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A comparison is made between coimplantations of carbon and one of group elements (Mg, Zn or Cd) and implantations using a single element (Mg, Zn or Cd) or coimplantations of Ga and C into GaAs substrates. The findings indicate that the coimplantation of C with Zn and Cd in GaAs creates the required lattice damage essential to activate C. It is also found that by providing acceptors on both Ga and As sublattices, the implantations of Zn/C and Cd/C make it possible to raise the peak hole concentration.

Pooling health risks through insurance has led to cost explosion because centralized third-party payers cannot deny even cost ineffective treatment for life-and-death cases without arousing a sense of tragedy and inviting legal challenges. If the same total health budget is distributed equally on a per capita basis, funding decisions for treatment can then be voted on in a decentralized manner. Because unfunded treatment would be a result of majority choice and not bureaucratic decision, both a sense of tragedy and legal challenges can be avoided. Health unions that serve as fund-raising agencies and consumer advocates can coordinate such voting.

Tests on the self-aligned silicidation process (salicidation) on separation by implantation oxygen substrates (SIMOX) showed deposited metal film thickness to be a vital factor for void formation. An adequately formed deposited metal film that can fully consume the Si layer makes the reaction a lateral diffusion couple and produces metal and Si movement. Fabrication of SIMOX based devices is possible for salicidation with Si layer consumption over 50%.

Algorithms of novel two-port companion link models for fast decoupled simulation are presented. The link models enable a large circuit to be broken down into many small subcircuits for easy circuit formulation and fast simulation. The proposed link algorithms are demonstrated in a converter-fed dc transmission system with a transmission-line length equivalent to 1000 km. Simulation and experimental results from a laboratory setup have confirmed the validity of the !ink models. Proposed simulations are also found to be faster and more accurate than PSpice simulations in the example. Index Terms - Decoupled simulation, HVDC, parallel simulation, power systems.

This paper presents a fast and efficient way of simulating multistage power electronic circuits with different stages operating at widely separated frequencies, using the transmission-line modeling (TLM) technique. A multistage circuit can be modeled as several smaller subcircuits, which can then be simulated individually with different time steps according to their circuit time constants. Energy exchange between linked subcircuits are made possible via the use of a new TLM stub link conversion technique and improved TLM link algorithms. The proposed technique has been tested successfully in a simulation of a switched-mode power supply. Simulation results confirm that the new approach can greatly reduce the computing time of the simulation when compared with conventional TLM simulation methods. A reduction of about two-thirds of the computing time has been achieved in the simulation of a three-stage switched-mode power supply.

A formal favor economy, where favor credit is earned by performing services for return favors, can be used as a transition between a transfer economy and a money economy. Government-aided transfer economy burdens taxpayers as recipients learn job skills that are marketable in the money economy. A transition to a favor economy can reduce the tax burden by mobilizing surplus resources to produce services for return favors. Giving favor credits to people hired and price discounts to low-income users of favor products can control fluctuations in a money economy.

The economic costs of prolonging the life of terminally ill patients would be avoided if the US legalized assisted death. Health-care expenditures can be saved and diverted to the medical needs of other patients, an amount estimated at $75,000-300,000 per person on long-term care. The dying person can be given a choice on how to spend the money that would otherwise be spent ineffectively in postponing death.

This paper describes the application of the transmission-line modeling (TLM) method to the decoupled simulation of d.c. linked power electronic systems. Stiff capacitively or inductively smoothed dc links in power electronic systems can be modeled as two-port transmission-line links using the TLM method. The TLM links enable the circuits connected by the links to be decoupled and simulated as individual circuits, resulting in smaller system matrices, possibility of parallel computation and reduction in computing time. Interaction between these linked circuits can be realised by exchanging the incident pulses at both ends of the transmission-line links. Computer simulations of an ac to dc converter used in a laboratory confirms the simplicity of the TLM decoupled simulation approach.

A major cause of spiralling health-care cost is aggressive treatment of major illnesses by health-care providers. The insured patient also demands such an expensive course of action because he pays only a small portion of the cost and is not given a more attractive alternative. If the patient is offered compensation to give up his de facto right to aggressive treatment, insurance premium can be reduced. Physician-assisted death with benefit conversion is discussed as a means for such an exchange.

Diffraction originating from totally relaxed, partially relaxed and unrelaxed semiconductor strained-layer superlattices was investigated using convergent-beam electron diffraction and x-ray diffraction. The results showed that the intensity profile of the superlattice was dependent on the difference of the tensile and compressive strains. The oscillating strain of the superlattice bilayer was not dependent on the strain.

Because of information costs, accountability rules governing utilization of organizational resources are generally incomplete. This paper analyzes how these resources under incomplete accountability are captured through exchange of favors within organizations. Using game theory, it also explains why more of these resources are not being captured by vertical favor exchanges between the employer and employees and how horizontal favor exchanges among employees may be redirected to enhance economic efficiency.

High resolution transmission electron microscopy was used to observe epitaxial NiO hillocks on the (111) and (001) facets of truncated octahedral nanoparticles of Ni.

V-shaped double triangular faults in ZnSe/GaAs epilayers were identified to be incomplete stacking fault pyramids and single stacking faults identified as stacking fault trapezoids. Transmission electron microscopy showed that (101) open boundaries of incomplete stacking fault pyramids are 30 degrees Schockley partial dislocations. The closely spaced parallel acute and obtuse stair-rod dislocation pair in stacking fault trapezoids formed a dislocation dipole.

Core/shell-structured Fe nanoparticles, in which the alpha-Fe core is about 5 nm in diameter and the gamma-Fe2O3 shell is about 3 nm thick, are fabricated. The systematic study of the structural and magnetic properties show large exchange bias and vertical shifts of the field-cooled loops at low temperatures which may be ascribed to the frozen spins in the shells.