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1. Investigation of the factors influencing spinal manipulative therapy force transmission through the thorax: A cadaveric study

Author

Mikhail, J., Funabashi, M., Sobczak, S., Descarreaux, M., Pagé, I., Mikhail, J., Funabashi, M., Sobczak, S., Descarreaux, M., and Pagé, I.

Abstract

Spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) clinical effects are believed to be linked to its force–time profile characteristics. Previous studies have revealed that the force measured at the patient-table interface is most commonly greater than the one applied at the clinician-patient interface. The factors explaining this force amplification remains unclear. Objective To determine the difference between the force applied to a cadaveric specimen’s thoracic spine and the resulting force measured by a force-sensing table, as well as to evaluate the relationship between this difference and both the SMT force–time characteristics and the specimens’ characteristics. Methods Twenty-five SMTs with different force–time profiles were delivered by an apparatus at the T7 vertebra of nine human cadaveric specimens lying prone on a treatment table equipped with a force plate. The difference between the force applied by the apparatus and the resulting force measured by the force plate was calculated in absolute force (Fdiff) and as the percentage of the applied force (Fdiff%). Kinematics markers were inserted into T6 to T8 spinous and transverse processes to evaluate vertebral displacements during the SMT thrusts. Mixed-effects linear models were run to evaluate the variance in Fdiff and Fdiff% explained by SMT characteristics (peak force, thrust duration and force application rate), T6 to T8 relative and total displacements, and specimens’ characteristics (BMI, height, weight, kyphosis angle, thoracic thickness). Results Sixty percent of the trials showed lower force measured at the force plate than the one applied at T7. Fdiff¸ was significantly predicted (R2marginal = 0.54) by peak force, thrust duration, thoracic thickness and T6–T7 relative displacement in the z-axis (postero-anterior). Fdiff% was significantly predicted (R2marginal = 0.56) by force application rate, thoracic thickness and total T6 displacements. For both dependant variables, thoracic thickness showed the hi

Published
2023

2. Force distribution within spinal tissues during posterior to anterior spinal manipulative therapy: A secondary analysis

Author

Funabashi, M., Breen, A. C., De Carvalho, D., Pagé, I., Nougarou, F., Descarreaux, M., Kawchuk, G. N., Funabashi, M., Breen, A. C., De Carvalho, D., Pagé, I., Nougarou, F., Descarreaux, M., and Kawchuk, G. N.

Abstract

Background Previous studies observed that the intervertebral disc experiences the greatest forces during spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) and that the distribution of forces among spinal tissues changes as a function of the SMT parameters. However, contextualized SMT forces, relative to the ones applied to and experienced by the whole functional spinal unit, is needed to understand SMT’s underlying mechanisms. Aim To describe the percentage force distribution between spinal tissues relative to the applied SMT forces and total force experienced by the functional unit. Methods This secondary analysis combined data from 35 fresh porcine cadavers exposed to a simulated 300N SMT to the skin overlying the L3/L4 facet joint via servo-controlled linear motor actuator. Vertebral kinematics were tracked optically using indwelling bone pins. The functional spinal unit was then removed and mounted on a parallel robotic platform equipped with a 6-axis load cell. The kinematics of the spine during SMT were replayed by the robotic platform. By using serial dissection, peak and mean forces induced by the simulated SMT experienced by spinal structures in all three axes of motion were recorded. Forces experienced by spinal structures were analyzed descriptively and the resultant force magnitude was calculated. Results During SMT, the functional spinal unit experienced a median peak resultant force of 36.4N (IQR: 14.1N) and a mean resultant force of 25.4N (IQR: 11.9N). Peak resultant force experienced by the spinal segment corresponded to 12.1% of the total applied SMT force (300N). When the resultant force experienced by the functional spinal unit was considered to be 100%, the supra and interspinous ligaments experienced 0.3% of the peak forces and 0.5% of the mean forces. Facet joints and ligamentum flavum experienced 0.7% of the peak forces and 3% of the mean forces. Intervertebral disc and longitudinal ligaments experienced 99% of the peak and 96.5% of the mean forces. Conclusio

Published
2022

3. The impact and public health response of chiropractors to the COVID-19 pandemic: a survey across four continents.

Author

Moore, C, Wong, AYL, de Luca, K, De Carvalho, D, Johansson, MS, Pohlman, KA, Miller, A, Funabashi, M, Dougherty, P, French, S, Adams, J, Kawchuk, G, Moore, C, Wong, AYL, de Luca, K, De Carvalho, D, Johansson, MS, Pohlman, KA, Miller, A, Funabashi, M, Dougherty, P, French, S, Adams, J, and Kawchuk, G

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The unprecedented impact of COVID-19 on healthcare professionals has implications for healthcare delivery, including the public health guidance provided to patients. This study aims to assess the response and impact of COVID-19 on chiropractors internationally, and examines the public health response of chiropractors to the COVID-19 pandemic practising under a musculoskeletal spine-care versus subluxation-based care paradigm. METHODS: A survey was distributed to chiropractors in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Hong Kong, United Kingdom and United States (Oct. 2nd-Dec. 22nd, 2020) via professional bodies/publications, and social media. Questions were categorised into three domains: socio-demographic, public health response and business/financial impact. Multivariable logistic regression explored survey items associated with chiropractors practising under different self-reported paradigms. RESULTS: A total of 2061 chiropractors representing four global regions completed the survey. Our recruitment method did not allow the calculation of an accurate response rate. The vast majority initiated COVID-19 infection control changes within their practice setting, including increased disinfecting of treatment equipment (95%), frequent contact areas (94%) and increased hand hygiene (94%). While findings varied by region, most chiropractors (85%) indicated that they had implemented regulator advice on the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Suspension of face-to-face patient care during the peak of the pandemic was reported by 49% of the participants with 26% implementing telehealth since the pandemic began. Chiropractors practising under a musculoskeletal spine-care paradigm were more likely to implement some/all regulator advice on patient PPE use (odds ratio [OR] = 3.25; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.57, 6.74) and practitioner PPE use (OR = 2.59; 95% CI 1.32, 5.08); trust COVID-19 public health information provided by government/World Health Organisation/chi

Published
2022

6. Chiropractic student diagnosis and management of headache disorders: A survey examining self-perceived preparedness and clinical proficiency

Author

Moore, C, Whillier, S, Funabashi, M, De Carvalho, D, Adams, J, Fernandez, M, Giuriato, R, and Swain, M

Subjects
1104 Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1302 Curriculum and Pedagogy, education
Abstract

ObjectiveTo explore the self-perceived preparedness and clinical proficiency in headache diagnosis and management of Australian chiropractic students in senior years of study.MethodsAustralian chiropractic students in the 4th (n = 134) and 5th year (n = 122) of 2 chiropractic university programs were invited to participate in an online cross-sectional survey. Descriptive analyses were conducted for all variables. Post hoc analyses were performed using simple linear regression to evaluate the relationship between self-perceived preparedness and correctness of headache diagnosis and management scores.ResultsAustralian chiropractic students in senior years demonstrated moderate overall levels of self-perceived preparedness and proficiency in their ability to diagnose and manage headache disorders. Final-year students had a slightly higher self-perceived preparedness and proficiency in headache diagnosis and management compared to those students in the 4th year of study. There was no relationship between self-perceived preparedness and correctness of headache diagnosis and management for either 4th- or 5th-year chiropractic students.ConclusionOur findings suggest that there may be gaps in graduate chiropractic student confidence and proficiency in headache diagnosis and management. These findings call for further research to explore graduate chiropractic student preparedness and proficiency in the diagnosis and management of headache disorders.

Published
2020

7. Devices used to measure force-time characteristics of spinal manipulations and mobilizations: A mixed-methods scoping review on metrologic properties and factors influencing use

Author

Mercier, M.-A., Rousseau, P., Funabashi, M., Descarreaux, M., Pagé, I., Mercier, M.-A., Rousseau, P., Funabashi, M., Descarreaux, M., and Pagé, I.

Abstract

Background: Spinal manipulations (SMT) and mobilizations (MOB) are interventions commonly performed by many health care providers to manage musculoskeletal conditions. The clinical effects of these interventions are believed to be, at least in part, associated with their force-time characteristics. Numerous devices have been developed to measure the force-time characteristics of these modalities. The use of a device may be facilitated or limited by different factors such as its metrologic properties.Objectives: This mixed-method scoping review aimed to characterize the metrologic properties of devices used to measure SMT/MOB force-time characteristics and to determine which factors may facilitate or limit the use of such devices within the context of research, education and clinical practice. Methods: This study followed the Joanna Briggs Institute's framework. The literature search strategy included four concepts: (1) devices, (2) measurement of SMT or MOB force-time characteristics on humans, (3) factors facilitating or limiting the use of devices, and (4) metrologic properties. Two reviewers independently reviewed titles, abstracts and full articles to determine inclusion. To be included, studies had to report on a device metrologic property (e.g., reliability, accuracy) and/or discuss factors that may facilitate or limit the use of the device within the context of research, education or clinical practice. Metrologic properties were extracted per device. Limiting and facilitating factors were extracted and themes were identified. Results: From the 8,998 studies initially retrieved, 46 studies were finally included. Ten devices measuring SMT/MOB force-time characteristics at the clinician-patient interface and six measuring them at patient-table interfaces were identified. Between zero and eight metrologic properties were reported per device: measurement error (defined as validity, accuracy, fidelity, or calibration), reliability/repeatability, coupling/crosstalk

Published
2021

8. Chiropractic student diagnosis and management of headache disorders: A survey examining self-perceived preparedness and clinical proficiency.

Author

Moore, C, Whillier, S, Funabashi, M, De Carvalho, D, Adams, J, Fernandez, M, Giuriato, R, Swain, M, Moore, C, Whillier, S, Funabashi, M, De Carvalho, D, Adams, J, Fernandez, M, Giuriato, R, and Swain, M

Abstract

Objective

To explore the self-perceived preparedness and clinical proficiency in headache diagnosis and management of Australian chiropractic students in senior years of study.

Methods

Australian chiropractic students in the 4th (n = 134) and 5th year (n = 122) of 2 chiropractic university programs were invited to participate in an online cross-sectional survey. Descriptive analyses were conducted for all variables. Post hoc analyses were performed using simple linear regression to evaluate the relationship between self-perceived preparedness and correctness of headache diagnosis and management scores.

Results

Australian chiropractic students in senior years demonstrated moderate overall levels of self-perceived preparedness and proficiency in their ability to diagnose and manage headache disorders. Final-year students had a slightly higher self-perceived preparedness and proficiency in headache diagnosis and management compared to those students in the 4th year of study. There was no relationship between self-perceived preparedness and correctness of headache diagnosis and management for either 4th- or 5th-year chiropractic students.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that there may be gaps in graduate chiropractic student confidence and proficiency in headache diagnosis and management. These findings call for further research to explore graduate chiropractic student preparedness and proficiency in the diagnosis and management of headache disorders.

Published
2021

9. Correction to: Leadership and capacity building in chiropractic research: report from the first CARL cohort.

Author

Hartvigsen, J, Kawchuk, G, Breen, A, De Carvalho, D, Eklund, A, Fernandez, M, Funabashi, M, Holmes, MM, Johansson, MS, de Luca, K, Moore, C, Pagé, I, Pohlman, KA, Swain, MS, Wong, AYL, Adams, J, Hartvigsen, J, Kawchuk, G, Breen, A, De Carvalho, D, Eklund, A, Fernandez, M, Funabashi, M, Holmes, MM, Johansson, MS, de Luca, K, Moore, C, Pagé, I, Pohlman, KA, Swain, MS, Wong, AYL, and Adams, J

Abstract

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Published
2021

10. Leadership and capacity building in chiropractic research: report from the first CARL cohort.

Author

Hartvigsen, J, Kawchuk, G, Breen, A, De Carvalho, D, Eklund, A, Fernandez, M, Funabashi, M, Holmes, MM, Johansson, MS, de Luca, K, Moore, C, Pagé, I, Pohlman, KA, Swain, MS, Wong, AYL, Adams, J, Hartvigsen, J, Kawchuk, G, Breen, A, De Carvalho, D, Eklund, A, Fernandez, M, Funabashi, M, Holmes, MM, Johansson, MS, de Luca, K, Moore, C, Pagé, I, Pohlman, KA, Swain, MS, Wong, AYL, and Adams, J

Abstract

The Chiropractic Academy for Research Leadership (CARL) was formed in 2016 in response to a need for a global network of early career researchers and leaders in the chiropractic profession. Thirteen fellows were accepted competitively and have since worked together at residentials and virtually on many research and leadership projects. In 2020, the CARL program ended for this first cohort, and it is now timely to take stock and reflect on the achievements and benefits of the program. In this paper we present the structure of CARL, the scientific and leadership outputs as well as the personal value of CARL for the participating fellows. As a result of the success of the first CARL cohort, organizations from Europe, North America, and Australia have supported a second cohort of 14 CARL fellows, who were competitively accepted into the program in early 2020.

Published
2021

11. Association of Exposures to Seated Postures With Immediate Increases in Back Pain: A Systematic Review of Studies With Objectively Measured Sitting Time

Author

De Carvalho DE, de Luca K, Funabashi M, Breen A, Wong AYL, Johansson MS, Ferreira ML, Swab M, Neil Kawchuk G, Adams J, and Hartvigsen J

Subjects
1103 Clinical Sciences, 1104 Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Orthopedics
Abstract

OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of studies to determine whether sitting time measured objectively (by laboratory controlled time trial, direct observation, or wearable sensor) is associated with the immediate increase in low back pain (LBP) (determined by pain scale rating) in people >18 years of age. METHODS:Four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) were searched from inception to September 1, 2018. Randomized controlled trials and cohort and cross-sectional studies, where objectively measured sitting time was temporally matched with a measure of LBP in adults, were included. Studies without a control session conducted on a separate day were excluded. Screening, full-text review, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment (Quality In Prognosis Studies) of included papers were performed independently by 2 reviewers, with a third available to resolve disagreements. RESULTS:In total, 609 articles were identified, 361 titles/abstracts were screened,75 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 10 met the inclusion criteria. All but 1 reported sitting time to be associated with an immediate increase in LBP. Six of these reported clinically relevant pain levels (n = 330). Half of the included studies were rated as having a low risk of bias and the remaining were rated as having a moderate risk of bias. CONCLUSION:Prolonged sitting increases immediate reporting of LBP in adults; however, no conclusion between sitting and clinical episodes of LBP can be made. Based upon these findings, we recommend that future prospective studies should match objectively measured sitting with temporally related pain measurements to determine whether prolonged sitting can trigger a clinical episode of LBP.

Published
2019

12. Serious adverse events following lumbar spine mobilization or manipulation and potential associated factors: a systematic review protocol

Author

Funabashi, M., French, S.D., Kranenburg, H.A., Hebert, J.J., Funabashi, M., French, S.D., Kranenburg, H.A., and Hebert, J.J.

Abstract

Objectives: The objectives of this review are to describe the serious adverse events reported in the literature following lumbopelvic mobilization and manipulation, and identify patient, provider, and/or treatment factors that may be associated with serious adverse events after these interventions. Introduction: Spinal mobilization and manipulation are types of conservative care commonly used to treat people with low back pain and other musculoskeletal conditions of the lumbar spine and pelvis. Although most adverse events following these interventions are benign and transient, serious adverse events have been reported mostly following spinal manipulative therapy. Given the significant impact serious adverse events can have on patients’ lives, identifying factors that may be associated with serious adverse events following spinal mobilization and manipulation of the low back and pelvis would allow for a more specific pre-treatment screening, potentially reducing the occurrence of serious adverse events following these popular interventions and contributing to a safer treatment delivery. Inclusion criteria: This review will consider interventional and observational studies that report serious adverse events following lumbopelvic spinal mobilization or manipulation experienced by people of any age. Examples of serious adverse events include disc herniation, cauda equina syndrome, and vertebral fracture. Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PubMed, The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews/Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Index to Chiropractic Literature (ICL) databases will be searched as well as OpenGrey and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. Two independent reviewers will screen titles and abstracts of identified references as well as the full text of identified studies, and extract data following a standardized data extraction form. Data will be summarized, categorized, and a comprehensive narrative summary will be presented.

Published
2020

13. Association of Exposures to Seated Postures With Immediate Increases in Back Pain: A Systematic Review of Studies With Objectively Measured Sitting Time.

Author

De Carvalho DE, de Luca K, Funabashi M, Breen A, Wong AYL, Johansson MS, Ferreira ML, Swab M, Neil Kawchuk G, Adams J, Hartvigsen J, De Carvalho DE, de Luca K, Funabashi M, Breen A, Wong AYL, Johansson MS, Ferreira ML, Swab M, Neil Kawchuk G, Adams J, and Hartvigsen J

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of studies to determine whether sitting time measured objectively (by laboratory controlled time trial, direct observation, or wearable sensor) is associated with the immediate increase in low back pain (LBP) (determined by pain scale rating) in people >18 years of age. METHODS:Four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) were searched from inception to September 1, 2018. Randomized controlled trials and cohort and cross-sectional studies, where objectively measured sitting time was temporally matched with a measure of LBP in adults, were included. Studies without a control session conducted on a separate day were excluded. Screening, full-text review, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment (Quality In Prognosis Studies) of included papers were performed independently by 2 reviewers, with a third available to resolve disagreements. RESULTS:In total, 609 articles were identified, 361 titles/abstracts were screened,75 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 10 met the inclusion criteria. All but 1 reported sitting time to be associated with an immediate increase in LBP. Six of these reported clinically relevant pain levels (n = 330). Half of the included studies were rated as having a low risk of bias and the remaining were rated as having a moderate risk of bias. CONCLUSION:Prolonged sitting increases immediate reporting of LBP in adults; however, no conclusion between sitting and clinical episodes of LBP can be made. Based upon these findings, we recommend that future prospective studies should match objectively measured sitting with temporally related pain measurements to determine whether prolonged sitting can trigger a clinical episode of LBP.

Published
2020

14. Assessing forces during spinal manipulation and mobilization: factors influencing the difference between forces at the patient-table and clinician-patient interfaces

Author

Mikhail, J., Funabashi, M., Descarreaux, M., Pagé, I., Mikhail, J., Funabashi, M., Descarreaux, M., and Pagé, I.

Abstract

Spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) and mobilization (MOB) effects are believed to be related to their force characteristics. Most previous studies have either measured the force at the patient-table interface or at the clinician-patient interface. The objectives of this study were to determine 1) the difference between the force measured at the patient-table interface and the force applied at the clinician-patient interface during thoracic SMT and MOB, and 2) the influence of the SMT/MOB characteristics, participants’ anthropometry and muscle activity (sEMG) on this difference.

Published
2020

15. Light Element Analysis Using Txrf

Author

Fukuda, T., primary, Shoji, T, additional, Funabashi, M., additional, Utaka, T., additional, Arai, T., additional, Miyazaki, K, additional, Shimazaki, A., additional, and Wilson, R., additional

Published
1997
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16. Prevalence and practice characteristics of urban and rural or remote Australian chiropractors: Analysis of a nationally representative sample of 1830 chiropractors

Author

Adams, J, de Luca, K, Swain, M, Funabashi, M, Wong, A, Pagé, I, Sibbritt, D, and Peng, W

Subjects
Adult, Rural Population, Male, Urban Population, Health Personnel, Australia, Middle Aged, Chiropractic, Cross-Sectional Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Workforce, Humans, Female, Rural Health Services, Delivery of Health Care
Abstract

© 2019 National Rural Health Alliance Ltd. Objective: To determine the prevalence and clinical management characteristics of chiropractors practising in urban and rural or remote Australia. Design: A cross-sectional analysis of the Australian Chiropractic Research Network project data. Setting: Nationally representative sample of registered chiropractors practising in Australia. Participants: Chiropractors who participated in the Australian Chiropractic Research Network project and answered a question about practising in urban or rural or remote areas in the practitioner questionnaire. Main outcome measure: The demographics, practice characteristics and clinical management of chiropractors. Results: The majority of chiropractors indicated that they practise in urban areas only, while 22.8% (n = 435) practice in rural or remote areas only and 4.0% (n = 77) practice in both urban and rural or remote areas. Statistically significant predictors of chiropractors who practice in rural or remote areas, as compared to urban areas, included more patient visits per week, practising in more than one location, no imaging facilities on site, often treating degenerative spinal conditions or migraine, often treating people aged over 65 years, frequently treating Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and frequently using biomechanical pelvic blocking or the sacro-occipital technique. Conclusion: A substantial number of chiropractors practice in rural or remote Australia and these rural or remote-based chiropractors are more likely to treat a wide range of musculoskeletal cases and include an Indigenously diverse group of patients than their urban-located colleagues. Unique practice challenges for rural or remote chiropractors include a higher workload and a lack of diagnostic tools. Chiropractors should be acknowledged and considered within rural or remote health care policy and service provision.

Published
2019

18. Leadership and capacity building in international chiropractic research: Introducing the chiropractic academy for research leadership (CARL)

Author

Adams, J, Kawchuk, G, Breen, A, De Carvalho, D, Eklund, A, Fernandez, M, Funabashi, M, Holmes, MM, Johansson, MS, de Luca, K, Moore, C, Pagé, I, Pohlman, KA, Swain, MS, Wong, AYL, Hartvigsen, J, Adams, J, Kawchuk, G, Breen, A, De Carvalho, D, Eklund, A, Fernandez, M, Funabashi, M, Holmes, MM, Johansson, MS, de Luca, K, Moore, C, Pagé, I, Pohlman, KA, Swain, MS, Wong, AYL, and Hartvigsen, J

Abstract

© 2018 The Author(s). In an evidence-based health care environment, healthcare professions require a sustainable research culture to remain relevant. At present however, there is not a mature research culture across the chiropractic profession largely due to deficiencies in research capacity and leadership, which may be caused by a lack of chiropractic teaching programs in major universities. As a response to this challenge the Chiropractic Academy for Research Leadership, CARL, was created with the aim of develop a global network of successful early-career chiropractic researchers under the mentorship of three successful senior academics from Australia, Canada, and Denmark. The program centres upon an annual week-long program residential that rotates continental locations over the first three-year cycle and between residentials the CARL fellows work on self-initiated research and leadership initiatives. Through a competivite application process, the first cohort was selected and consists of 13 early career researchers from five professions in seven countries who represent diverse areas of interests of high relevance for chiropractic. The first residential was held in Odense, Denmark, with the second being planned in April 2018 in Edmonton, Canada, and the final residential to be held in Sydney, Australia in 2019.

Published
2018

20. World Congress Integrative Medicine & Health 2017: part two Berlin, Germany. 3-5 May 2017 Abstracts

Author

Ee, C, Thuraisingam, S, Pirotta, M, French, S, Xue, C, Teede, H, Kristoffersen, AE, Sirois, F, Stub, T, Engler, J, Joos, S, Güthlin, C, Felenda, J, Beckmann, C, Stintzing, F, Evans, R, Bronfort, G, Keefe, D, Taberko, A, Hanson, L, Haley, A, Ma, H, Jolton, J, Yarosh, L, Keefe, F, Nam, J, Ojala, L, Kreitzer, MJ, Fink, C, Kraft, K, Flower, A, Lewith, G, Harman, K, Stuart, B, Bishop, FL, Frawley, J, Füleki, L, Kiss, E, Vancsik, T, Krenacs, T, Funabashi, M, Pohlman, KA, Mior, S, Thiel, H, Hill, MD, Cassidy, DJ, Westaway, M, Yager, J, Hurwitz, E, Kawchuk, GN, O’Beirne, M, Vohra, S, Gaboury, I, Morin, C, Gaertner, K, Torchetti, L, Frei-Erb, M, Kundi, M, Frass, M, Gallo, E, Maggini, V, Comite, M, Sofi, F, Baccetti, S, Vannacci, A, Di Stefano, M, Monechi, MV, Gori, L, Rossi, E, Firenzuoli, F, Mediati, RD, Ballerini, G, Gardiner, P, Lestoquoy, AS, Negash, L, Stillman, S, Shah, P, Liebschutz, J, Adelstein, P, Farrell-Riley, C, Brackup, I, Penti, B, Saper, R, Sampedro, IG, Carvajal, G, Gleiss, A, Gross, MM, Brendlin, D, Röttger, J, Stritter, W, Seifert, G, Grzanna, N, Stange, R, Guendling, PW, Gu, W, Lu, Y, Wang, J, Zhang, C, Bai, H, He, Y, Zhang, X, Zhang, Z, Wang, D, Meng, F, Hagel, A, Albrecht, H, Vollbracht, C, Dauth, W, Hagel, W, Vitali, F, Ganzleben, I, Schultis, H, Konturek, P, Stein, J, Neurath, M, Raithel, M, Krick, B, Haller, H, Klose, P, Dobos, G, Kümmel, S, Cramer, H, Saha, FJ, Kowoll, A, Ebner, B, Berger, B, Choi, K-E, He, L, Wang, H, He, X, Gu, C, Zhang, Y, Zhao, L, Tong, X, Ho, RST, Chung, VCH, Wu, X, Wong, CHL, Wu, JCY, Wong, SYS, Lau, AYL, Sit, RWS, Wong, W, Holmes, M, Bishop, F, Calman, L, Newell, D, Field, J, Htut, WL, Han, D, Choi, DI, Choi, SJ, Kim, HY, Hwang, JH, Huang, CW, Jang, BH, Chen, FP, Ko, SG, Huang, W, Jin, D, Lian, F, Jang, S, Kim, KH, Lee, EK, Sun, SH, Go, HY, Ko, Y, Park, S, Shin, YC, Janik, H, Greiffenhagen, N, Bolte, J, Jaworski, M, Adamus, M, Dobrzynska, A, Jeitler, M, Jaspers, J, von Scheidt, C, Koch, B, Michalsen, A, Steckhan, N, Kessler, C, Huang, W-J, Pang, B, Lian, F-M, Jong, M, Baars, E, Glockmann, A, Hamre, H, Kainuma, M, Murakami, A, Kubota, T, Kobayashi, D, Sumoto, Y, Furusyo, N, Ando, S-I, Shimazoe, T, Kelber, O, Verjee, S, Gorgus, E, Schrenk, D, Kemper, K, Hill, E, Rao, N, Gascon, G, Mahan, J, Kienle, G, Dietrich, J, Schmoor, C, Huber, R, Kim, WH, Ahmed, M, Meggyeshazi, N, Kovago, C, Klaus, AK, Zerm, R, Pranga, D, Ostermann, T, Reif, M, von Laue, HB, Brinkhaus, B, Kröz, M, Recchia, DR, Klein-Laansma, CT, von Hagens, C, Jansen, JP, van Wietmarschen, H, Jong, MC, Sun, S-H, Go, H-Y, Jeon, C-Y, Song, Y-K, Ko, S-G, Koch, AK, Rabsilber, S, Lauche, R, Langhorst, J, Trifunovic-Koenig, M, Koster, E, Delnoij, D, Kroll, L, Weiss, K, Kubo, A, Hendlish, S, Altschuler, A, Connolly, N, Avins, A, Wardle, J, Lee, D, Sibbritt, D, Adams, J, Park, C, Mishra, G, Lechner, J, Lee, I, Chae, Y, Lee, J, Cho, SH, Choi, Y, Lee, JY, Ryu, HS, Yoon, SS, Oh, HK, Hyun, LK, Kim, JO, Yoon, SW, Lee, J-Y, Shin, S-H, Jang, M, Müller, I, Park, S-HJ, 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Hannan, N, Hellsing, R, Andermo, S, Arman, M, von Hörsten, I, Torrielo, PV, Vilaró, CLA, Cabrera, FC, Hui, H, Ziea, E, Tsui, D, Hsieh, J, Lam, C, Chan, E, Jensen, MP, Battalio, SL, Chan, J, Edwards, KA, Gertz, KJ, Day, MA, Sherlin, LH, Ehde, DM, Börner, A, Lee, B, Chang, GT, Menassa, A, Motoo, Y, Müller, J, Rabini, S, Vinson, B, Storr, M, Niemeijer, M, Hoekman, J, Ruijssenaaars, W, Njoku, FC, Norheim, AJ, Okumus, F, and Oncu-Celik, H

Published
2017

23. Second generation micropayment systems: lessons learned

Author

Parhonyi, R., Nieuwenhuis, Lambertus Johannes Maria, Pras, Aiko, Funabashi, M., Grzech, A., and Faculty of Behavioural, Management and Social Sciences

Subjects
Engineering, business.industry, E-commerce, First generation, ecash, Commerce, Micropayment, Key (cryptography), Online music, IR-63596, EWI-7620, Market share, METIS-224929, business, Telecommunications
Abstract

In the next years the market for low value products such as online music and videos and the role of micropayment systems for selling such products are expected to grow substantially. The first generation micropayment systems appeared around 1994, with systems such as eCash, MilliCent and CyberCoin. These systems were unable to gain market share, however, and disappeared slowly in the late 1990s. The second generation micropayment systems appeared around 1999-2000, and are still operational. In this paper we present an overview of first and second generation micropayment systems, and compare their key characteristics to determine their success or failure. This paper explains why the first generation systems failed and concludes that second generation systems have a better chance for success than their predecessors.

Published
2005
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24. Ru L edge x-ray absorption studies of the electronic structure of Ru3(CO)12 adsorption and the formation of Ru–Cu bimetallics on Cu(111).

Author

Sham, T. K., Ohta, T., Yokoyama, T., Kitajima, Y., Funabashi, M., Kosugi, N., and Kuroda, H.

Subjects
X-ray absorption near edge structure, ATOMIC emission spectroscopy, LOW energy electron diffraction, RUTHENIUM compounds
Abstract

Ru L2,3 edge XANES (x-ray absorption near edge structure) together with AES (Auger electron spectroscopy) and LEED (low energy electron diffraction) studies of Ru3(CO)12 adsorbed on Cu(111) reveal the following: (a) Ru3(CO)12 adsorbs molecularly on Cu(111) at low temperature (<=-50°). (b) Upon electron bombardment, Ru3(CO)12 dissociates to form bare Ru aggregates which exhibit very broad Ru L2,3 white lines and featureless absorption in the XANES spectrum indicating that the Ru atoms are not well ordered on the Cu(111) surface. (c) Annealing of the bare Ru aggregates on Cu(111) at 450 °C results in the formation of Cu/Ru bimetallic clusters in which the Ru atoms are in the core and exhibit bulk-like Ru L2,3 XANES while the surface is covered with Cu atoms. Analysis of the Ru L3 white line intensity indicates that charge redistribution in the Ru d band occurs upon the transformation from the bare Ru aggregates to the bimetallic Cu/Ru clusters on Cu(111). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1988
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25. Preparation of superconducting thin films of (La1-xSrx)yCuO4-δ by sputtering.

Author

Koinuma, H., Kawasaki, M., Funabashi, M., Hasegawa, T., Kishio, K., Kitazawa, K., Fueki, K., and Nagata, S.

Subjects
SUPERCONDUCTORS, THIN films, SPUTTERING (Physics)
Abstract

Describes a preparation of superconducting thin films by sputtering. Preparation parameters which were controlled; Details of the experimental techniques used; Details of a schematic representation of a simple sputtering apparatus used in the study.

Published
1987
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