Search

Con la modifica degli artt. 9 e 41 della Carta Costituzionale la nozione di sviluppo sostenibile è (finalmente) entrata in Costituzione (Legge 1/2022). È vero che diverse sentenze della Corte Costituzionale hanno consentito l’inclusione dell’ambiente già prima del 2022, ma è altresì vero che l’introduzione della tutela dell’ambiente tra i “principi supremi” della Carta Costituzionale (Sent. 1146/1988) rappresenta un solenne impegno a migliorare le scelte a tutti i livelli nella giusta direzione. Quanto sopra sollecita un nuovo modo di fare le scelte nelle politiche pubbliche e negli investimenti privati, volte ad affrontare la sfida dell’inquinamento, del cambiamento climatico, del degrado ambientale, della perdita della biodiversità (che stanno gravemente minacciando la vita della Terra) ed anche della povertà crescente. Nella valutazione delle scelte relative alle attività economiche si introduce oltre alla “utilità sociale” anche il riferimento alla “utilità ambientale”. L’ambiente, infatti, non è più da considerarsi come risorsa da degradare per conseguire i benefici dello sviluppo economico ma come fondamento stesso del ben-essere e buon-vivere. Ne consegue un nuovo modo di fare le scelte, che sia capace di considerare il “vero costo” dello sviluppo economico e di garantire a tutti pari opportunità e diritti., BDC. Bollettino Del Centro Calza Bini, V. 22 N. 2 (2022): Renewable Energy Communities: Urban Research and Land Use Planning

The aim of this paper is to illustrate some outcomes of a research project financed by HORIZON 2020: Circular models Leveraging Investments in Cultural heritage adaptive reuse (CLIC). The general issue of CLIC research was: how to transform a waste/abandoned/dead site in to an attractive and living ecosystem through adaptive reuse. Four kinds of cultural heritage assets were, in particular, considered in the CLIC research: dismissed churches, abandoned industrial buildings, farm buildings no longer used for agriculture and cultural landscape. The CLIC project main objective was to identify evaluation tools to test, implement, validate and share innovative “circular” financing, business and governance models for systemic adaptive reuse of cultural heritage, demonstrating the economic, social, environmental convenience in the long term. Keywords: adaptive reuse, circular economy, Horizon 2020 CLIC, Bulletin of the Calza Bini Center, Vol 22 No 1 (2022): Towards a Circular Relationship between Territory and the City

La città per molto tempo è stata considerata come artificio antitetico alla natura: come lo “spazio dell’uomo per l’uomo”, considerato “altro” rispetto al territorio extraurbano ed alla stessa natura. In realtà, il territorio offre alla città gli input necessari per mantenere le sue diverse attività e lo stile di vita. La città è fonte di produzione di beni/servizi esportati anche all’esterno, ma anche di rifiuti e di entropia. Come migliorare questa relazione metabolica? In particolare, come le soluzioni nature-led possono migliorare questo rapporto tra città e territorio?, BDC. Bollettino Del Centro Calza Bini, Vol 22 No 1 (2022): Towards a Circular Relationship between Territory and the City

È questo un momento storico di straordinarie ed accelerate trasformazioni, oltre che di crescenti squilibri e conflitti. Lo sforzo è quello di interpretare lo status quo, creando/proponendo generalizzazioni: cercando di comprendere le relazioni di causa-effetto tra i fenomeni che leggiamo o riscontriamo, cercando di capire in anticipo quali possono essere sviluppi futuri dello status quo/realtà e soprattutto facendo opera di discernimento critico per ordinare/gerarchizzare ciò che è importante da ciò che è meno importante, da ciò che è assolutamente irrilevante. E quindi “compito” di un Centro di Ricerca diventa quello di proporre/elaborare possibili piste da offrire alla riflessione o da suggerire/seguire per realizzare possibili cambiamenti in una direzione complessivamente più desiderabile della città. La pandemia dovuta al Covid-19 sta evidenziando la limitata resilienza che caratterizza la struttura organizzativa complessiva della nostra società/città (a partire forse proprio da quella delle aree economicamente più ricche). Essa rende ancora più complessa la reazione alla sfida del cambiamento climatico. Ma nello stesso tempo, la pandemia ha fatto “riscoprire” l’importanza delle zone “interne” ed extraurbane (rispetto alle aree di concentrazione) nella ricerca di condizioni di maggiore salubrità e sicurezza., BDC. Bollettino Del Centro Calza Bini, Vol 21 No 2 (2021): Inner and Marginalized Areas: Geographies and Alliances Towards New Cohesion Policies

This deliverable presents the results of the work carried out under the Horizon 2020 CLIC project, specifically in the Work Package 2 “Creating evidence base of cultural heritage impacts”. The objective of this report is to present the CLIC Methodology for the assessment of cultural heritage adaptive reuse impacts in the perspective of the circular economy, and provide a guidance for stakeholders and professionals. The assessment methodology presented in this document is focused on ex-ante evaluation, to support participatory decision-making enhancing choices on transformation and conservation of cultural heritage. The CLIC methodology for impacts assessment includes themultidimensional indicator framework provided in D2.4. Through the CLIC methodology and indicators set, it will be possible to compare different adaptive reuse alternatives in terms of actual and potential impact of cultural heritage and landscape regeneration.

This Deliverable reports the work under CLIC project on the identification of indicators for the assessment of multidimensional impacts of cultural heritage adaptive reuse projects in the circular economy perspective. The result is a structured set of criteria and indicators that could serve the scope of providing a guidance to researchers, stakeholders and policy-makers willing to create evidence of the impacts of cultural heritage adaptive reuse projects. The results come out of a long and complex process of research, experimentation and stakeholders consultation, adopting a interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary approach, exploring concepts, methods and tools and hybridizing scientific/expert and practice knowledge. This report aims to become a reference for the identification and use of multidimensional indicators for ex-post and ex-ante evaluation of cultural heritage adaptive reuse projects, in the perspective of the “circular human-centred development model”.

The adaptive re-use of cultural assets is proposed as the entry point for implementing the circular city, that is the specific spatial/territorial aspect of the circular economy. The circular re-use contributes to implement the “city of the human being and of nature”, in which the nature is considered the most important infrastructure. The paper discuss the ways in which adaptive reuse can be implemented, starting from some fundamental problems and the approach taken, and that determines the differences with other approaches about heritage assets reuse, in which the key attention is about the attractiveness and its multidimensional impacts and in which the economic, environmental, social, cultural dimensions are interpreted as having the same weight. The perspective is to search in the adaptive reuse new solutions able to re-integrate economy into ecology and into the human paradigm using new tools: from new management models to new evaluation decision support systems. Keywords: adaptive reuse; integrated evaluation; circular economy, Bulletin of the Calza Bini Center, V. 19 N. 2 (2019): New Green Deal: Towards Ecological and Human-centered Urban Development Strategies

This paper aims to provide an analysis of cultural heritage, in both its tangible and intangible dimension, as an ecosystem. It discusses the theories of value underlining the need to overcome the traditional assessment approach based on instrumental values and to propose a new avenue to talk and assess cultural heritage, specifically focusing on its genius loci. Clearly, there is the need to take into account intrinsic values as well. How to improve the effectiveness of recovery, restoration and valorization interventions on cultural heritage and landscapes? The lens of ecology is here introduced in planning conservation. A complex notion of value of cultural heritage is proposed, which will imply specific consequences on evaluation processes. We propose such reflection on methods for valuation of cultural heritage and landscapes in an ecosystemic perspective to inform policy making and physical and spatial planning for sustainable management of cultural heritage and landscapes. Keywords: genius loci, instrumental values, intrinsic values, Bulletin of the Calza Bini Center, V. 19 N. 2 (2019): New Green Deal: Towards Ecological and Human-centered Urban Development Strategies

Each city is a living organism with its own dynamics. Cities, as complex dynamic and adaptive systems, are able of self-organization/self-management. There are many causes of the decline of cities today (poverty, unemployment, etc.) that interdepend on the others in continuous retroactive processes. The general proposal of this paper refers to a key word: “regeneration” as revitalization of the activities in the perspective of the circular economy/city. The aim is to explore how an urban circular economy can be implemented through a cultural landscape-based approach, analysing the case study of Matera (Italy) and assuming the interdependence between a specific landscape and the circular economy/city models. The aim is to understand how to transform a millennial experience of underdevelopment into a dynamic development perspective., Aestimum, Aestimum 74 (2019)

By referring to the European Green Deal, this paper analyzes the “intrinsic value” of cultural heritage by investigating the human-centered adaptive reuse of this heritage. This implies questions such as how toimprove the effectiveness of reuse, restoration, and valorization interventions on cultural heritage/landscapes and how to transform a cultural asset into a place, interpreted as a living ecosystem, to be managed as a living organism. The autopoietic characteristic of the eco-bio-systems, specifically focusing on the intrinsic versus instrumental values of cultural heritage ecosystem is discussed in detail. Specifically, the notion of complex social value is introduced to express the above integration. In ecology, the notion of intrinsic value (or “primary value”) relates to the recognition of a value that “pre-exists” any exploitation by human beings. The effectiveness of transforming a heritage asset into a living ecosystem is seen to follow from an integration of these two values. In this context, the paper provides an overview of the different applications of the business model concept in the circular economy, for a better investment decision-making and management in heritage adaptive reuse. Matera case is presented as an example of a cultural heritage ecosystem. To conclude, recommendations toward an integrated approach in managing the adaptive reuse of heritage ecosystem as a living organism are proposed.

Nel luglio 2020 il WHO (World Health Organization) proponeva un importante Manifesto post COVID-19. Esso riguarda alcuni punti essenziali, quali la conservazione della biodiversità a garanzia della salute/benessere, la necessità di poter fruire di servizi igienico/sanitari essenziali la necessità di avviare quanto prima la transizione verso una energia non fossile. Un punto si riferisce esplicitamente alle città, da progettare, pianificare e gestire in modo da garantire benessere e qualità della vita (healthy, liveable cities). Si metteva in evidenza la necessità di incorporare nelle strategie di sviluppo e negli strumenti di pianificazione i valori ecologici, ed in particolare il “valore della natura”. Nel paragrafo n. 5 si auspica l’integrazione dell’obiettivo tutela della salute/benessere delle persone negli strumenti e nelle politiche urbanistiche generali e di settore (mobilità, energia, verde pubblico, ecc.). Gli spazi pubblici, i luoghi, le aree a parco pubblico, le infrastrutture green/blue, ecc., sono viste come essenziale strumento per garantire il diritto alla salute/benessere dei cittadini., BDC. Bollettino Del Centro Calza Bini, Vol 20 No 2 (2020): Public Spaces, Nature-based Infrastructures and Common Goods

Questo numero di BDC affronta, da un lato, una tematica particolare, rappresentata dal riuso funzionale del patrimonio culturale ecclesiale dismesso. Dall’altro approfondisce tale questione dal punto di vista del modello di Economia Circolare, e più precisamente del modello di città circolare, su cui la Rivista già da tempo si è impegnata. Quanto sopra va visto in relazione alla proposta di un gruppo di Docenti appartenenti al Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Urbanistica “Alberto Calza Bini”, approvata nell’Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, di un Corso di Perfezionamento sul “Riuso adattivo e Gestione integrata del Patrimonio culturale religioso dismesso”. Si tratta di un Corso di Perfezionamento finalizzato alla formazione di una figura professionale specializzata nel campo del riuso adattivo del patrimonio culturale religioso dismesso, nel quadro dei processi di rigenerazione urbana e territoriale. Tale patrimonio, che costituisce la categoria più frequente dei siti UNESCO, rappresenta un segno che caratterizza fortemente il paesaggio urbano ed extraurbano (soprattutto italiano ed europeo); se abbandonato e/o lasciato degradare, si determina un danno su molteplici piani (costi di manutenzione e gestione molto elevati, minore capacità attrattiva alla localizzazione di attività e persone, rinuncia al soddisfacimento di bisogni sociali/relazionali, ecc.). In realtà, in seguito ai processi di decremento ed invecchiamento demografico, di urbanizzazione crescente nelle aree urbane (soprattutto costiere) e con l’abbandono conseguente delle aree “interne”, nonché con il venir meno della pratica religiosa tradizionale, è sempre più avvertita la necessità di identificare nuovi usi (non liturgici o religiosi) per gli edifici una volta destinati al culto, che però siano congruenti con il “valore intrinseco” del patrimonio religioso. Quanto sopra riguarda sia le istituzioni ecclesiastiche proprietarie, che i soggetti pubblici e gli attori privati e del civile/sociale, essendo coinvolto l’interesse generale della comunità locale nell’identificazione dei nuovi valori di uso. In questa prospettiva, occorre identificare i “valori di uso” più coerenti con l’originario valore intrinseco, reperire le necessarie risorse finanziarie evitando comunque usi impropri, e promuovere nel contempo micro-comunità “intorno” all’esperienza di riuso. Pertanto, si sta configurando una crescente domanda di formazione professionale specialistica (che non riguarda soltanto l’Italia, ma anche l’Unione Europea), capace di un appropriato discernimento critico comunitario sia per leggere ed interpretare la realtà che per gestire il cambiamento, attraverso nuovi approcci progettuali e gestionali, nonché nuovi strumenti di valutazione allo scopo di migliorare i processi decisionali, di finanziamento e di governance., BDC. Bollettino Del Centro Calza Bini, Vol 19 No 1 (2019): The Circular Economy Model: from the Building Functional Reuse to the Urban System Regeneration

This paper investigates the relationships between Circular Economy, Circular City and Cultural Heritage Adaptive Reuse in terms of evaluation methods. Circular economy is the economy of natural bio eco/system that reduces entropy, increases resilience and stimulates cooperation between components (it starts from the search of efficiency, but it is based and it stimulates cooperation / synergies). It is the economy of co-evolution, co-operation, co-ordination of actions for a common interest. Circular city is the concept of city as a living complex dynamic circular system, cities able to self-organize, self-manage, self-govern themselves. Cultural Heritage is the memory itself of the urban living system; it is the heart of the city, its identity conserved over the centuries. This work is focused on the structuring of a systemic evaluation framework based on criteria and indicators to assess Cultural Heritage Adaptive Reuse impacts in the perspective of the Circular Economy. Pilot applications in Italian and Belgian case studies are presented.

La tesi che si propone in questo Documento, frutto della riflessione del Laboratorio MEIC di Napoli nel corso del 2019/2020 è che il modello di economia circolare trova le sue origini nei principi della Scuola Economica Francescana e successivamente nella Scuola napoletana di Antonio Genovesi dell’Economia Civile. Cooperazione, reciprocità, fiducia sono le pre-condizioni dello sviluppo economico che già la Scuola francescana e quella napoletana avevano con estrema chiarezza identificato (“la fiducia lega, unisce, crea legame nella società: è ciò che è la forza di coesione e di reciproca attrazione nei corpi naturali... senza la quale non si può avere nessuna massa ferma e durevole, ma tutto diventa polvere e sabbia che si discioglie al primo urto” - (cap X, Lezioni di Economia Civile). Questa nuova/vecchia economia è dunque in grado di promuovere uno sviluppo “human-centred”, cioè uno sviluppo umano integrale e sostenibile (come recita la Laudato Si’), caratterizzato non solo dalla competizione ma anche dalla partecipazione, relazionalità, inclusione, reciprocità, simbiosi, comunità., {"references":["Angrisano, M., Bosone, M., Mosca, V., Fusco, Girard L. (2020), \"Verso una nuova economia dalla economia della scuola francescana, alla economia civile, alla economia circolare\". Laboratorio del MEIC di Napoli su ASSISI 2020, n.1, ISBN 13: 978-88-6906-130-1. Giannini Editore, Napoli."]}

Reflections on our era defined as the Anthropocene (Crutzen and Brauch, 2016; Bonneuil and Fressoz, 2016; Steffen et al., 2007) are multiplying in light of the significant acceleration of many impacts resulting from various human actions on the environment, starting with the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Indeed, the consequences of human activities are undermining the functioning of the Earth ecosystem, as is well evident from the various IPCC Reports (IPCC 2018; 2019). Climate change is shaping up to be the great issue of the 21st century. There is a need to increase investment in research: on the relationship between climate change and the various consequent impacts, ranging from environmental degradation to the consequences for the economy, the health of society, urban planning, etc. Universities must promote research into the relationship between climate change and the various impacts of climate change. Universities need to promote teaching and research on climate change and its impacts, starting with those on human health, the natural ecosystem and the economy. The future of our common home, our Earth, is at stake. We need a specific Strategic Research Plan on the above in order to clearly focus on the interdependencies between climate change and health/well-being, the economy, industry, agriculture, urban planning, energy, trying to identify new models of economic/territorial development, new models of production and distribution of wealth. The 'Third Mission' is not only about technology transfer and entrepreneurship, but also about promoting a desirable model of economy and city. The challenge is not only technical/technological but also cultural/humanistic. In fact, there is no culture appropriate to the great challenges of our time. Choices large and small must be changed, in an increasingly complex and contradictory historical context, with ever lesstime to choose and ever higher stakes.

The book deals with the circular human-centred regeneration of Matera. Beauty is the general characteristic of the historical landscape of Matera, interpreted as a complex dynamic system that includes the city ancient, the new city and the territory. Around the beauty (maybe even "painful") are articulated the different contributions of the book. How to keep it making it an engine for new development? The general thesis is that such regeneration should be framed in the perspective of the "circular economy", which is an economy where all economic values co-exist and co-evolve with ecological and social/human values. In human-centred regeneration people and culture are at the center of the circular regeneration of the city, European Capital of Culture in 2019. Culture shapes the way people live, work, produce, consumes, transforms, relates to others and to nature by determining choices and behaviors. It is the lens through which to transform every place, even those abandoned and degraded in a living system. The starting point of the above regeneration strategy is the identification of the "intrinsic value" of the urban system of Matera. It should be understood as the essential meaning, the intangible value that represents the foundation of other values, which has shaped the structure of the organizational structure built over many centuries. Today, this "intrinsic value" can offer a coherent and effective direction for development human-centred circular of the Matera system, thus making Matera an exemplary case respect to the paradigm of the circular economy.

The contribution proposes an historical excursus that identifies the common features between the economic model developed by the Franciscan school in the 1300s, the civil economy of Antonio Genovesi in the 1700s and the current model of circular economy. A very rich literature - also recent and of international scope (see the recent document of the European Commission "The Human-Centred City") (European Commission, 2019, 2020) - highlights that Humanism represents a perspective which, evoking the notion of "humanity", refers to a series of values: freedom of choice, responsibility, rationality but also care in solidarity, creativity, dignity of the person. There are many points in common between the model of circular economy and the notion of civil economy. The Circular Economy is the economy that recognizes the centrality of all forms of capital, from natural to human, which should not be wasted but should be properly valued. A form of capital as relevant as human capital is social capital, which activates forms of mutual cooperation. Moreover, the circular economy underlines the importance of use (i.e. values of use) with respect to the ownership of goods (and therefore their exchange value). These are elements common to the civil economy that the various authors, from Genovesi to Galliani and to Filangieri, have repeatedly stressed in their research. Well, these values give shape not only to the economy of the city but also to the very idea of organization of the city: they give the image of the "city of Civil Humanism", aimed at achieving the good of all, the common good. The city of the new humanism is first and foremost the incubator city of sinergies/symbiosis. Just as in nature it is verified that the systems that work best are the autopoietic ones, that is, they have the capacity for self-organization and self-management, so too the cities that best realize humanistic values are those organized in such a way as to imitate natural ecosystems. They are characterized by the paradigm of circularisation which therefore becomes the organisational paradigm of the city of the "new humanism"(Fusco Girard, 2013).

With the CLIC project we aim to contribute to the "paradigm-shift" proposed in the United Nations Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development (through Sustainable Development Goals) and in New Urban Agenda, towards the "humanization" of our cities (see paragraph 26). This is the real challenge of our time. It means in particular to contribute to: o Regenerate the "connective infrastructure" of our city/society, going beyond the hyper-individualism and embracing interdependencies o Regenerate community bonds, through regenerating the collective memory o Helping subjects to move from I to US: to cooperate each other The Circular Economy is the co-evolutive economy, the economy of synergies, cooperation, collaboration, which is put in relationship with the circular city model and with cultural heritage, that have not been put in relationship before. The objective of this contribution is to identify tools and experiences that contribute to the regeneration of the European "connective infrastructure" through the creation of "heritage communities".

Dal 2012, cioè dall’anno della celebrazione del World Urban Forum da parte di UN-Habitat a Napoli, la Rivista BDC ha cercato di contribuire alla riflessione sulla “Città di cui abbiamo bisogno”, interpretando i processi urbanizzativi in atto e identificando possibili prospettive di ricerca, capaci di migliorare la qualità della vita nelle città. Ad esempio, già nel vol. 12 del 2012, veniva riportata la Dichiarazione sulla “città circolare”, a conclusione dei dibattiti tenutisi nel WUF (cfr. BDC, vol. 12, n. 1, 2012, pagg. 19-34). In un certo qual modo, i contributi della Rivista hanno collaborato nel lavoro di riflessione nel quadro delle attività della World Urban Campaign che poi nel 2015 hanno portato alla definizione dell’Obiettivo n. 11 della Agenda 2030: realizzare “città inclusive, resilienti, sicure e sostenibili”. Certamente, il dibattito internazionale su approcci, metodi e strumenti per realizzare concretamente l’Obiettivo n. 11 ed i relativi targets continua tutt’oggi ad essere molto vivace. Come migliorare l’inclusione sociale nella città che vede crescere di anno in anno la frammentazione sociale al proprio interno, e quindi le disuguaglianze tra soggetti ricchi e moltitudine di marginali? Quale sostenibilità se manca il lavoro? Come garantire la resilienza nel cambiamento accelerato?, BDC. Bollettino Del Centro Calza Bini, V. 18 N. 2 (2018): Resilience, Productivity, Circularity

About the 20% of the cultural heritage inscribed on the UNESCO world heritage list is religious heritage and it represents the most critical cultural heritage with respect to protection, aimed at enhancing authenticity, integrity and spiritual value. The localization of this heritage, often attractive for its centrality in the territorial context, orients towards touristic and real estate valorisation, but are these new uses consistent with the “intrinsic value” that has characterized them throughout their centuries of history? Which new use values do not conflict with their identity? And with the identity of local communities? This article aims to analyse the relationship between “intrinsic value” of religious cultural heritage and new functional uses, identifying a set of criteria for ex-post evaluation of cultural heritage reuse projects in the perspective of the circular economy as “regenerative” of economic, social, environmental and cultural values.

La Baia di Napoli: una valutazione multicriterio della vulnerabilità e della resilienza

The Horizon 2020 CLIC project develops integrated evaluation tools to support choices for Cultural Heritage Adaptive Reuse, taking into account the "intrinsic value" and thus the Social Complex Value of heritage in the perspective of the Circular Economy. ADAPTIVE REUSE OF ST. SOPHIE BENEDICTINE MONASTERY A MULTIDIMENSIONAL IMPACT EVALUATION PROPOSAL History. The Benedictine monastery of St. Sophie in Salerno was realized in the X Century AD and has a long history of uses and reuses over centuries. It was seat of Benedictine nuns, Jesuits and Carmelitan fathers. In XIX Century the building became a Civil Courthouse and in XIX Century it was a public school. Adaptive reuse. After a long period of abandonment, the monastery was recovered for public events and exhibitions. In 2016 a renovation and reuse project turned it into Innovation Palace hosting a co-working space for start-ups, incubator and venture capital services, meetings and events rooms. Intrinsic value and use values. The intrinsic value is the "essential" value that is rooted in history and culture. It is here linked to the Benedictine Regula "hora et labora". The intrinsic value still represents the fundament that should orient any adaptive reuse perspective of disused religious cultural heritage. A "rational" choice is that aiming at the compatibility between possible use values and intrinsic value. Circular economy: some elements. o Led lighting system to reduce energy consumption o Green procurement preferring reused and recycled materials for furniture o Recovery and reuse of parts of the building o Awareness raising campaigns targeting users on sustainable and healthy lifestyles Impacts of new uses. "Palazzo Innovazione" currently hosts 10 start-ups and about 100 coworkers who fi nd a peaceful and creative working atmosphere in the monastery. Most users work in the creative and cultural industry. The brand added value of Palazzo Innovazione is the heritage value of the place. The area is revitalized thanks to new activities, users and visitors. A qualitative evaluation can be expressed considering the following areas of impacts to assess the complex value of the adaptive reuse project and compare it with negative impacts, if present. o Cultural heritage values conservation, regeneration and transmission o Circularity of conservation works: reuse and reduce materials, energy, water and soil consumption o Circular business, self-fi nancing and governance models: longer-term and equitable growth o Positive impacts in the area linked to enhanced place attractiveness: regenerating economic, social, environmental and cultural capital

The circular economy as strategy to implement the Historic Urban Landscape: which evaluation method

Circular economy is gaining increasing attention as a potential way for our society to increase prosperity, while reducing dependence on primary materials and energy. Many cities are shifting to a "circular paradigm" of urban development and a clear intention toward circular cities/regions is expressed at European level (Urban Agenda for the EU, 2018; ESPON, Pathways to a circular economy in cities and regions, 2016). The mutual cooperation of industries, cities, and communities in a circular perspective opens new fields of sustainable value creation (European Commission, 2015; EEB, 2016). In the "New Urban Agenda" (UN, 2016), the circular economy model is considered a critical strategy to manage ecological resources. The transition to a circular economy facilitates ecosystem conservation, regeneration, restoration and resilience in the face of new and emerging challenges (UN, 2015). Cultural heritage value is derived through the evolving interrelationship between history, ecosystems and culture, and is therefore often seen as a form of impure public good investment in which the public sector is the major investor. Despite its importance, however, few studies today provide comprehensive coverage of the financial aspects and investment mechanisms involved in the perpetuation of cultural heritage. In fact, choosing appropriate modes of financing cultural heritage and allocations of the public investments continues to stir debate. Furthermore, the role of public sector, as sole investor and supplier of cultural heritage redevelopment, is disputable. From a financial point of view the non-used cultural heritage is a "cost". Its creative functional re-use can reduce this "cost" transforming it in an investment. To implement operationally the reuse / regeneration of cultural and natural heritage, innovative financing, business and governance circular models should be identified, to mobilize new investments, with the aim of creating shared value, in particular through cooperative, synergistic, sharing and solidarity economic models (e.g. engaging social enterprise and the impact investing sector). The objective of this contribution is to map out the cultural heritage investment market as it exists today, and to examine case studies and theoretical approaches in order to offer the widest possible coverage of good practice and innovative investment mechanisms relating to cultural heritage, or mechanisms that have a potential to be successfully employed also for cultural heritage. In particular we aim to identify a framework to identify circular financing models. Circular financing models are related to multi-stakeholder win-win solutions of social-public-private partnerships, which should include a well-balanced mix of diverse financial mechanisms (CGD, 2013). Circular financing models should be able to create virtuous circles from public incentive to investors returns (both formal investors and the community) and back, also through the value capture of a percentage of plus value created. We focus on a set of financing and investment mechanisms widely experimented in Italy: Art Bonus, Valore Paese, Eco and Sisma Bonus, Mini bonds, Crowdfunding for cultural heritage (e.g. the case of Bologna), and on other tools that can leverage sustainable investments for cultural and natural heritage regeneration (Social Impact Bonds, Green bonds, Municipal bonds, Payments for Ecosystem Services, Cooperative Cities funding mechanisms). We explore also the "Impact Philanthropy" based tools such as the emerging Giving Circles applied mostly in Asia. We conclude our analysis by arguing that cultural heritage may render different impacts and financial returns because they have both tangible and intangible features; and therefore, most of the traditional investment mechanisms will need to be adapted accordingly. In some cases it may be necessary to formulate entirely new mechanisms for financing cultural heritage within a circular economy framework.

The previous number of BDC once again dealt with the circular economy model already discussed during the last years, starting from the Japanese experience (BDC 2013, vol.13, no.1) as well as with the circular city model that has been defined as physical-spatial-territorial transposition of the first circular economy model. It should be noted that both these organizational models correspond to a specific historical-cultural landscape: they shape/re-shape the landscape. But the issue of the “active” role of cultural heritage/landscape in promoting the circular model has not been introduced yet. With the HORIZON 2020 “CLIC” project, funded by the European Commission (for around 5 million euros), cultural heritage/landscape has been explicitly considered as a generator of resilience, sustainability and inclusion and thus incorporated in the circular city model. The overarching goal of CLIC trans-disciplinary research project is to identify evaluation tools to test, implement, validate and share innovative “circular” financing, business and governance models for systemic adaptive reuse of cultural heritage and landscape, demonstrating the economic, social, environmental convenience, in terms of economic, cultural and environmental wealth., Bulletin of the Calza Bini Center, V. 17 N. 2 (2017): Circular Models for Systemic Adaptive Reuse of Cultural Heritage and Landscape

This article aims to develop a structured reasoning and a first proposal of evaluation criteria to assess the impacts of cultural heritage adaptive reuse projects in the perspective of the circular economy model. Adaptive reuse of cultural heritage can be key in the implementation of circular economy and circular city/territory models. The article explores and clarifies why and how cultural heritage adaptive reuse is key to implement a circular economy in cities and regions, stressing the “multidimensional productivity” of heritage reuse and its contribution to the achievement of a “human sustainable development”. The article addresses first the theoretical aspects comparing and discussing the literature on circular economy and its applications, while proposing a first set of evaluation criteria able to express what can be interpreted/chosen as relevant in this context. Keywords: adaptive reuse, cultural heritage, circular economy.

Matera è la città della coevoluzione secolare tra uomo-natura-cultura, caratterizzata da un paesaggio particolare, dove ogni singola componente si relaziona ed interdipende con le altre. Assumendo l’approccio unificante del paesaggio come “prisma” nel quale convergono tutte le diverse prospettive rispetto alle quali è possibile interpretare il sistema Matera, il presente paper intende proporre alcune strategie per la rigenerazione della città basate sul modello dell’economia circolare, che ha caratterizzato la storia millenaria della città di Matera. L’attenzione è posta sulla strategia operativa del riuso adattivo del patrimonio culturale, evidenziando la relazione tra valore intrinseco e valori d’uso. In questa prospettiva, l’attività valutativa riveste un ruolo fondamentale per individuare la produttività multidimensionale delle diverse alternative e i relativi impatti, al di là della prospettiva riduttiva del parco archeologico/museale. Parole chiave: ECoC, città circolare, valore intrinseco, BDC. Bollettino Del Centro Calza Bini, V. 17 N. 2 (2017): Circular Models for Systemic Adaptive Reuse of Cultural Heritage and Landscape

Tourism is the third largest socio-economic activity in the EU and thus it can be considered an engine for development, producing many positive impacts, from trade sector to employment. At the same time, it can produce many negative impacts because it is configured according to the model of linear economy. A deep analysis of impacts produced by tourism sector and its great potential in contributing to the achievement of SDGs are presented. The aim of this paper is to identify a tourism development/management model able to produce multidimensional benefits and, simultaneously, reduce (environmental, social and economic) costs. In this perspective, the circular economy is proposed as a model able to contribute to make tourism more sustainable. This model necessarily requires appropriate evaluation tools, indicators and knowledge., Aestimum, Aestimum 70 (2017)

The UNESCO Recommendation on Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) calls for the identification of innovative models for cultural heritage conservation/regeneration. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how new models of the circular economy can restore cities identity, increasing the tangible and intangible values of the built heritage and reducing the costs of urban renewal. This theory is reinforced on the one side through some case studies and on the other side by an applicative case study. It concerns the regeneration of Torre Annunziata port area, a historic city in Southern Italy, endowed with a suggestive cultural and landscape heritage. Keywords: Historic Urban Landscape, circular economy, waterfront regeneration, Bulletin of the Calza Bini Center, Vol 17, No 1 (2017): Circular City and Cultural Heritage Interplay

This position paper critically analyses the process to implement the UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape (2011), exploring evaluation tools, innovative business / management models and financing tools for the conservation and regeneration of Historic Urban Landscape (HUL), to make it operational in the perspective of a circular economy model of sustainable development for city / territory system regeneration. Through evaluation tools, it is possible to pass from general principles to operational practices; to produce empirical evidence of the economic, social and environmental benefits of HUL integrated conservation and regeneration. The challenge of generating a symbiosis between conservation and transformation issues requires adequate evaluation methods, business, management and financing tools, engaging civil society and local stakeholders, capturing both HUL tangible and intangible values to turn the historic urban landscape into a driver of sustainable growth. The analysis carried out in this paper shows that through the suggested tools it is possible to make operational the UNESCO Recommendations, transforming conflicts into opportunities, producing economic attractiveness and strengthen social awareness and cohesion., Aestimum, Aestimum 69 (2016)

This article aims to develop a structured reasoning and a first proposal of evaluation criteria to assess the impacts of cultural heritage adaptive reuse projects in the perspective of the circular economy model. Adaptive reuse of cultural heritage can be key in the implementation of circular economy and circular city/territory models. The article explores and clarifies why and how cultural heritage adaptive reuse is key to implement a circular economy in cities and regions, stressing the “multidimensional productivity” of heritage reuse and its contribution to the achievement of a “human sustainable development”. The article addresses first the theoretical aspects comparing and discussing the literature on circular economy and its applications, while proposing a first set of evaluation criteria able to express what can be interpreted/chosen as relevant in this context. Keywords: adaptive reuse, cultural heritage, circular economy., Bulletin of the Calza Bini Center, V. 17 N. 2 (2017): Circular Models for Systemic Adaptive Reuse of Cultural Heritage and Landscape

Circular economy models for urban (metropolitan) regeneration: the role of cultural heritage/landscape

Purpose: Identify homogeneous areas for metropolitan cities in order to activate a new governance based on territorial synergistic and symbiotic conditions, thus increasing multidimensional territorial productive processes through spatial planning. Methodology/Approach: The adopted methodology aimed at structuring a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) through three main phases: 1) Selection of criteria and indicators; 2) Statistical implementation procedures; 3) Multi-criteria evaluation. Findings: Experimentation of a useful procedure for supporting the elaboration of strategic metropolitan plans oriented to development strategies for achieving a comprehensive territorial productivity. The obtained results can support the selection of territorial opportunities able to integrate complementary local resources and to activate synergies and symbiosis among them, combining tangible and intangible components. Research Limitation/implication: The research is the first step of a more general study that will be improved with the availability of more data, especially with reference to the industrial and economic processes. Originality/Value of paper: Proposal of an approach based on a complete integration between Geographic Information System, Multivariate Analysis and Multi-Criteria Evaluation in order to improve the governance of metropolitan cities.

Una nuova economia urbana sostenibile e solidale

The UN Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development - Goal 11 «inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities». Many reasons for not inclusive - not safe - not resilient - not sustainable cities. The city performances depend on geo-economic and technological factors butalso on cultural ones. «The culture as the center of sustainable development strategies» (Hangzou, 2013) o Here a CULTURAL CRISIS is considered. A CRISIS OF SENSE - MEANING.... that threats inclusion, resilience, sustainability. o New Urban Agenda Habitat III (NUA) is centred in particular on governance issues. Art. 124 -the role of CULTURE for makinginclusive, resilient and sustainable cities -CULTURE as the 4° pillar of SUSTAINABILITY. In the Agenda 2030 and in NUA cooperation, collaboration, synergies, partnerships - coproduction - cocreation - community... are very frequently evokedbut cooperation communities are still only niches (do-it-yourself, makers, fabbers, etc..): the current culture is not for inclusion, synergies, bonds.... o New Urban Agenda Habitat III - RESPONSIBILITYis evokedin many articles: for example 10, 58, 91, 95, 122, 125, 131 and CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY is evokedin 156 o Culture in the UNESCO Declaration of 2011 «...the way of life... values systems, traditions, arts...» o Here CULTURE is the CIVIC CULTURE, promoted by a SMART GOVERNANCE. Here SMART CHOICE as a RESPONSIBLE choice by public, private, civil actors.

This paper explores the concept of circular economy and how it can be applied to cultural heritage and landscape regeneration, stimulating the experimentation of new circular business, financing and governance models in heritage conservation. Abandoned and underused heritage represent a resource that can enhance territorial multidimensional productivity, producing economic, social and environmental value. To turn under-exploited heritage from a social cost into a resource for sustainable development, while restoring and safeguarding its cultural and historical values, new evaluation tools are required to produce evidence of the costs and benefits of conservation options. The paper provides an overview of evaluation tools for the assessment of the impacts of heritage regeneration, drawing a pathway for research on cultural and natural heritage as the driver of sustainable growth. Keywords: circular economy, cultural heritage, circular city, Bulletin of the Calza Bini Center, Vol 17, No 1 (2017): Circular City and Cultural Heritage Interplay