simulation optimization method is proposed in this paper to optimize the acoustic properties of metamaterials. The method combines the advantages of COMSOL, MATLAB, and ISIGHT to obtain optimal results. Due to the application of the algorithms in ISIGHT, different design requirements can be met, such as designing the bandgap frequency of the acoustic metamaterial in a specific range, reducing the frequency of the bandgap, and improving the overall performance of the STL (sound transmission loss) without manual tuning. To test the feasibility of the method, a new double-panel acoustic metamaterial is also proposed, where the bandgap interval of the metamaterial can be designed to nearly 240 Hz by using the thickness of the support columns and the structural parameters of the open split-ring resonance as bandgap optimization parameters. The bandgap interval can also be lowered from 174 to 193 Hz when different optimization targets are chosen. In addition, the overall performance of the STL can be optimized, showing better absorption of low-frequency noise. Therefore, this co-simulation method can achieve multi-parameter optimization for different optimization targets and ensure that the results obtained by the applied algorithm are optimal. Furthermore, this method has great potential in further development as it avoids complex algorithm programming.

Objectives The aim of this study is to describe the reporting rate of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with pentavalent vaccine: diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus-poliomyelitis-Haemophilus influenzae type b (DPT-IPV/Hib), and to determine whether the reporting rate of AEFI following DPT-IPV/Hib was higher than the average level of the other vaccines. Methods Review and describe the AEFI reported to national adverse event following immunization surveillance system (NAEFISS) in Zhejiang province from 2015 to 2020. Reporting rates of AEFI were calculated by age, city, severity of AEFI, categories of AEFI, and reaction categories. The data mining algorithm used in this study was reporting odds ratio (ROR). A value of ROR‑1.96SE >1 (standard error [SE]) was considered as positive signal. Results NAEFISS received 5726 AEFI reports following DTP-IPV/Hib, with a reporting rate of 20.01/10000 doses. Of the reported AEFI, 202 were serious vaccine product-related reactions, including two cases of anaphylactic shock, five cases of Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) and two cases of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. The reporting rate of fever/redness/induration was the highest among all the clinical diagnosis (14.97/10000 doses). The positive signals were obtained for allergic rash (ROR-1.96SE: 1.36), febrile convulsion (ROR-1.96SE: 1.32) and GBS (ROR-1.96SE: 1.16). Conclusion The present findings bolstered that the DTP-IPV/Hib administered as the four-dose schedule was generally well tolerated in Chinese infants as we did not identify any new/unexpected safety concern from the NAEFISS during a six-year timespan.

Objectives To evaluate the safety of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) after its licensure. Methods Review and describe the AEFI reported to national adverse event following immunization surveillance system (NAEFISS) in Zhejiang province from 2017 to 2020. Reporting rates of AEFI were calculated by age, city, severity of AEFI, categories of AEFI, and reaction categories. The data mining algorithm used in this study was reporting odds ratio (ROR). A value of ROR-1.96SE >1 (standard error [SE]) was considered as the positive signal. Results NAEFISS received 3332 AEFI cases following PCV13, with a reporting rate of 17.58/10000 doses. Of the reported AEFI, 652 were serious AEFI cases and the reporting rate was 3.44 for serious AEFI. The reporting rate of fever was the highest among all the clinical diagnosis (7.39/10000 doses). The positive signals were obtained for injection site reaction (ROR-1.96SE: 1.55), hypotonic hyporesponsive episode (HHE) (ROR-1.96SE: 1.62) and febrile seizure (ROR-1.96SE: 1.52). Conclusion The present results supported previous observations that the PCV13 administered as the four-dose schedule was generally well tolerated in Chinese infants as we did not identify any new/unexpected safety concern from the NAEFISS during a four-year time period.

Objectives: One dose of Sabin-strains inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was introduced into the Chinese immunization program on 1 May 2016. This study aimed to evaluate the safety of Sabin-strains IPV and provide a comparison with conventional Salk-strains IPV. Methods: Adverse events following immunization (AEFI) records associated with Sabin-strains IPV and Salk-strains IPV were extracted from the national AEFI surveillance system (NAEFISS) from 1 May 2016 to 31 December 2020. The vaccination information on Sabin-strains IPV and Salk-strains IPV during the same period was obtained from the Zhejiang provincial immunization information system. Reporting rates of AEFI were calculated by age, city, severity of AEFI, categories of AEFI, and reaction categories and were compared between Sabin-strains IPV and Salk-strains IPV. Results: In total, 3,861,758 doses of Sabin-strains IPV and 1,018,604 doses of Salk-strains IPV were administered during the study period. The overall AEFI reporting rate for Sabin-strains IPV (3.96/10,000 doses) was significantly lower than that for Salk-strains IPV (5.03/10,000 doses) due to the reporting rate of the minor vaccine product-related reaction following Sabin-strains IPV was significantly lower than that for Salk-strains IPV (2.76/10,000 doses vs. 3.83/10,000 doses). The most frequently reported symptoms/signs were fever, induration/swelling, and rash/urticaria. The most frequently reported serious AEFI with a causal relationship was febrile convulsion, with the reporting rates of 0.10/10,000 doses for Sabin-strains IPV and 0.08/10,000 doses for Salk-strains IPV. No significant difference was found in the reporting rates of the other serious AEFI between the two types of IPV. Conclusion: Most of the AEFI following Sabin-strains IPV and Salk-strains IPV were mild and common adverse reactions. The reporting rate of serious AEFI was not significantly different between Sabin-strains IPV and Salk-strains IPV. Sabin-strains IPV had a favorable safety profile and could be widely used.

Herein, a novel form of bicomponent nanofiber membrane containing stereo-complex polylactic acid (SC-PLA) was successfully produced by the side-by-side electrospinning of Poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and Poly (D-lactic acid) (PDLA). We demonstrate that through these environmentally sustainable materials, highly efficient nanofiber assemblies for filtration can be constructed at very low basis weight. The physical and morphological structure, crystalline structure, hydrophobicity, porous structure, and filtration performance of the fibrous membranes were thoroughly characterized. It was shown that the fabricated polylactic acid (PLA) side-by-side fiber membrane had the advantages of excellent hydrophobicity, small average pore size, high porosity, high filtration efficiency, low pressure drop as well as superior air permeability. At the very low basis weight of 1.1 g/m2, the filtration efficiency and pressure drop of the prepared side-by-side membrane reached 96.2% and 30 Pa, respectively. Overall, this biomass-based, biodegradable filtration material has the potential to replace the fossil fuel-based polypropylene commercial meltblown materials for the design and development in filtration, separation, biomedical, personal protection and other fields.

Bicomponent composite fibers, due to their unique versatility, have attracted great attention in many fields, such as filtration, energy, and bioengineering. Herein, we efficiently fabricated polyvinylidene fluoride/polyimide (PVDF/PI) side-by-side bicomponent nanofibers based on electrospinning, which resulted in the synergism between PVDF and PI, and eventually obtained the effect of 1 + 1 > 2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the morphology and chemical structure of nanofibers, indicating that a large number of side-by-side nanofibers were successfully prepared. Further, the thermal stability, mechanical strength, and filtration properties of PVDF/PI were carefully investigated. The results revealed that the bicomponent nanofibers possessed both good mechanical strength and remarkable thermal stability. Moreover, the mechanical properties of PVDF/ PI were strengthened by more than twice after the heat treatment (7.28 MPa at 25 °C, 15.49 MPa at 230 °C). Simultaneously, after the heat treatment at 230 °C for 30 min, the filtration efficiency of PVDF/PI membrane was maintained at about 95.45 ± 1.09%, and the pressure drop was relatively low. Therefore, the prepared PVDF/PI side-by-side bicomponent nanofibers have a favorable prospect of application in the field of medium- and high-temperature filtration, which further expands the application range of electrospun fiber membranes.

This paper reports an experimental and numerical study on the spherical indentation behavior of three-dimensional (3D) warp-knitted mesh fabrics. A full-size finite element (FE) model of a typical 3D mesh fabric is established at the yarn level based on the realistic monofilament architecture from micro-computed tomography (µCT) scanning and verified with experiments. The structural change of the fabric in the spherical indentation process is quantitatively analyzed in terms of fabric global deformation, local deformation, mesh deformation, and spacer monofilament deformation from the FE simulation. The numerical results show that the fabric shrinks walewise and expands coursewise from the spherical indentation of the continuous intermeshed monofilament architecture, showing counterintuitive partial auxeticity. The coursewise symmetry and walewise asymmetry of the 3D mesh fabric produce relatively symmetrical coursewise deformation and asymmetrical walewise deformation under spherical indentation. The symmetrical coursewise deformation includes even widening, good fitting of the indenter, and almost identical mesh sizes in the coursewise direction. Walewise asymmetry leads to uneven shortening, inferior fitting of the indenter, and considerably varied mesh sizes in the walewise direction. Spacer monofilaments in different positions relative to the spherical indenter have different deformations. The closer to the indenter, the greater bending and twisting of the spacer monofilament. The spacer monofilament knitted earlier of the tested fabric has smaller deformation than that knitted later due to the walewise asymmetry. The coursewise symmetry and walewise asymmetry of the inhomogeneous 3D mesh fabric structure result in a highly nonlinear spherical indentation behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]