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Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that occurs due to increased blood glucose levels as a result of the body's inability to process carbohydrates or glucose. The most crucial thing in diabetes mellitus is diet, especially when it comes to choosing food. The good news is that Taro leaf (Colocasia esculenta (L). Schoot), as a raw material, has a potential to control blood glucose levels and can be functional by adding it to food such as white bread. The aim of this study is to determine the best formula of white bread modified with the addition of taro leaves that can have a positive impact on people with diabetes. This is an experimental study with one factor completely randomized design using four treatments in which white bread with additional taro leaves 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. These breads will be analyzed for their nutrition (carbohydrate, protein, fat, water, ash) product acceptance, antioxidant activity, and glycemic index and glycemic load. The best formula was obtained by the De Garmo method. There was no difference in the mean percentage value of inhibition and protein content of white bread with taro leaves added even though carbohydrate, fat, water, and ash content showed a difference. The highest value of carbohydrate content was at 15% taro leaf white bread (52.46%), the highest fat was at 0% (7.71%), the highest water was at 10% (36.52%), the highest ash was at 0% (1.56%) and the highest antioxidant activity was at 10%. The glycemic index and load of 10% indicated a high category (93.07% and 21.78 g/100 g of food). However, based on the results, there was a decrease in blood glucose response in taro leaves white bread compared to white bread without the taro leaves added. Organoleptic analysis showed that the formulation with the highest acceptance level was 10%. Therefore, the best formulation chosen based on The Effectiveness Index (De Garmo) was 10% taro leaf white bread with a value of 0.75. Key words: taro leaves, white bread, functional food, nutrient content, antidiabetic, INTRODUCTION Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is very common and accounts for about 90% of all Diabetes mellitus (DM) cases in the world [1]. Indonesia is the 7th of the [...]

Wild edible plants (WEPs) immensely contribute to the diets and livelihoods of rural and marginalised communities. In rural Uganda, they play an important role as break tea packages for school-age children and due to their perceived nutraceutical significance, they are always added to the diets of pregnant women. In this study, it was hypothesised that Basella alba L. (Malabar spinach, Ceylon spinach, Indian spinach, Vine spinach, Malabar nightshade), Termitomyces microcarpus (Berk. & Broome) R. Heim (Cendawan Tali; Cendawan Taugeh) Cucurbita pepo L. (Courgette, Marrow, Pumpkin, Summer squash, Table queen squash, Vegetable Marrow, Zucchini) and Solanum anguivi L. (Forest bitter berry, African eggplant) have high nutraceutical significance and could contribute to the diets of school-age children and pregnant women. Using the standard Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods (method 935.14 and 992.24), the nutraceuticals and antinutrients in B. alba, T. microcarpus, C. pepo, and S. anguivi were investigated. All analyses and measurements were done in triplicate to increase the validity and reliability of the results. Solanum anguivi had the highest crude fibre (25.22[+ or -]0.08 %), fat (6.55[+ or -]0.05 %), and energy (371.37[+ or -]1.17 Kcal) content. Termitomyces microcarpus had the highest protein (21.99[+ or -]0.16 %) and moisture (10.71[+ or -]0.35 %) content. Basella alba and C. pepo had the highest ash (19.39[+ or -]0.01 %) and total carbohydrate (69.15[+ or -]0.62 %) content. In comparison with the recommended dietary daily intakes for pregnant mothers and school-going children, all the plants had high Potassium, Phosphorous contents (except for T. Microcarpus which had low K contents), iron, copper, zinc, and manganese., but with selenium content being below the detection limit. All the analysed species were good in antioxidants, C. Pepo being the best with an [IC.sub.50] of 11.78[+ or -]0.47 mg/ mL followed by B. alba (14.69[+ or -]0.74 mg/ mL). Solanum anguvi and T. microcarpus had the highest amount of phenols (14.48[+ or -]0.02 mg/g GAE) and tannins (0.42[+ or -]0.00 mg/g GAE). Basella alba had the highest amounts of flavonoids (2.45[+ or -]0.01 mg/g RAE). All the plant species had low contents of phytates ranging from (0.40[+ or -]0.01 for S. Anguivi to 0.72[+ or -]0.08 for B. Alba). Cadmium and lead concentrations were below the permissible limit recommended by FAO/WHO Expert Committee in Food Additives. Thus, the analysed WEPs are a rich source of important nutrients and can be used to complement staple foods to ensure balanced nutrition for pregnant women and school-age children. Nonetheless, further comprehensive antinutrients and heavy metals analyses should be conducted to ensure that they do not affect the bioavailability of the nutrients. For value addition, nutrient-dense cocktails / phytonutraceuticals should be developed to alleviate malnutrition-related illnesses in vulnerable groups of people. Key words: Wild edible plants, Nutraceutical, Antinutrients, Heavy metals, Pregnant women, School-age children, INTRODUCTION Pregnant women and school-age children in rural Uganda are facing malnutrition [1]. Thirty-one percent of pregnant women in Uganda suffer from anaemia while 10% of all births are low [...]

Background/objectives Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an immune-mediated disease that causes inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. Diet has an important role in the treatment of UC. This study aimed to compare the effects of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), as a functional food, with canola oil in the treatment of UC. Subjects/methods Forty patients were participating in this crossover clinical trial. Thirty two patients completed two intervention rounds. Blood samples were taken before and after 20 days intervention. Disease activity score and gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated using the Mayo score and gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS) respectively. Results Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p = 0.03) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (p < 0.001) were decreased significantly after EVOO consumption. Bloating, constipation, fecal urgency, incomplete defecation, and final GSRS were reduced significantly after EVOO consumption (p < 0.05). Conclusions Intake of EVOO decreased the inflammatory markers and improved gastrointestinal symptoms in UC patients. It seems this functional food can be beneficial in the treatment of UC as a complementary medicine., Author(s): Mehrnaz Morvaridi [sup.1], Sima Jafarirad [sup.2] [sup.3], Seyed Saeed Seyedian [sup.4], Pezhman Alavinejad [sup.4], Bahman Cheraghian [sup.5] Author Affiliations: (1) Diabetes Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University [...]

In this study, we measured the expression of genes related to the phenylpropanoid pathway and ascorbate oxidation by qRT-PCR to explore the mechanism of nutraceutical compounds enhancement in pak choi during stress treatments. The expression of most phenylpropanoid biosynthesis related genes (PAL, C4H, CHS, CHI, F3H1, DFR, and ANS1) was up-regulated in plants treated with NaCl, solar salt, and UV-B radiation, compared with the untreated controls under both white light and light emitting diode illumination. Moreover, CHS and ANS1 were expressed at levels 15 and 95 times higher than the untreated control. The expression of the ascorbate oxidation related gene tAPX was also up-regulated in the NaCl and UV-B treated samples compared with the control under both light conditions. By comparison, the expression of APX1 was down-regulated during the stress treatment under both light conditions. Total chlorophyll and total carotenoid contents were unaffected by the stress treatments, and there was no significant difference in the maximum quantum yield ([F.sub.v]/[F.sub.m]) between the stress treatments and the untreated controls. These results suggest that the expression of genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and ascorbate oxidation correlates with the previously reported enhanced production of phenolic compounds in pak choi plants subjected to stress treatments. Key words: LED light, salt, UV-B, pak choi, gene expression, polyphenols. Dans cette étude, les auteurs ont mesuré l'expression de gènes reliés à la voie des phénylpropanoïdes et de l'oxydation de l'ascorbate par qRT-PCR afin d'explorer le mécanisme responsable de l'accroissement de composés nutraceutiques dans le pak-choï lors de différentes conditions de stress. L'expression de la plupart des gènes reliés à la biosynthèse des phénylpropanoïdes (PAL, C4H, CHS, CHI, F3H1, DFR et ANS1) était régulée à la hausse chez les plants traités au NaCl, au sel marin et au rayonnement UV-B comparativement à des contrôles non traités, sous la lumière blanche ou à DEL. De plus, les gènes CHS et ANS1 étaient exprimés à des niveaux 15 et 95 fois plus élevés que ceux des contrôles non traités. L'expression du gène tAPX, relié à l'oxydation de l'ascorbate, était aussi régulée à la hausse chez les échantillons traités au NaCl et au rayonnement UV-B comparativement au contrôle, sous les deux types d'éclairage. D'un autre côté, l'expression d'APX1 était régulée à la baisse par les différentes conditions de stress sous les deux types d'éclairage. Les contenus totaux en chlorophylle et en caroténoïdes n'étaient pas affectés par les conditions de stress et il n'y avait pas de différence significative dans le rendement quantique maximal ([F.sub.v]/[F.sub.m]) entre les conditions de stress et les contrôles non traités. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'expression de gènes impliqués dans la biosynthèse des phénylpropanoïdes et l'oxydation de l'ascorbate est corrélée à l'accroissement précédemment rapporté de la production de composés phénoliques dans les plants de pak-choï soumis à différentes conditions de stress. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Mots-clés: lumière à DEL, sel, UV-B, pak-choï, expression génique, polyphénols., Introduction Pak choi (Brassica campestris L.) is a leafy vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that is consumed raw, cooked, and after fermentation (Harbaum et al. 2007a). Brassica vegetables play an [...]

Abundant bamboo species are scattered throughout the world, some of which grow in tropical and sub-tropical regions, including Indonesia. Some species of bamboo are edible, and the part that is commonly consumed is the shoot. In several countries around the world, bamboo shoots are a traditional food with the potential to grow into a functional food. It contains antioxidants and is rich in minerals and dietary fiber. Antioxidants are heat sensitive components, so to extend the shelf-life and maintain antioxidant content, it is necessary to examine the drying method using a low temperature. Besides nutrients, bamboo shoots also contain a lethal concentration of the anti-nutrient cyanogen that needs to be removed before human consumption. Preliminary treatment is needed to reduce cyanide in dried bamboo shoots to be safe for consumption. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of pre-treatment on nutrient, anti-nutrient, and antioxidant properties of fresh-cut and dried edible Indonesian bamboo shoot species. Gigantochloa pseudoarundinacea (local name 'bambu gombong'), Dendrocalamus asper (local name 'bambu betung'), Gigantochloa apus (local name 'bambu buluh'), and Bambusa vulgaris var. striata (local name 'bambu kuning') were selected for the study. The pre-treatment consisted of steaming and boiling with salt for 10 minutes and 20 minutes, respectively. Total phenolics, total flavonoid, toxicity, and free radical scavenging activity of dried bamboo shoots were studied using Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride, brine shrimp lethality (BSLT), and 2,2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assays. The results showed that pre-treatment methods and type of bamboo shoots significantly affected the yields, nutrient composition, minerals, and antioxidant properties of dried bamboo shoots (P0.05). In the pre-treatment process, cyanide levels in dried bamboo shoots decreased about 78-97% from fresh-cut shoot. It is concluded that the pre-treatment by steaming for 10 minutes is suitable for bamboo shoot processing because it produced maximum values of yields, nutrient content, and retention of antioxidant properties. Key words: Antioxidant, anti-nutrient, cyanide, dried shoots, Indonesia bamboo species, minerals, toxicity, INTRODUCTION There are 1250 species of bamboo scattered throughout the world, some of which grow in tropical and sub-tropical regions [1]. Indonesia has 161 bamboo species, and 60 of these [...]