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In this paper, a new fully-resolved framework capable of capturing the fundamental physics of particle–fluid interactions, the collision of particles with solid surfaces, and the resulting damage is proposed. A coupled DEM-IB-CLBM, consisting of a discrete element method (DEM), an immersed boundary (IB) method, and a cascaded lattice Boltzmann method (CLBM), is used to fully resolve the interaction of the particles with the surrounding viscous fluid. The peridynamics theory is then implemented and used to predict the impact damage to the target material. This framework is validated by comparing the trajectory of a particle–wall collision event in a viscous fluid with the previous results in the literature. Furthermore, the variation of the restitution coefficient with the impact velocity is in a good agreement with the available experimental results. The influence of multiple impacts and the resulting surface damage on the fluid dynamics of the system is investigated. It is demonstrated that the method correctly predicts the expected effects of multiple collisions and impact angle variations on the surface damage. • A novel numerical framework to model erosion due to particle impact is developed. • Damage due to particle impact can be assessed without any ad hoc correlations. • Formation of a crater on the surface and its impact on the fluid dynamics is captured. • The influence of the impact angle and fluid properties on the damage is investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A new viscoelastic immersed boundary multiphase flow solver is developed. • The formulation comprises the log-conformation tensor. • The sedimentation, rotation and cross-stream migration of a sphere are studied. • The shear induced particle alignment in wall-bounded fluids is studied. • The open-source computational libraries CFDEMcoupling and OpenFOAM are employed. Abstract This study reports the development of a direct simulation code for solid spheres moving through viscoelastic fluids with a range of different rheological behaviors. The numerical algorithm was implemented on an open-source finite-volume solver coupled with an immersed boundary method, and is able to perform fully-resolved simulations, wherein all flow scales associated with the particle motion are resolved. The formulation employed exploits the log-conformation tensor to avoid high Weissenberg number issues when calculating the polymeric extra stress. A number of benchmark flows were simulated using this method, to assess the accuracy of the newly-developed solver. First, the sedimentation of a sphere in a bounded domain surrounded by either Newtonian or viscoelastic fluid was computed, and the numerical results were verified by comparison with experimental and computational data from the literature. Additionally, the spatial and temporal accuracies of the algorithm were evaluated, and different transient and advection discretization schemes were investigated. Second, the rotation of a sphere in a homogeneous shear flow was studied, and again the numerical results obtained were compared to those from the literature. Good agreement is obtained for the variation in the particle rotation rate as a function of Weissenberg number, using both the newly implemented algorithm and an alternative fixed-mesh approach. Finally, the cross-stream migration of a neutrally buoyant sphere in a steady Poiseuille flow, consisting of either a Newtonian or viscoelastic suspending fluid was investigated. For the Newtonian fluid good agreement was obtained for the particle equilibrium position when compared to the well known Segré–Silberberg effect, and for the viscoelastic fluid the effect of the retardation ratio on the final particle equilibrium position was studied. Additionally, the newly-developed solver capabilities were tested to study the shear-induced particle alignment in wall-bounded Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids. The role of the fluid rheology and finite gap size on both the rate and approach pathways of the solid particles is illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At low terminal Reynolds numbers R e = 2 – 10 , there are multiple asymmetrical principal movement states for the sedimentation of a pair of particles in a channel filled with a viscous fluid. The main emphasis of this work is to investigate the formation process of these states and the effect of the natural rotation on the process when particles are released symmetrically. The flow field around each particle is fully resolved with an Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) coupled with the Cascaded Lattice Boltzmann Method (CLBM). An improved algorithm is developed to couple IBM with CLBM which can fully exploit the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) for parallelisation. The collision between particles is handled with the Discrete Element Model (DEM). The approach is validated considering the sedimentation of a single particle released asymmetrically and also the Drafting–Kissing–Tumbling (DKT) problem of two particles. The trajectories of particles corresponding to different principal movement states are determined for the sedimentation of a pair of particles released symmetrically in a long narrow channel. By analysing the trajectories, it is found that particles go through two distinct symmetry breaking phenomena, a sudden lateral migration that leads to asymmetrically moving centres, and (or) a divergent oscillation that leads to a zero phase lag between the fundamental frequencies of oscillating particles. Since particle's lateral movement and natural rotation display a strong coherence of nearly 1.0 over a transitional oscillatory period, the trajectories of particles without rotational degree-of-freedom are then considered to determine the impacts of natural rotation on the principal movement states. It is shown that the lateral migration can still take place even after removing the rotational degree-of-freedom. However, the divergent oscillation disappears, which makes particles move in a steady oblique or horizontal structure and leads to a smaller terminal Reynolds number. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Viscoelastic particulate suspensions play a key role in many energy applications. Our goal is to develop a simulation-based tool for engineering such suspensions. This study is concerned with fully resolved simulations, wherein all flow scales associated with the particle motion are resolved. The present effort is based on Immersed Boundary (IB) methods, in which the domain grids do not conform to the particle geometry. The particles are defined on a separate Lagrangian mesh that is free to move over an underlying Eulerian grid. An immersed boundary forcing technique for moving bodies within an unstructured-mesh, non-Newtonian viscoelastic flow solver is thus developed and described. This method is implemented in a massively parallel, finite-volume-based incompressible fluid solver. A number of flows, simulated using this method are presented to assess the accuracy and correctness of the algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fully resolved simulations of flow past fixed assemblies of monodisperse spheres in face-centered-cubic array or random configurations, are performed using an iterative immersed boundary method. A methodology has been applied such that the computed gas-solid force is almost independent of the grid resolution. Simulations extend the previously similar studies to a wider range of solids volume fraction ( [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A numerical scheme for fully resolved simulation of particle–fluid systems with freely moving rigid particles is developed. The approach is based on a fictitious domain method wherein the entire particle–fluid domain is assumed to be an incompressible fluid but with variable density. The flow inside the particle domain is constrained to be a rigid body motion using an additional rigidity constraint in a fractional step scheme. The rigidity constraint force is obtained based on the fast computation technique proposed by Sharma and Patankar (2005) [1]. The particle is assumed to be made up of material points moving on a fixed background mesh where the fluid flow equations are solved. The basic finite-volume solver is based on a co-located grid incompressible but variable density flow. The incompressibility constraint is imposed by solving a variable-coefficient pressure equation. Use of density-weighted reconstruction of the pressure gradients was found to give a stable scheme for high density ratio particle–fluid systems. Various verification and validation test cases on fixed and freely moving particles are performed to show that the numerical approach is accurate and stable for a wide range ( – ) of particle–fluid density ratios. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]