44 results on '"Fuller BT"'
Search Results
2. POPULATION GENETICS. Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans
- Author
-
Maanasa, Raghavan, Matthias, Steinrücken, Kelley, Harris, Stephan, Schiffels, Simon, Rasmussen, Michael, DeGiorgio, Anders, Albrechtsen, Cristina, Valdiosera, María C, Ávila-Arcos, Anna-Sapfo, Malaspinas, Anders, Eriksson, Ida, Moltke, Mait, Metspalu, Julian R, Homburger, Jeff, Wall, Omar E, Cornejo, J Víctor, Moreno-Mayar, Thorfinn S, Korneliussen, Tracey, Pierre, Morten, Rasmussen, Paula F, Campos, Peter, de Barros Damgaard, Morten E, Allentoft, John, Lindo, Ene, Metspalu, Ricardo, Rodríguez-Varela, Josefina, Mansilla, Celeste, Henrickson, Andaine, Seguin-Orlando, Helena, Malmström, Thomas, Stafford, Suyash S, Shringarpure, Andrés, Moreno-Estrada, Monika, Karmin, Kristiina, Tambets, Anders, Bergström, Yali, Xue, Vera, Warmuth, Andrew D, Friend, Joy, Singarayer, Paul, Valdes, Francois, Balloux, Ilán, Leboreiro, Jose Luis, Vera, Hector, Rangel-Villalobos, Davide, Pettener, Donata, Luiselli, Loren G, Davis, Evelyne, Heyer, Christoph P E, Zollikofer, Marcia S, Ponce de León, Colin I, Smith, Vaughan, Grimes, Kelly-Anne, Pike, Michael, Deal, Benjamin T, Fuller, Bernardo, Arriaza, Vivien, Standen, Maria F, Luz, Francois, Ricaut, Niede, Guidon, Ludmila, Osipova, Mikhail I, Voevoda, Olga L, Posukh, Oleg, Balanovsky, Maria, Lavryashina, Yuri, Bogunov, Elza, Khusnutdinova, Marina, Gubina, Elena, Balanovska, Sardana, Fedorova, Sergey, Litvinov, Boris, Malyarchuk, Miroslava, Derenko, M J, Mosher, David, Archer, Jerome, Cybulski, Barbara, Petzelt, Joycelynn, Mitchell, Rosita, Worl, Paul J, Norman, Peter, Parham, Brian M, Kemp, Toomas, Kivisild, Chris, Tyler-Smith, Manjinder S, Sandhu, Michael, Crawford, Richard, Villems, David Glenn, Smith, Michael R, Waters, Ted, Goebel, John R, Johnson, Ripan S, Malhi, Mattias, Jakobsson, David J, Meltzer, Andrea, Manica, Richard, Durbin, Carlos D, Bustamante, Yun S, Song, Rasmus, Nielsen, Eske, Willerslev, Raghavan M, Steinrücken M, Harris K, Schiffels S, Rasmussen S, DeGiorgio M, Albrechtsen A, Valdiosera C, Ávila-Arcos MC, Malaspinas AS, Eriksson A, Moltke I, Metspalu M, Homburger JR, Wall J, Cornejo OE, Moreno-Mayar JV, Korneliussen TS, Pierre T, Rasmussen M, Campos PF, Damgaard Pde B, Allentoft ME, Lindo J, Metspalu E, Rodríguez-Varela R, Mansilla J, Henrickson C, Seguin-Orlando A, Malmström H, Stafford T Jr, Shringarpure SS, Moreno-Estrada A, Karmin M, Tambets K, Bergström A, Xue Y, Warmuth V, Friend AD, Singarayer J, Valdes P, Balloux F, Leboreiro I, Vera JL, Rangel-Villalobos H, Pettener D, Luiselli D, Davis LG, Heyer E, Zollikofer CP, Ponce de León MS, Smith CI, Grimes V, Pike KA, Deal M, Fuller BT, Arriaza B, Standen V, Luz MF, Ricaut F, Guidon N, Osipova L, Voevoda MI, Posukh OL, Balanovsky O, Lavryashina M, Bogunov Y, Khusnutdinova E, Gubina M, Balanovska E, Fedorova S, Litvinov S, Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Mosher MJ, Archer D, Cybulski J, Petzelt B, Mitchell J, Worl R, Norman PJ, Parham P, Kemp BM, Kivisild T, Tyler-Smith C, Sandhu MS, Crawford M, Villems R, Smith DG, Waters MR, Goebel T, Johnson JR, Malhi RS, Jakobsson M, Meltzer DJ, Manica A, Durbin R, Bustamante CD, Song YS, Nielsen R, and Willerslev E
- Subjects
Gene Flow ,Siberia ,Models, Genetic ,Athabascans and Amerindians ,Human Migration ,Genetic history of Native American ,Indians, North American ,Humans ,Genomics ,Americas ,Population genetic ,History, Ancient ,Article - Abstract
How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome-wide data, we find that the ancestors of all present-day Native Americans, including Athabascans and Amerindians, entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia no earlier than 23 thousand years ago (KYA), and after no more than 8,000-year isolation period in Beringia. Following their arrival to the Americas, ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 KYA, one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other is restricted to North America. Subsequent gene flow resulted in some Native Americans sharing ancestry with present-day East Asians (including Siberians) and, more distantly, Australo-Melanesians. Putative ‘Paleoamerican’ relict populations, including the historical Mexican Pericúes and South American Fuego-Patagonians, are not directly related to modern Australo-Melanesians as suggested by the Paleoamerican Model.
- Published
- 2015
3. Agropastoral and dietary practices of the northern Levant facing Late Holocene climate and environmental change: Isotopic analysis of plants, animals and humans from Bronze to Iron Age Tell Tweini.
- Author
-
Fuller BT, Riehl S, Linseele V, Marinova E, De Cupere B, Bretschneider J, Richards MP, and Van Neer W
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, History, Ancient, Diet history, Climate Change, Archaeology, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Agriculture history, Plants chemistry
- Abstract
One of the largest isotopic datasets of the ancient Eastern Mediterranean region is evaluated, based on plants (n = 410), animals (n = 210) and humans (n = 16) from Tell Tweini (Syria). Diachronic analysis of plant and faunal specimens from four main periods of occupation: Early Bronze Age (2600-2000 BC), Middle Bronze Age (2000-1600 BC), Late Bronze Age (1600-1200 BC) and Iron Age (1200-333 BC) were investigated. Mean Δ13C results from seven plant species reveal emmer and free threshing wheat, olives, bitter vetch, rye grass and barley were adequately or well-watered during all periods of occupation. The grape Δ13C results suggest excellent growing conditions and particular care for its cultivation. The δ15N results indicate that especially the emmer and free threshing wheats received some manure inputs throughout the occupation sequence, while these were likely further increased during the Iron Age, encompassing also the olive groves and grape vineyards. Generally, domestic animals (cattle, sheep, goats) had C3 terrestrial diets and were kept together in similar environments. However, some animals consumed significant amounts of marine or C4 plants, possibly from disturbed habitats due to land use pressure or salt tolerant grasses and shrubs from wetland environments, which were recorded in the direct vicinity of the site. Middle Bronze Age humans consumed a C3 terrestrial diet with no measurable input from C4, freshwater or marine protein sources. Interestingly, the human diet was relatively low in animal protein and appears comparable to what is considered today a typical Mediterranean diet consisting of bread (wheat/barley), olives, grapes, pulses, dairy products and small amounts of meat. The combined isotopic analysis of plants, animals and humans from Tell Tweini represents unbroken links in the food chain which create unparalleled opportunities to enhance our current understanding of environmental conditions, climate change and lifeways in past populations from the Eastern Mediterranean., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Fuller et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Isotopic evidence of high reliance on plant food among Later Stone Age hunter-gatherers at Taforalt, Morocco.
- Author
-
Moubtahij Z, McCormack J, Bourgon N, Trost M, Sinet-Mathiot V, Fuller BT, Smith GM, Temming H, Steinbrenner S, Hublin JJ, Bouzouggar A, Turner E, and Jaouen K
- Subjects
- Humans, Morocco, History, Ancient, Bone and Bones chemistry, Archaeology, Animals, Dental Enamel chemistry, Strontium Isotopes analysis, Diet
- Abstract
The transition from hunting-gathering to agriculture stands as one of the most important dietary revolutions in human history. Yet, due to a scarcity of well-preserved human remains from Pleistocene sites, little is known about the dietary practices of pre-agricultural human groups. Here we present the isotopic evidence of pronounced plant reliance among Late Stone Age hunter-gatherers from North Africa (15,000-13,000 cal BP), predating the advent of agriculture by several millennia. Employing a comprehensive multi-isotopic approach, we conducted zinc (δ
66 Zn) and strontium (87 Sr/86 Sr) analysis on dental enamel, bulk carbon (δ13 C) and nitrogen (δ15 N) and sulfur (δ34 S) isotope analysis on dentin and bone collagen, and single amino acid analysis on human and faunal remains from Taforalt (Morocco). Our results unequivocally demonstrate a substantial plant-based component in the diets of these hunter-gatherers. This distinct dietary pattern challenges the prevailing notion of high reliance on animal proteins among pre-agricultural human groups. It also raises intriguing questions surrounding the absence of agricultural development in North Africa during the early Holocene. This study underscores the importance of investigating dietary practices during the transition to agriculture and provides insights into the complexities of human subsistence strategies across different regions., (© 2024. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Enhanced dietary reconstruction of Korean prehistoric populations by combining δ13C and δ15N amino acids of bone collagen.
- Author
-
Choy K, Yun HY, Fuller BT, and Mannino MA
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Bayes Theorem, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Diet, Republic of Korea, Amino Acids, Collagen chemistry
- Abstract
Compound specific stable isotope analysis of amino acids (CSIA-AA) is a powerful tool for determining dietary behaviors in complex environments and improving dietary reconstructions. Here, we conducted CSIA-AA on human (n = 32) and animal (n = 13) remains from two prehistoric archaeological sites (Mumun, Imdang) to assess in more detail the dietary sources consumed by prehistoric Korean populations. Results of estimated trophic position (TP) using Δ15NGlx-Phe show that the Imdang individuals consumed aquatic resources, as well as terrestrial resources. Principal component analysis (PCA) using δ13C and δ15N essential amino acid (EAA) values show that the Imdang humans closely cluster with game birds and terrestrial herbivores, whilst the Mumun humans closely cluster with C4 plants. Quantitative estimation by a Bayesian mixing model (MixSIAR) indicates that the Imdang humans derived a large proportion of their proteins from terrestrial animals and marine fish, whereas the main protein sources for the Mumun humans were C4 plants and terrestrial animals. Additionally, the comparison between the EAA and bulk isotope models shows that there is a tendency to overestimate the consumption of plant proteins when using bulk isotopic data. Our CSIA-AA approach reveals that in prehistoric Korea there were clear differences in human diets through time. This study adds to a growing body of literature that demonstrates the potential of CSIA-AA to provide more accurate estimations of protein consumption in mixed diets than previous bulk isotopic studies., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Choy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Late shellmound occupation in southern Brazil: A multi-proxy study of the Galheta IV archaeological site.
- Author
-
Mendes Cardoso J, Merencio F, Villagran X, Wesolowski V, Estevam R, Fuller BT, DeBlasis P, Pierre-Gilson S, Guiserix D, Méjean P, Figuti L, Farias D, Guimaraes G, Strauss A, and Jaouen K
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, Brazil, Strontium Isotopes, Archaeology methods
- Abstract
Brazilian coastal archaeology is renowned for its numerous and large shellmounds (sambaquis), which had been continuously occupied from at least 8000 to 1000 years cal BP. However, changes in their structure and material culture in the late Holocene have led to different hypotheses concerning their ecological and cultural changes. The archaeological site Galheta IV (ca. 1300 to 500 years cal BP) offers new insights into the complexity of the late coastal occupation in southern Brazil. Our attempt was to determine whether Galheta IV can be classified as a sambaqui site, or if it belongs to a Southern proto-Jê settlement. Here, we reassessed Galheta's collections and applied a multi-proxy approach using: new 14C dates, zooarchaeology, δ13C and δ15N isotopes in bulk collagen and 87Sr/86Srenamel isotopic ratios from eight human individuals, ceramics analysis, and FTIR. The results indicate an intense exploitation of marine resources, with an area designated for processing animals located at the opposite side of the funerary areas. Bone tools and specific species of animals were found as burial accompaniments. No evidence of human cremations was detected. 87Sr/86Sr results indicate that the eight human individuals always lived on the coast, and did not come from the inland. The pottery analysis confirms the association with Itararé-Taquara, but contrary to what was assumed by previous studies, the pottery seems related to other coastal sites, and not to the highlands. In light of these findings, we propose that Galheta IV can be considered a funerary mound resulting from long and continuous interactions between shellmound and Southern proto-Jê populations. This study not only enhances our understanding of the late coastal occupation dynamics in southern Brazil but also underscores its importance in reshaping current interpretations of shellmound cultural changes over time., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Mendes Cardoso et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Pre-Younger Dryas megafaunal extirpation at Rancho La Brea linked to fire-driven state shift.
- Author
-
O'Keefe FR, Dunn RE, Weitzel EM, Waters MR, Martinez LN, Binder WJ, Southon JR, Cohen JE, Meachen JA, DeSantis LRG, Kirby ME, Ghezzo E, Coltrain JB, Fuller BT, Farrell AB, Takeuchi GT, MacDonald G, Davis EB, and Lindsey EL
- Subjects
- Humans, Archaeology, Desiccation, California, Animals, Ecosystem, Fires, Fossils, Extinction, Biological
- Abstract
The cause, or causes, of the Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions have been difficult to establish, in part because poor spatiotemporal resolution in the fossil record hinders alignment of species disappearances with archeological and environmental data. We obtained 172 new radiocarbon dates on megafauna from Rancho La Brea in California spanning 15.6 to 10.0 thousand calendar years before present (ka). Seven species of extinct megafauna disappeared by 12.9 ka, before the onset of the Younger Dryas. Comparison with high-resolution regional datasets revealed that these disappearances coincided with an ecological state shift that followed aridification and vegetation changes during the Bølling-Allerød (14.69 to 12.89 ka). Time-series modeling implicates large-scale fires as the primary cause of the extirpations, and the catalyst of this state shift may have been mounting human impacts in a drying, warming, and increasingly fire-prone ecosystem.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. A dietary perspective of cat-human interactions in two medieval harbors in Iran and Oman revealed through stable isotope analysis.
- Author
-
Brozou A, Fuller BT, De Cupere B, Marrast A, Monchot H, Peters J, Van de Vijver K, Lambert O, Mannino MA, Ottoni C, and Van Neer W
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Iran, Oman, Nitrogen Isotopes, Mammals, Diet, Food
- Abstract
Cats are hypercarnivorous, opportunistic animals that have adjusted to anthropogenic environments since the Neolithic period. Through humans, either by direct feeding and/or scavenging on food scraps, the diet of cats has been enriched with animals that they cannot kill themselves (e.g., large mammals, fish). Here, we conducted carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio analysis to reconstruct the diet of medieval cats and investigate cat-human interactions in two medieval harbor sites (Qalhât, Oman and Siraf, Iran). The analysis included 28 cat individuals and 100 associated marine and terrestrial faunal samples pertaining to > 30 taxa. The isotopic results indicate a high marine protein-based diet for the cats from Qalhât and a mixed marine-terrestrial (C
4 ) diet for the cats from Siraf. Cats at these sites most likely scavenged on both human food scraps and refuse related to fishing activities, with differences in the two sites most likely associated with the availability of marine resources and/or the living conditions of the cats. By shedding light on the dietary habits of cats from two medieval harbors in the Arabian Gulf and Gulf of Oman, this study illustrates the potential of stable isotope analysis in reconstructing human-cat interactions in the past., (© 2023. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Using SXRF and LA-ICP-TOFMS to Explore Evidence of Treatment and Physiological Responses to Leprosy in Medieval Denmark.
- Author
-
Brozou A, Mannino MA, Van Malderen SJM, Garrevoet J, Pubert E, Fuller BT, Dean MC, Colard T, Santos F, Lynnerup N, Boldsen JL, Jørkov ML, Soficaru AD, Vincze L, and Le Cabec A
- Abstract
Leprosy can lead to blood depletion in Zn, Ca, Mg, and Fe and blood enrichment in Cu. In late medieval Europe, minerals were used to treat leprosy. Here, physiological responses to leprosy and possible evidence of treatment are investigated in enamel, dentine, and cementum of leprosy sufferers from medieval Denmark (n = 12) and early 20th century Romania (n = 2). Using SXRF and LA-ICP-TOFMS, 12 elements were mapped in 15 tooth thin sections, and the statistical covariation of paired elements was computed to assess their biological relevance. The results show marked covariations in the Zn, Ca, and Mg distributions, which are compatible with clinical studies but cannot be directly attributed to leprosy. Minerals used historically as a treatment for leprosy show no detectable intake (As, Hg) or a diffuse distribution (Pb) related to daily ingestion. Intense Pb enrichments indicate acute incorporations of Pb, potentially through the administration of Pb-enriched medication or the mobilization of Pb from bone stores to the bloodstream during intense physiological stress related to leprosy. However, comparisons with a healthy control group are needed to ascertain these interpretations. The positive correlations and the patterns observed between Pb and essential elements may indicate underlying pathophysiological conditions, demonstrating the potential of SXRF and LA-ICP-TOFMS for paleopathological investigations., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Infancy, childhood, and puberty on the Silk Road revealed with isotopic analysis of incremental dentine.
- Author
-
Wang T, Wei D, Yi B, Jiang H, Li W, Hu Y, and Fuller BT
- Subjects
- Humans, Adult, Infant, Newborn, Adolescent, Male, Female, Pregnancy, Child, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Diet, Puberty, Edible Grain chemistry, Dentin chemistry, Anthropology, Physical, Silk
- Abstract
Childhood is a unique phase in human life history, in which newborns are breastfed and weaned, and are progressively familiarized to adult diets. By investigating dietary changes from infancy to adolescence, valuable information regarding past cultural behaviors and aspects of human lives can be explored and elucidated. Here, in conjunction with published isotopic results of serial dentine (n = 21) from Yingpan Man, new δ
13 C and δ15 N results are obtained from 172 samples of incremental dentine from 8 teeth of 8 individuals of the Yingpan cemetery, located in Xinjiang, China. The δ13 C values range from - 18.2 to - 14.6‰ with a mean ± SD value of - 16.3 ± 0.9‰, and the δ15 N results range between 13.4 and 19.9‰ with a mean ± SD value of 16.0 ± 1.4‰. This indicates that the childhood diets were mixtures of C3 and C4 dietary resources and were clearly influenced by breastfeeding and weaning practices. In particular, the findings indicate that there were significant inter-individual differences in terms of the timing and duration of breastfeeding and weaning practices as well as childhood dietary practices at Yingpan. For instance, three individuals were exclusively breastfed after birth, while, two individuals and Yingpan Man were not. In addition, the post-weaning diets of most Yingpan individuals were relatively stable, but one individual and Yingpan Man displayed clear evidence of increased consumption of C4 foods, likely millet, during late and post-weaning periods. Further, 7 individuals had unique dietary changes between 9 to 14 years old. Potential factors related to this are presented from the perspective of changes in social roles that might be caused by their early participation in the social division of labor or puberty and marriage., (© 2022. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Revealing lost secrets about Yingpan Man and the Silk Road.
- Author
-
Wang T, Fuller BT, Jiang H, Li W, Wei D, and Hu Y
- Abstract
Yingpan Man, is one of the most exquisitely preserved mummies found in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. Here links between Yingpan Man and the Silk Road are explored through a detailed isotopic and bioarchaeological investigation of his life history. Analytical techniques of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur stable isotope ratio analysis on hair, teeth, muscle and bones as well as associated animal and plant remains, radiocarbon dating and starch grain analysis of dental calculus are presented to visualize never before seen aspects of Yingpan Man's life, including: environment, breastfeeding and weaning practices, adolescent and adult diet, disease and nutritional status as well as season of death. Furthermore, in combination with a detailed review of his associated grave goods, this research examines the social status and identity of Yingpan Man, and demonstrates the profound impact and cultural fusion that the Silk Road had upon the peoples of Xinjiang and Eurasia., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Molecular sensors for detection of tumor-stroma crosstalk.
- Author
-
Fuller BT, Buczynksi EM, Beshay PE, and Song JW
- Subjects
- Chemokines metabolism, Endothelial Cells pathology, Humans, Signal Transduction physiology, Stromal Cells metabolism, Stromal Cells pathology, Biosensing Techniques methods, Neoplasms pathology, Tumor Microenvironment physiology
- Abstract
In most solid tumors, malignant cells coexist with non-cancerous host tissue comprised of a variety of extracellular matrix components and cell types, notably fibroblasts, immune cells, and endothelial cells. It is becoming increasingly evident that the non-cancerous host tissue, often referred to as the tumor stroma or the tumor microenvironment, wields tremendous influence in the proliferation, survival, and metastatic ability of cancer cells. The tumor stroma has an active biological role in the transmission of signals, such as growth factors and chemokines that activate oncogenic signaling pathways by autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Moreover, the constituents of the stroma define the mechanical properties and the physical features of solid tumors, which influence cancer progression and response to therapy. Inspired by the emerging importance of tumor-stroma crosstalk and oncogenic physical forces, numerous biosensors, or advanced imaging and analysis techniques have been developed and applied to investigate complex and challenging questions in cancer research. These techniques facilitate measurements and biological readouts at scales ranging from subcellular to tissue-level with unprecedented level of spatial and temporal precision. Here we examine the application of biosensor technology for studying the complex and dynamic multiscale interactions of the tumor-host system., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Isotopic investigation of skeletal remains at the Imdang tombs reveals high consumption of game birds and social stratification in ancient Korea.
- Author
-
Choy K, Yun HY, Kim SH, Jung S, Fuller BT, and Kim DW
- Abstract
Understanding the development of early states on the Korean Peninsula is an important topic in Korean archaeology. However, it is not clear how social structure was organized by these early states and what natural resources were utilized from their surrounding environments. To investigate dietary adaptation and social status in ancient Korea, stable isotope ratios and radiocarbon dates were measured from humans and animals from the Imdang cemetery, Gyeongsan city, South Korea. The results indicate that the Imdang diet was mainly based on C
3 plants and terrestrial animals. Animal remains in the graves were directly consumed as daily food items as well as for ritual offerings. MixSIAR modeling results revealed that the dietary sources for the humans were: game birds > C3 plants > terrestrial herbivores > marine fish > C4 plants. The finding that the game birds represented the highest contribution to the whole diet, indicates that game birds must have been intensively hunted. Furthermore, elites consumed more game birds than their retainers and they also consumed seafood as a privileged dietary item in the Imdang society. This study demonstrates that the Apdok was a stratified society having high variations in the consumption of food items available to an individual and provides new insights about the subsistence and social status of the early ancient Apdok state on the Korean Peninsula., (© 2021. The Author(s).)- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Leprosy in medieval Denmark: Exploring life histories through a multi-tissue and multi-isotopic approach.
- Author
-
Brozou A, Fuller BT, Grimes V, Lynnerup N, Boldsen JL, Jørkov ML, Pedersen DD, Olsen J, and Mannino MA
- Subjects
- Adult, Anthropology, Physical, Bone and Bones metabolism, Denmark ethnology, Female, History, Medieval, Humans, Isotopes metabolism, Male, Radiometric Dating, Bone and Bones chemistry, Isotopes analysis, Leprosy ethnology, Leprosy history
- Abstract
Objectives: By focusing on two Danish leprosaria (Naestved and Odense; 13th-16th c. CE) and using diet and origin as proxies, we follow a multi-isotopic approach to reconstruct life histories of patients and investigate how leprosy affected both institutionalized individuals and the medieval Danish community as a whole., Materials and Methods: We combine archaeology, historical sources, biological anthropology, isotopic analyses (δ
13 C, δ15 N, δ34 S,87 Sr/86 Sr) and radiocarbon dating, and further analyze bones with different turnover rates (ribs and long bones)., Results: The δ13 C, δ15 N and δ34 S results indicate a C3 terrestrial diet with small contributions of marine protein for leprosy patients and individuals from other medieval Danish sites. A similar diet is seen through time, between males and females, and patients with and without changes on facial bones. The isotopic comparison between ribs and long bones reveals no significant dietary change. The δ34 S and87 Sr/86 Sr results suggest that patients were local to the regions of the leprosaria. Moreover, the radiocarbon dates show a mere 50% agreement with the arm position dating method used in Denmark., Conclusions: A local origin for the leprosy patients is in line with historical evidence, unlike the small dietary contribution of marine protein. Although only 10% of the analyzed individuals have rib/long bone offsets that undoubtedly show a dietary shift, the data appear to reveal a pattern for 25 individuals (out of 50), with elevated δ13 C and/or δ15 N values in the ribs compared to the long bones, which points toward a communal type of diet and reveals organizational aspects of the institution., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Tianshanbeilu and the Isotopic Millet Road: reviewing the late Neolithic/Bronze Age radiation of human millet consumption from north China to Europe.
- Author
-
Wang T, Wei D, Chang X, Yu Z, Zhang X, Wang C, Hu Y, and Fuller BT
- Abstract
The westward expansion of human millet consumption from north China has important implications for understanding early interactions between the East and West. However, few studies have focused on the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the vast geographical area directly linking the ancient cultures of the Eurasian Steppe and the Gansu Corridor of China. In this study, we present the largest isotopic investigation of Bronze Age China ( n = 110) on material from the key site of Tianshanbeilu, in eastern Xinjiang. The large range of δ
13 C values (-17.6‰ to -7.2‰; -15.5 ± 1.2‰) provides direct evidence of unique dietary diversity and consumption of significant C4 resources (millets). The high δ15 N results (10.3‰ to 16.7‰; 14.7 ± 0.8‰) likely reflect sheep/goat and wild game consumption and the arid climate of the Taklamakan Desert. Radiocarbon dates from four individuals indicate Tianshanbeilu was in use between 1940 and 1215 cal bc. The Tianshanbeilu results are then analysed with respect to 52 Bronze Age sites from across Eurasia, to investigate the spread and chronology of significant human millet consumption and human migration. This isotopic survey finds novel evidence that the second millennium bc was a dynamic period, with significant dietary interconnectivity occurring between north China, Central Asia and Siberia. Further, we argue that this 'Isotopic Millet Road' extended all the way to the Mediterranean and Central Europe, and conclude that these C4 dietary signatures of millet consumption reflect early links (migration and/or resource transfer) between the Bronze Age inhabitants of modern-day China and Europe., (© The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd.)- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Multiproxy isotopic analyses of human skeletal material from Rapa Nui: Evaluating the evidence from carbonates, bulk collagen, and amino acids.
- Author
-
Commendador AS, Finney BP, Fuller BT, Tromp M, and Dudgeon JV
- Subjects
- Anthropology, Physical, Bone and Bones chemistry, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Collagen chemistry, History, 17th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, Medieval, Humans, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Plants chemistry, Polynesia, Tooth chemistry, Amino Acids analysis, Carbonates analysis, Diet history, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander history
- Abstract
Objectives: Stable isotope ratio analysis of bulk bone collagen dominates research into past diet; however, bone carbonate and compound specific isotope analyses (CSIA) of amino acids provide alternative, yet complementary, lines of evidence toward that same research goal. Together they inform on different aspects of diet, allowing greater certainty in reconstructions. Here we present new data on carbonate isotopes for Rapa Nui and reevaluate prehistoric diet in the context of these new and previously published bulk collagen and CSIA data., Materials and Methods: We analyzed carbon isotopes in bone carbonate from 28 prehistoric human teeth from Rapa Nui. These represent a subset of material examined previously for carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in bulk collagen. We then reevaluate prehistoric diet in light of these and other published data. In addition, we analyzed carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in 28 modern plant specimens from Rapa Nui to better approximate the isotopic value of the terrestrial endmember., Results: Bulk data suggest a predominantly terrestrial diet, with the amount of marine sources incorporated varying though time. While previously argued to reveal greater amounts of marine consumption, reanalysis of recently published CSIA data suggests this result may relate to the proportion of carbon assimilated rather than consumed. Utilizing models incorporating concentration dependence for estimating dietary proportions results in much lower estimates of marine consumption, in line with findings of the bulk data., Discussion: While these data indicate a larger focus on terrestrial resources, limitations in all forms of analysis make it difficult to determine exact dietary contributions in this mixed system. Better understanding of the complex physiological processes governing isotopic routing and fractionation, and knowledge of appropriate isotopic endmember values are needed to advance this research., (© 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Dorset Pre-Inuit and Beothuk foodways in Newfoundland, ca. AD 500-1829.
- Author
-
Harris AJT, Duggan AT, Marciniak S, Marshall I, Fuller BT, Southon J, Poinar HN, and Grimes V
- Subjects
- Bone and Bones chemistry, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Collagen chemistry, Diet, Fossils, History, Ancient, Humans, Newfoundland and Labrador ethnology, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Radiometric Dating, Rivers, Seafood analysis, Taiga, Archaeology, Feeding Behavior, Indians, North American history, Inuit history
- Abstract
Archaeological research on the Canadian island of Newfoundland increasingly demonstrates that the island's subarctic climate and paucity of terrestrial food resources did not restrict past Pre-Inuit (Dorset) and Native American (Beothuk) hunter-gatherer populations to a single subsistence pattern. This study first sought to characterize hunter-gatherer diets over the past 1500 years; and second, to assess the impact of European colonization on Beothuk lifeways by comparing the bone chemistry of Beothuk skeletal remains before and after the intensification of European settlement in the early 18th century. We employed radiocarbon dating and stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio analysis of bulk bone collagen from both Dorset (n = 9) and Beothuk (n = 13) cultures, including a naturally mummified 17th century Beothuk individual. Carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of 108 faunal samples from Dorset and Beothuk archaeological sites around the island were used as a dietary baseline for the humans. We combined our results with previously published isotope data and radiocarbon dates from Dorset (n = 12) and Beothuk (n = 18) individuals and conducted a palaeodietary analysis using Bayesian modelling, cluster analysis and comparative statistical tests. Dorset diets featured more marine protein than those of the Beothuk, and the diets of Beothuk after the 18th century featured less high trophic level marine protein than those of individuals predating the 18th century. Despite inhabiting the same island, Dorset and Beothuk cultures employed markedly different dietary strategies, consistent with interpretations of other archaeological data. Significantly, European colonization had a profound effect on Beothuk lifeways, as in response to the increasing European presence on the coast, the Beothuk relied more extensively on the limited resources of the island's boreal forests and rivers., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Millet manuring as a driving force for the Late Neolithic agricultural expansion of north China.
- Author
-
Wang X, Fuller BT, Zhang P, Hu S, Hu Y, and Shang X
- Subjects
- Archaeology, China, Isotopes, Population Dynamics, Rivers, Agriculture, Manure analysis, Millets
- Abstract
Research in to the nature of Neolithic agriculture in China is often focused on topics such as the domestication and spread of cereal crops and the reconstruction of human and animal diets in the past. Field management practices, such as organic manuring, have not been systematically investigated in Chinese archaeology. Here we present an isotopic dataset for archaeological foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and common millet (Panicum miliaceum) grains as well as associated faunal remains (both domesticated and wild) from seven sites in the Baishui Valley of north China, in order to find direct evidence of organic manuring during the Late Neolithic period. The elevated nitrogen isotope values of the millet grains (5500-3500 cal BP) in comparison with the estimated local vegetation indicates that millets were organically manured by animal dung, mostly likely originating from domestic pigs. Considering the low nitrogen contents of loess soils and their unsuitability for intensive cultivation, this organic manuring by animal dung would have played a key role in maintaining soil productivity and crop yield, which was necessary to support the demands of agriculture and cultural expansion during the Late Neolithic on the Loess Plateau of China.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Breastfeeding, weaning, and dietary practices during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1122-771 BC) at Boyangcheng, Anhui Province, China.
- Author
-
Xia Y, Zhang J, Yu F, Zhang H, Wang T, Hu Y, and Fuller BT
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Anthropology, Physical, Bone and Bones chemistry, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Cattle, Child, Child, Preschool, China, Collagen chemistry, History, Ancient, Horses, Human Migration, Humans, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Breast Feeding history, Diet, Paleolithic history, Feeding Behavior ethnology, Weaning ethnology
- Abstract
Objectives: Here we investigate breastfeeding and weaning practices and adult dietary habits at the Western Zhou Dynasty (1122-771 BC) site of Boyangcheng () located in Anhui Province, China. In addition, we utilize the differences in bone collagen turnover rates between rib and long bones from the same individual to examine past life histories, such as changes in diet or residence., Materials and Methods: Bone collagen from both the rib and long bones (either femora or humeri) of 42 individuals was measured for stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ
13 C) and nitrogen (δ15 N). In addition, δ13 C and δ15 N values are reported for 35 animals (dogs, cows, horses, pigs, and deer)., Results: The human δ13 C values range from -20.7‰ to -12.0‰ with a mean value of -18.8 ± 1.6‰. The human δ15 N values range from 9.1‰ to 13.4‰ with a mean value of 10.9 ± 1.0‰. The animals display a wide range of δ13 C (-21.5‰ to -8.2‰; -15.8 ± 4.5‰) and δ15 N values (4.0‰ to 9.5‰; 6.5 ± 1.8‰)., Conclusions: The adult δ13 C and δ15 N results indicate that mixed C3 (rice) and C4 (millet) terrestrial diets with varying levels of animal protein (mostly pigs and deer) were consumed. The elevated subadult δ15 N results return to adult levels by approximately 3-4 years of age, indicating that the weaning process was completed during this period. Individuals between 2 and 10 years old, with lower δ13 C and δ15 N results than the adult mean, possibly consumed more plant-based diets, and this is consistent with Chinese medical teachings ∼1500 years later during the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907). The isotopic offsets between the ribs and long bones revealed that five adults experienced dramatic dietary shifts in their later lives, switching from predominately C3 /C4 to C3 diets. This research provides the first isotopic information about ancient Chinese breastfeeding and weaning practices and establishes a foundation for future studies to examine diachronic trends., (© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Neolithic cultivation of water chestnuts (Trapa L.) at Tianluoshan (7000-6300 cal BP), Zhejiang Province, China.
- Author
-
Guo Y, Wu R, Sun G, Zheng Y, and Fuller BT
- Subjects
- China, Cyperaceae growth & development, History, Ancient, Selective Breeding history, Crops, Agricultural history, Cyperaceae anatomy & histology, Fossils
- Abstract
Water chestnuts (Trapa) are frequently recovered at Neolithic sites along the Lower Yangtze River Valley and have been important components of the diets of prehistoric people. However, little systematic research has been conducted to determine their cultural and dietary importance. Excavations at the Tianluoshan site produced large quantities of well-preserved specimens, which provide an excellent collection for studying morphological changes with time. Using modern wild and domesticated water chestnuts (n = 447) as a reference, we find Neolithic samples (n = 481) at Tianluoshan are similar in shape but smaller in size compared to the domesticated species Trapa bispinosa. In particular, the Tianluoshan water chestnuts have bigger seeds than the wild species Trapa incisa. Further, water chestnuts diachronically increased in size at the Tianluoshan site with significant differences (one-way, ANOVA) observed for length (p = 7.85E-08), height (p = 3.19E-06), thickness (p = 1.2E-13), top diameter (p = 5.04E-08) and bottom diameter (p = 1.75E-05) between layers 7 (6700-6500 cal BP) and 6 (6500-6300 cal BP). These results suggest that water chestnuts were actively selected based on size (big), shape (full fruit, two round horns, wide base, etc.) and were an important non-cereal crop to the agricultural practices at the Tianluoshan site.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. The dietary protein paradox and threonine 15 N-depletion: Pyridoxal-5'-phosphate enzyme activity as a mechanism for the δ 15 N trophic level effect.
- Author
-
Fuller BT and Petzke KJ
- Subjects
- Amino Acids analysis, Amino Acids metabolism, Animals, Caseins administration & dosage, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Glutathione analysis, Glutathione metabolism, Glycine Hydroxymethyltransferase metabolism, Liver chemistry, Liver metabolism, Male, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Rats, Rats, Wistar, Threonine analysis, Dietary Proteins metabolism, Nitrogen Isotopes metabolism, Pyridoxal Phosphate metabolism, Threonine metabolism, Threonine Dehydratase metabolism
- Abstract
Rationale: Nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ
15 N values) are used to reconstruct dietary patterns, but the biochemical mechanism(s) responsible for the diet to tissue trophic level effect and its variability are not fully understood. Here δ15 N amino acid (AA) values and physiological measurements (nitrogen intake, plasma albumin concentrations, liver-reduced glutathione concentrations and leucine oxidation rates) are used to investigate increased dietary protein consumption and oxidative stress (vitamin E deficiency) in rat total plasma protein., Methods: Using gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry, the δ15 N values from N-pivaloyl-i-propyl esters of 15 AAs are reported for rats (n = 40) fed casein-based diets with: adequate protein (AP, 13.8%; n = 10), medium protein (MP, 25.7%; n = 10), high protein (HP, 51.3%; n = 10) or HP without vitamin E (HP-E; n = 10) for 18 weeks., Results: Between the HP and AP groups, the δ15 NAA values of threonine (-4.0‰), serine (+1.4‰) and glycine (+1.2‰) display the largest differences and show significant correlations with: nitrogen intake, plasma albumin concentrations, liver-reduced glutathione concentrations and leucine oxidation rates. This indicates increased AA catabolism by the dietary induction of shared common metabolic pathways involving the enzymes threonine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.19), serine hydroxymethyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.1) and the glycine cleavage system (EC 2.1.2.10). The δ15 NAA values of the HP-E and HP groups were not found to be significantly different., Conclusions: The15 N-depleted results of threonine are linked to increased activity of threonine ammonia-lyase, and show potential as a possible biomarker for protein intake and/or gluconeogenesis. We hypothesize that the inverse nitrogen equilibrium isotope effects of Schiff base formation, between AAs and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate cofactor enzymes, play a key role in the bioaccumulation and depletion of15 N in the biomolecules of living organisms and contributes to the variability in the nitrogen trophic level effect. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., (Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Isotopic perspectives (δ(13) C, δ(15) N, δ(34) S) of diet, social complexity, and animal husbandry during the proto-shang period (ca. 2000-1600 BC) of China.
- Author
-
Ma Y, Fuller BT, Wei D, Shi L, Zhang X, Hu Y, and Richards MP
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Anthropology, Physical, Burial, Cattle, Child, China, Dogs, Female, History, Ancient, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Sheep, Swine, Young Adult, Animal Husbandry history, Diet, Paleolithic history, Isotopes analysis
- Abstract
Objectives: To examine dietary patterns and animal husbandry practices and assess the links between human diet and sex, age, burial direction/position, and social status (as inferred by type of grave goods) during the transformative Proto-Shang (ca. 2000-1600 BC) period of China., Materials and Methods: Stable isotope ratios of carbon (δ(13) C), nitrogen (δ(15) N), and sulfur (δ(34) S) were analyzed from human (n = 83) and animal (n = 36) bone collagen at the site of Nancheng in Hebei Province, China., Results: The Proto-Shang population consumed a predominately C4 diet (δ(13) C = -6.8 ± 0.4‰; δ(15) N = 9.4 ± 0.6‰), but a single individual (M70) had a mixed C3 /C4 diet (δ(13) C = -14.9‰; δ(15) N = 10.1‰). The δ(34) S measurement of M70 (8.8‰) is similar to the local animals (8.2 ± 2.6‰) and the other members of the population (7.0 ± 0.8‰) suggesting this individual may not have been a migrant even though the burial direction (north-south) and position (flexed) was different than the majority of the graves in the cemetery., Discussion: From comparison with the faunal bone collagen stable isotope results, the Nancheng population ate millets with varying levels of animal protein consumption focused primarily on pigs and possibly cattle and dogs, but sheep/goats, and deer were not eaten in significant amounts. Analysis of the isotopic results in relation to other contemporary sites such as Liuzhuang and Xinzhai show strikingly similar patterns, suggesting that the sheep/goats were likely raised mainly for their secondary products (e.g., wool). No link between diet and sex was found at the population level, but when the data were sorted by age and sex, the older males (>40 years old) were found to have significantly lower δ(13) C values (-6.6 ± 0.3‰; n = 18) compared to the younger males (<40 years old) (-7.3 ± 0.5‰; n = 8). Further, no significant correlations between diet and burial direction/position or social status (based on the type of grave goods) were found at Nancheng, possibly indicating that the dietary social stratification of the later Shang and Zhou Dynasties had yet to be established in Chinese society at this time. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:433-445, 2016.. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Tracing the locality of prisoners and workers at the Mausoleum of Qin Shi Huang: First Emperor of China (259-210 BC).
- Author
-
Ma Y, Fuller BT, Sun W, Hu S, Chen L, Hu Y, and Richards MP
- Subjects
- China, Female, History, Ancient, Humans, Male, Archaeology, Diet history, Prisoners history
- Abstract
The mausoleum complex of the First Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang (259-210 BC), is one of the most famous and important archaeological sites in China, yet questions remain as to how it was constructed and by whom. Here we present isotopic results of individuals from the Liyi (n = 146) and Shanren sites (n = 14), both associated with the mausoleum complex. Those buried at Liyi represent the local workers/inhabitants of the Qin population, and the δ(13)C (-8.7 ± 1.5%) and δ(15)N (10.3 ± 0.7%) values indicate that they consumed predominately millet and/or domestic animals fed millet. In contrast, the Shanren individuals were prisoners forced to construct the mausoleum (found buried haphazardly in a mass grave and some in iron leg shackles), and their δ(13)C (-15.4 ± 2.9%) and δ(15)N (8.0 ± 0.6%) results indicate a more mixed C3/C4 diet, with possibly less domestic animals and more wild game protein consumed. This pattern of decreased millet consumption is also characteristic of archaeological sites from southern China, and possible evidence the Shanren prisoners originated from this region (possibly the ancient Chu state located in modern day Hubei Province and parts of Hunan and Anhui Provinces). Further, this finding is in agreement with historical sources and is supported by previous ancient DNA evidence that the mausoleum workers had diverse origins, with many genetically related to southern Chinese groups.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Angel's share combats wine fraud: (14)C dating of wine without opening the bottle.
- Author
-
Fahrni SM, Fuller BT, and Southon JR
- Abstract
The problem of fraud continues to plague the wine industry, and detecting cases where the original bottle has been refilled with an inferior vintage is especially difficult. A novel noninvasive procedure presented here relies on radiocarbon dating the so-called angel's share: the trace amounts of ethanol and other gases that diffuse into and through the cork as bottled wine ages and matures. These are collected by applying a vacuum to the top of the bottle and cryo-trapping the extracted gas, leaving the liquid contents untouched. Vintage verification is therefore possible without exposing the liquid contents to the atmosphere, which may render a bottle costing tens of thousands of dollars worthless for later resale and consumption. The method also has a potential for stable isotope ratio as well as chemical analysis to find indications for fraud or spoilage of fine and rare wines as well as other liquids with cork stoppers.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. POPULATION GENETICS. Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans.
- Author
-
Raghavan M, Steinrücken M, Harris K, Schiffels S, Rasmussen S, DeGiorgio M, Albrechtsen A, Valdiosera C, Ávila-Arcos MC, Malaspinas AS, Eriksson A, Moltke I, Metspalu M, Homburger JR, Wall J, Cornejo OE, Moreno-Mayar JV, Korneliussen TS, Pierre T, Rasmussen M, Campos PF, de Barros Damgaard P, Allentoft ME, Lindo J, Metspalu E, Rodríguez-Varela R, Mansilla J, Henrickson C, Seguin-Orlando A, Malmström H, Stafford T Jr, Shringarpure SS, Moreno-Estrada A, Karmin M, Tambets K, Bergström A, Xue Y, Warmuth V, Friend AD, Singarayer J, Valdes P, Balloux F, Leboreiro I, Vera JL, Rangel-Villalobos H, Pettener D, Luiselli D, Davis LG, Heyer E, Zollikofer CPE, Ponce de León MS, Smith CI, Grimes V, Pike KA, Deal M, Fuller BT, Arriaza B, Standen V, Luz MF, Ricaut F, Guidon N, Osipova L, Voevoda MI, Posukh OL, Balanovsky O, Lavryashina M, Bogunov Y, Khusnutdinova E, Gubina M, Balanovska E, Fedorova S, Litvinov S, Malyarchuk B, Derenko M, Mosher MJ, Archer D, Cybulski J, Petzelt B, Mitchell J, Worl R, Norman PJ, Parham P, Kemp BM, Kivisild T, Tyler-Smith C, Sandhu MS, Crawford M, Villems R, Smith DG, Waters MR, Goebel T, Johnson JR, Malhi RS, Jakobsson M, Meltzer DJ, Manica A, Durbin R, Bustamante CD, Song YS, Nielsen R, and Willerslev E
- Subjects
- Americas, Gene Flow, Genomics, History, Ancient, Humans, Indians, North American genetics, Models, Genetic, Siberia, Human Migration history, Indians, North American history
- Abstract
How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome-wide data, we found that the ancestors of all present-day Native Americans, including Athabascans and Amerindians, entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia no earlier than 23 thousand years ago (ka) and after no more than an 8000-year isolation period in Beringia. After their arrival to the Americas, ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 ka, one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other restricted to North America. Subsequent gene flow resulted in some Native Americans sharing ancestry with present-day East Asians (including Siberians) and, more distantly, Australo-Melanesians. Putative "Paleoamerican" relict populations, including the historical Mexican Pericúes and South American Fuego-Patagonians, are not directly related to modern Australo-Melanesians as suggested by the Paleoamerican Model., (Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Oxygen isotope analysis of human bone phosphate evidences weaning age in archaeological populations.
- Author
-
Britton K, Fuller BT, Tütken T, Mays S, and Richards MP
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Anthropology, Physical, Archaeology, Breast Feeding history, Child, Child, Preschool, England, Female, History, Medieval, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Ribs chemistry, Tooth chemistry, Young Adult, Hydroxyapatites analysis, Oxygen Isotopes analysis, Weaning
- Abstract
Here we report bone phosphate oxygen (δ(18)Op) values from perinates/neonates and infants (<3.5 years; n = 32); children (4-12 years; n = 12); unsexed juveniles (16-18 years; n = 2); and adult bones (n = 17) from Wharram Percy, North Yorkshire, England, in order to explore the potential of this method to investigate patterns of past breastfeeding and weaning. In prior studies, δ(15)N and δ(13)C analyses of bone collagen have been utilized to explore weaning age in this large and well-studied assemblage, rendering this material highly appropriate for the testing and development of this alternative method targeting the inorganic phase of bone. Data produced reveal (18)O-enrichment in the youngest perinatal/neonatal and infant samples, and an association between age and bone δ(18)Op (and previously-published δ(15)N values), with high values in both these isotope systems likely due to breastfeeding. After the age of 2-3 years, δ(18)Op values are lower, and all children between the ages of 4 and 12, along with the vast majority of sub-adults and adults sampled (aged 16 to >50 years), have δ(18)Op values consistent with the consumption of local modern drinking water. The implications of this study for the reconstruction of weaning practices in archaeological populations are discussed, including variations observed with bone δ(15)Ncoll and δ(18)Op co-analysis and the influence of culturally-modified drinking water and seasonality. The use of this method to explore human mobility and palaeoclimatic conditions are also discussed with reference to the data presented., (© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic.
- Author
-
Raghavan M, DeGiorgio M, Albrechtsen A, Moltke I, Skoglund P, Korneliussen TS, Grønnow B, Appelt M, Gulløv HC, Friesen TM, Fitzhugh W, Malmström H, Rasmussen S, Olsen J, Melchior L, Fuller BT, Fahrni SM, Stafford T Jr, Grimes V, Renouf MA, Cybulski J, Lynnerup N, Lahr MM, Britton K, Knecht R, Arneborg J, Metspalu M, Cornejo OE, Malaspinas AS, Wang Y, Rasmussen M, Raghavan V, Hansen TV, Khusnutdinova E, Pierre T, Dneprovsky K, Andreasen C, Lange H, Hayes MG, Coltrain J, Spitsyn VA, Götherström A, Orlando L, Kivisild T, Villems R, Crawford MH, Nielsen FC, Dissing J, Heinemeier J, Meldgaard M, Bustamante C, O'Rourke DH, Jakobsson M, Gilbert MT, Nielsen R, and Willerslev E
- Subjects
- Alaska ethnology, Arctic Regions ethnology, Base Sequence, Bone and Bones, Canada ethnology, DNA, Mitochondrial genetics, Greenland ethnology, Hair, History, Ancient, Humans, Inuit ethnology, Inuit history, Molecular Sequence Data, Siberia ethnology, Survivors history, Tooth, Genome, Human genetics, Human Migration, Inuit genetics
- Abstract
The New World Arctic, the last region of the Americas to be populated by humans, has a relatively well-researched archaeology, but an understanding of its genetic history is lacking. We present genome-wide sequence data from ancient and present-day humans from Greenland, Arctic Canada, Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Siberia. We show that Paleo-Eskimos (~3000 BCE to 1300 CE) represent a migration pulse into the Americas independent of both Native American and Inuit expansions. Furthermore, the genetic continuity characterizing the Paleo-Eskimo period was interrupted by the arrival of a new population, representing the ancestors of present-day Inuit, with evidence of past gene flow between these lineages. Despite periodic abandonment of major Arctic regions, a single Paleo-Eskimo metapopulation likely survived in near-isolation for more than 4000 years, only to vanish around 700 years ago., (Copyright © 2014, American Association for the Advancement of Science.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Stable nitrogen isotope analysis of dentine serial sections elucidate sex differences in weaning patterns of wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).
- Author
-
Fahy GE, Richards MP, Fuller BT, Deschner T, Hublin JJ, and Boesch C
- Subjects
- Animals, Anthropology, Physical, Biological Evolution, Female, Male, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Dentin chemistry, Pan troglodytes physiology, Sex Characteristics, Weaning
- Abstract
Offspring provisioning is one of the most energetically demanding aspects of reproduction for female mammals. Variation in lactation length and weaning strategies between chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), our closest living relative, and modern human societies have been reported. When and why these changes occurred is frequently debated. Our study used stable nitrogen isotope data of tooth root dentine from wild Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, to quantify weaning in these chimpanzees and explore if infant sex plays a role in maternal investment. We analyzed serial sections of deciduous lateral incisor root dentine from four Taï chimpanzees to establish the δ(15) N signal of nursing infants; we then analyzed serial sections of first permanent mandibular molar root dentine from 12 Taï chimpanzees to provide quantitative δ(15) N data on weaning in this population. Up to 2 years of age both sexes exhibited dentine δ(15) N values ≈2-3‰ higher than adult female Taï chimpanzees, consistent with a nursing signal. Thereafter a steady decrease in δ(15) N values consistent with the onset, and progression, of weaning, was visible. Sex differences were also evident, where male δ(15) N values decreased at a significantly slower rate compared to females. Confirmation of sex differences in maternal investment among Taï chimpanzees, demonstrates the viability of using isotope analysis to investigate weaning in non-human primates. Additionally, assuming that behaviors observed in the Taï chimpanzees are illustrative of the ancestral pattern, our results provide a platform to enable the trajectory of weaning in human evolution to be further explored., (Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Isotopic examination of links between diet, social differentiation, and DISH at the post-medieval Carmelite Friary of Aalst, Belgium.
- Author
-
Quintelier K, Ervynck A, Müldner G, Van Neer W, Richards MP, and Fuller BT
- Subjects
- Adult, Belgium, Bone and Bones chemistry, Bone and Bones pathology, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Cemeteries, Female, History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, Humans, Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal pathology, Male, Middle Aged, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Sex Characteristics, Statistics, Nonparametric, Young Adult, Diet, Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal epidemiology, Hyperostosis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal ethnology
- Abstract
Stable isotope ratios (δ(13) C and δ(15) N) were measured in human burials from the post-medieval (16th-18th c. AD) Carmelite friary burial grounds at Aalst, a town in Flanders, Belgium. Dietary patterns of 39 adult individuals were analyzed, from a mixed monastic and lay population buried in three different locations, reflecting groups with differing social status. The data show significant variation in the consumption of perhaps meat, but certainly also marine protein between females and males. This result represents a remarkable continuity with medieval dietary patterns, suggesting that the social and economic changes of the early modern period had a limited effect on everyday life. When both sexes were examined together, individuals buried in the cloister garth consumed significantly less marine protein compared to people buried in the church, likely reflecting social stratification. No statistical differences were observed between isotopic values from the church and the cloister alley, suggesting a similarly diverse diet of the monastic part of the buried population and that of the richer lay population. Finally, the hypothesis that diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is linked to a diet rich in animal protein was tested. No systematic or statistically significant differences between pathological and non-pathological bones from the same individuals affected with DISH were observed, and no statistical differences were found between individuals with DISH and individuals without DISH., (Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. A stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) perspective on human diet on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) ca. AD 1400-1900.
- Author
-
Commendador AS, Dudgeon JV, Finney BP, Fuller BT, and Esh KS
- Subjects
- Animals, Anthropology, Physical, Bone and Bones chemistry, Collagen chemistry, Dentin chemistry, Diet ethnology, History, 15th Century, History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, Medieval, Humans, Polynesia, Radiometric Dating, Tooth chemistry, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Diet history, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis
- Abstract
Ecological and environmental evidence suggests that Rapa Nui was among the most marginally habitable islands in Eastern Polynesia, with only a fraction of the biotic diversity found on archipelagos to the west, and capable of sustaining many fewer cultigens traditionally transported by Polynesian colonizers. However, archaeological evidence for human dietary adaptations under such restrictions is limited. Little is known about the particulars of the subsistence base and dietary changes on Rapa Nui that may be associated with a hypothesized late prehistoric decline in the quality and diversity of food sources. To better understand prehistoric Rapa Nui diet we examined stable carbon and nitrogen isotope compositions of human teeth along with archaeological faunal material thought to comprise the Rapa Nui food web. Our results indicate that contrary to previous zooarchaeological studies diet was predominantly terrestrial throughout the entire sequence of occupation, with reliance on rats, chickens and C3 plants. While a few individuals may have had access to higher trophic level marine resources, this is evident only later in time (generally post-AD 1600). A decline in (15)N through time was observed, and may be attributed to declines in available terrestrial proteins; however, presently we cannot rule out the effect of changing soil and plant baseline δ(15)N. Our results also suggest differential access to higher trophic level marine resources among contemporaneous populations, but more research is required to clarify this observation., (Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Isotopic reconstruction of human diet and animal husbandry practices during the Classical-Hellenistic, imperial, and Byzantine periods at Sagalassos, Turkey.
- Author
-
Fuller BT, De Cupere B, Marinova E, Van Neer W, Waelkens M, and Richards MP
- Subjects
- Animals, Anthropology, Byzantium, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Cattle, Collagen analysis, Collagen chemistry, Dogs, Goats, History, Ancient, History, Medieval, Humans, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Rabbits, Roman World, Sheep, Sus scrofa, Turkey, Animal Husbandry history, Diet history
- Abstract
An isotopic reconstruction of human dietary patterns and livestock management practices (herding, grazing, foddering, etc.) is presented here from the sites of Düzen Tepe and Sagalassos in southwestern Turkey. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios were determined from bone collagen extracted from humans (n = 49) and animals (n = 454) from five distinct time periods: Classical-Hellenistic (400-200 BC), Early to Middle Imperial (25 BC-300 AD), Late Imperial (300-450 AD), Early Byzantine (450-600 AD), and Middle Byzantine (800-1200 AD). The humans had protein sources that were based on C(3) plants and terrestrial animals. During the Classical-Hellenistic period, all of the domestic animals had δ(13) C and δ(15) N signatures that clustered together; evidence that the animals were herded in the same area or kept in enclosures and fed on similar foods. The diachronic analysis of the isotopic trends in the dogs, cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats highlighted subtle but distinct variations in these animals. The δ(13) C values of the dogs and cattle increased (reflecting C(4) plant consumption) during the Imperial and Byzantine periods, but the pigs and the goats displayed little change and a constant C(3) plant-based diet. The sheep had a variable δ(13) C pattern reflecting periods of greater and lesser consumption of C(4) plants in the diet. In addition, the δ(15) N values of the dogs, pigs, cattle, and sheep increase substantially from the Classical-Hellenistic to the Imperial periods reflecting a possible increase in protein consumption, but the goats showed a decrease. Finally, these isotopic results are discussed in the context of zooarcheological, archeobotanical, and trace element evidence., (Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Investigation of diachronic dietary patterns on the islands of Ibiza and Formentera, Spain: evidence from sulfur stable isotope ratio analysis.
- Author
-
Nehlich O, Fuller BT, Márquez-Grant N, and Richards MP
- Subjects
- Analysis of Variance, Animals, Anthropology, Physical, Cats, Cattle, Collagen Type I chemistry, Dogs, Emigration and Immigration, Goats, History, Ancient, Humans, Sheep, Spain, Diet history, Sulfur Isotopes analysis
- Abstract
We present sulfur isotope ratio measurements of bone collagen from animals (n = 75) and humans (n = 120) from five sites dating to four chronological periods (Chalcolithic, Punic, Late Antiquity-Early Byzantine, and Islamic) from the Balearic Islands of Ibiza and Formentera, Spain. This study is a follow up to previously published δ(13)C and δ(15)N values by [Fuller et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 143 (2010) 512-522] and focuses on using δ(34)S values to better understand the dietary patterns of these populations through time and to possibly identify immigrants to these islands. The range of δ(34)S values (10.5-17.8‰) observed for the animals was relatively broad, which suggests that a significant sea spray effect has added marine sulfates to the soils of Formentera and Ibiza. The mean δ(34)S values of the different human populations were found to be: Chalcolithic (16.5 ± 1.4‰), Punic rural (13.6 ± 1.7‰), Punic urban (12.9 ± 1.8‰), Late Antiquity-Early Byzantine (12.3 ± 2.1‰), and Islamic (9.1 ± 2.7‰). These human δ(34)S results are similar to the animal data, a finding that supports the notion that there was little marine protein consumption by these societies and that the diet was mainly based on terrestrial resources. During the Punic and Late Antiquity-Early Byzantine periods the δ(34)S values were used to identify individuals in the population who likely were not born or raised on the islands. In addition, 18 of the 20 individuals analyzed from the Islamic period have δ(34)S values that indicate that they were immigrants to Ibiza who died before acquiring the new local sulfur isotopic signature., (Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Identification of energy consumption and nutritional stress by isotopic and elemental analysis of urine in bonobos (Pan paniscus).
- Author
-
Deschner T, Fuller BT, Oelze VM, Boesch C, Hublin JJ, Mundry R, Richards MP, Ortmann S, and Hohmann G
- Subjects
- Animals, Caloric Restriction, Carbon Isotopes administration & dosage, Carbon Isotopes urine, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Eating, Energy Metabolism physiology, Female, Glucocorticoids urine, Male, Nitrogen Isotopes administration & dosage, Nitrogen Isotopes urine, Regression Analysis, Statistics, Nonparametric, Stress, Physiological physiology, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Urine chemistry, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena physiology, Pan paniscus urine
- Abstract
A mounting body of evidence suggests that changes in energetic conditions like prolonged starvation can be monitored using stable isotope ratios of tissues such as bone, muscle, hair, and blood. However, it is unclear if urinary stable isotope ratios reflect a variation in energetic condition, especially if these changes in energetic condition are accompanied by shifts in dietary composition. In a feeding experiment conducted on captive bonobos (Pan paniscus), we monitored urinary δ(13)C, δ(15)N, total C (carbon), total N (nitrogen), and C/N ratios and compared these results with glucocorticoid levels under gradually changing energy availability and dietary composition. Measurements of daily collected urine samples over a period of 31 days showed that while shifts in urinary isotope signatures of δ(13)C and δ(15)N as well as total C were best explained by changes in energy consumption, urinary total N excretion as well as the C/N ratios matched the variation in dietary composition. Furthermore, when correcting for fluctuations in dietary composition, the isotope signatures of δ(13)C and δ(15)N as well as total C correlated with urinary glucocorticoid levels; however, the urinary total N and the C/N ratio did not. These results indicate for the first time that it is possible to non-invasively explore specific longitudinal records on animal energetic conditions and dietary compositions with urinary stable isotope ratios and elemental compositions, and this research provides a strong foundation for investigating how ecological factors and social dynamics affect feeding habits in wild animal populations such as primates., (Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Reconstructing the diets of Greek Byzantine populations (6th-15th centuries AD) using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios.
- Author
-
Bourbou C, Fuller BT, Garvie-Lok SJ, and Richards MP
- Subjects
- Animals, Archaeology, Bone and Bones chemistry, Byzantium, Cemeteries, Collagen Type I chemistry, Diet classification, Dogs, Female, Fishes, Greece, History, 15th Century, History, Medieval, Humans, Male, Oceans and Seas, Ruminants, Swine, Diet history, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis
- Abstract
Documentary evidence and artistic representations have traditionally served as the primary sources of information about Byzantine diet. According to these sources, Byzantine diet was based on grain (primarily wheat and barley), oil, and wine, supplemented with legumes, dairy products, meat, and marine resources. Here, we synthesize and compare the results of stable isotope ratio analyses of eight Greek Byzantine populations (6th-15th centuries AD) from throughout Greece. The δ(13) C and δ(15) N values are tightly clustered, suggesting that all of these populations likely consumed a broadly similar diet. Both inland and coastal Byzantine populations consumed an essentially land-based C(3) diet, significant amounts of animal protein, and possibly some C(4) plants, while no evidence of a general dependence on low-δ(15) N legumes was observed. One interesting result observed in the isotopic data is the evidence for the consumption of marine protein at both coastal sites (a reasonable expectation given their location) and for some individuals from inland sites. This pattern contrasts with previous isotopic studies mainly on prehistoric Greek populations, which have suggested that marine species contributed little, or not at all, to the diet. The possibility that fasting practices contributed to marine protein consumption in the period is discussed, as are possible parallels with published isotope data from western European medieval sites., (2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Exploring the contribution and significance of animal protein in the diet of bonobos by stable isotope ratio analysis of hair.
- Author
-
Oelze VM, Fuller BT, Richards MP, Fruth B, Surbeck M, Hublin JJ, and Hohmann G
- Subjects
- Animals, Carbon Isotopes, Congo, Dietary Proteins administration & dosage, Female, Male, Nitrogen Isotopes, Pan paniscus, Plants chemistry, Seasons, Time Factors, Vertebrates, Dietary Proteins analysis, Feeding Behavior, Hair chemistry, Meat analysis
- Abstract
In primates, age, sex, and social status can strongly influence access to food resources. In Pan, these criteria are assumed to influence access to vertebrate meat. However, the significance of meat in terms of its role in the nutrition of Pan is still debated. Here we present a study using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in hair samples from habituated, wild bonobos (Pan paniscus) to explore these issues. Over a period of 5 mo hair samples were collected from fresh bonobo nests at LuiKotale, Democratic Republic of Congo. Hair samples were assigned to known individuals and were of sufficient length to allow the evaluation of isotopic variation over several months. Samples of plant foods and sympatric fauna were also analyzed. The δ(13)C and δ(15)N results of the bonobo hair were remarkably homogeneous over time and for the group as a whole. There are no differences in diet between the sexes. Within the group of males, however, there was a positive correlation between dominance status and δ(15)N. The isotopic data indicate that the contribution of fauna to bonobo diet is marginal and that plant food is the dietary protein source. In only some cases did elevated δ(15)N hair values correlate with observed faunivory and not correspond to the δ(15)N measured in the dominant plant foods. Given the large variation in hunting and meat eating of Pan across the African continent, the detection of seasonal changes in faunivory by elevated δ(15)N values in sectioned ape hair is a promising approach.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Investigation of diachronic dietary patterns on the islands of Ibiza and formentera, Spain: Evidence from carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratio analysis.
- Author
-
Fuller BT, Márquez-Grant N, and Richards MP
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Bone and Bones chemistry, Child, Child, Preschool, Collagen Type I chemistry, Diet classification, Diet ethnology, Female, Geologic Sediments chemistry, History, Ancient, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Spain, Anthropology, Physical methods, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Diet history, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis
- Abstract
To examine how dietary patterns may have changed in the western Mediterranean through time, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were measured on extracted bone collagen from fauna (n = 75) and humans (n = 135) spanning four distinct chronological periods: Chalcolithic (c.2100-1600 BC), Punic (6th-2nd/1st century BC), Late Antiquity-Early Byzantine (4th-7th century AD), and Islamic (c.10th-13th century AD) on the islands of Ibiza and Formentera, Spain. The Chalcolithic, Punic, and Late Antiquity-Byzantine societies all showed evidence of a predominately C(3) terrestrial-based diet with a possible input of a small amount of marine and/or C(4) dietary resources. In contrast, the Islamic population on Ibiza had a subsistence strategy that was reliant on a significant amount of C(4) plants and/or animals fed a C(4) diet, likely millet. These results indicate a fairly constant C(3) terrestrial-based diet on the islands of Ibiza and Formentera through time, with a shift to C(4) dietary resources during the Islamic Period. Further research is needed from other Islamic populations in and around the Mediterranean to better understand this unique dietary adaptation. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:512-522, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Isotopic evidence of dietary variations and weaning practices in the Gaya cemetery at Yeanri, Gimhae, South Korea.
- Author
-
Choy K, Jeon OR, Fuller BT, and Richards MP
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Breast Feeding, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Cemeteries history, Child, Child, Preschool, Diet, Vegetarian, Feeding Behavior, Female, History, Ancient, Humans, Infant, Korea, Male, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Skeleton, Water Supply history, Diet, Weaning
- Abstract
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses were conducted to investigate dietary variation in human skeletons (n = 109) from the Gaya cemetery at Yeanri located near Gimhae City, South Korea. The cemetery contained three distinct grave types dating to 4th-7th century AD. The main purposes of this research were to reconstruct palaeodiet in the Gaya population and to explore correlations between stable isotope compositions and burial types, inferred age, and sex of these individuals. The isotopic data indicate that the people at Yeanri consumed a predominantly C(3)-based terrestrial diet supplemented with freshwater and/or marine resources. The comparison of isotopic results reveals significant differences in delta(13)C values among three adult burial types (wood-cist coffin: -18.5 +/- 0.5 per thousand, stone-cist coffin: -18.1 +/- 0.6 per thousand, mausoleum: -17.8 +/- 0.9 per thousand). Males in wood-cist and stone-cist coffins have relatively more elevated mean delta(13)C and delta(15)N values than females. The isotopic ratios from the two adult age groups (21-40 years and 40-60 years) indicate that there was no significant dietary change in individuals with age. The isotope data from the infants and children suggest the weaning was a gradual process that was completed between 3 and 4 years of age in the Gaya population. This evidence indicates that the dietary variations within the cemetery reflect social status, sex, and childhood consumption patterns.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. A three-phase liquid chromatographic method for delta13C analysis of amino acids from biological protein hydrolysates using liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
- Author
-
Smith CI, Fuller BT, Choy K, and Richards MP
- Subjects
- Amino Acids metabolism, Animals, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Caseins analysis, Caseins metabolism, Cattle, Collagen analysis, Collagen metabolism, Humans, Hydrolysis, Keratins analysis, Keratins metabolism, Proteins metabolism, Sensitivity and Specificity, Amino Acids analysis, Chromatography, Liquid methods, Mass Spectrometry methods, Proteins analysis
- Abstract
We report a three-phase chromatographic method for the separation and analysis of delta(13)C values of underivatized amino acids from biological proteins (keratin, collagen, and casein) using liquid chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC-IRMS). Both precision and accuracy of delta(13)C values for standard amino acid mixtures over the range of approximately 8 to 1320 ng of carbon per amino acid on the column were assessed. The precision of delta(13)C values of amino acids was found to be better at higher concentrations, whereas accuracy improved at lower concentrations. The optimal performance for this method was achieved with between 80 and 660 ng of carbon of each amino acid on the column. At amino acid amounts lower than 20 ng of carbon on the column, precision and accuracy may become compromised. The application of this new three-phase chromatographic technique will allow the analysis of delta(13)C of amino acids to be carried out as a routine method and benefit fields of research such as biomedicine, forensics, ecology, nutrition, and palaeodiet reconstruction in archaeology.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Iron Age breastfeeding practices in Britain: isotopic evidence from Wetwang Slack, East Yorkshire.
- Author
-
Jay M, Fuller BT, Richards MP, Knüsel CJ, and King SS
- Subjects
- Age Factors, Child, Preschool, England, Female, History, Ancient, Humans, Infant, Breast Feeding ethnology, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Collagen chemistry, Diet, Fossils, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis
- Abstract
We present here the results of carbon and nitrogen isotopic analysis of bone collagen undertaken on all skeletal remains of infants and young children below the age of 6 years (n = 34) from the internationally important British cemetery site at Wetwang Slack in East Yorkshire (middle Iron Age, ca. 4th to 2nd centuries BC). The aim of the study is to investigate infant diet, with particular reference to breastfeeding and weaning practices, and to compare the data with previously published studies of archaeological populations, particularly in the context of the variation in data patterns to be seen between sites. The skeletal remains from Wetwang Slack form the only prehistoric collection in the UK, prior to the Romano-British period, with sufficient individuals in this age group to make such an isotopic study viable alongside associated adults and older children. The data are compared in detail with published data from two other sites, one from 19th century Canada and the other from Medieval Britain. The results suggest an unusual situation at Wetwang Slack, with neither the nitrogen nor the carbon isotope ratios conforming to expectations when compared with the putative mothers. We discuss how these data compare with the expectation for breastfed infants and we interpret the divergence in this case to be due to restricted breastfeeding and the early introduction of supplementary foods., ((c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Detection of breastfeeding and weaning in modern human infants with carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios.
- Author
-
Fuller BT, Fuller JL, Harris DA, and Hedges RE
- Subjects
- Age Factors, California, Hair chemistry, Humans, Infant, Infant Formula chemistry, Mass Spectrometry, Mothers, Nails chemistry, Breast Feeding, Carbon Isotopes analysis, Diet, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Weaning
- Abstract
Carbon ((13)C/(12)C) and nitrogen ((15)N/(14)N) stable isotope ratios were longitudinally measured in fingernail and hair samples from mother-infant pairs where infants were exclusively breastfed (n = 5), breast- and formula-fed (n = 2), or exclusively formula-fed (n = 1) from birth. All exclusively breastfed infants had a dual enrichment in carbon ( approximately 1 per thousand) and nitrogen ( approximately 2-3 per thousand) when compared to maternal values. In contrast, breast- and formula-fed subjects had reduced enrichments compared to exclusively breastfed subjects, and the exclusively formula-fed infant showed no increase in delta(13)C or delta(15)N values. This finding of a carbon trophic level effect in breastfeeding infants suggests that (13)C-enrichments of approximately 1 per thousand in archaeological populations are not necessarily the result of the consumption of C(4)-based weaning foods such as maize or millet. During the weaning process, the delta(13)C results for breastfed infants declined to maternal levels more rapidly than the delta(15)N results. This suggests that delta(13)C values have the potential to track the introduction of solid foods into the diet, whereas delta(15)N values monitor the length of time of breast milk consumption. These findings can be used to refine the isotopic analysis of breastfeeding and weaning patterns in past and modern populations.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Isotopic evidence for breastfeeding and possible adult dietary differences from Late/Sub-Roman Britain.
- Author
-
Fuller BT, Molleson TI, Harris DA, Gilmour LT, and Hedges RE
- Subjects
- Adult, Age Factors, Carbon Isotopes, Child, Child, Preschool, Dietary Proteins, Female, History, Ancient, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Nitrogen Isotopes, Sex Characteristics, United Kingdom, Weaning, Bone and Bones chemistry, Breast Feeding, Diet history, Roman World history
- Abstract
Historical documents indicate that breastfeeding and weaning practices have fluctuated in England through history. In order to obtain evidence for general breastfeeding patterns in Late/Sub-Roman Britain, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values were measured in juvenile and adult skeletons (n = 87) from the cemetery of Queenford Farm, Dorchester-on-Thames, Oxfordshire. As the site contained few individuals between 0-1.5 years of age, it was not possible to determine the initial timing for the introduction of weaning foods. Between ages 2-4 years, the mean +/- SD delta(13)C results (-20.2 +/- 0.3 per thousand) are significantly more negative (t = -4.03, P < 0.001) compared to adult females (-19.7 +/- 0.3 per thousand). This is interpreted as evidence of a different diet being fed to children during weaning. After age 2, the delta(15)N values gradually decline, indicating complete cessation of breastfeeding by 3-4 years. Among adults, stature (males = 1.68 +/- 0.06 m; females = 1.58 +/- 0.07 m) and sexual dimorphism (106) were low, suggesting that the population was possibly under environmental stress. The delta(13)C results for adults are similar, but females show a small but statistically significantly (t = -2.86, P < 0.01) lower mean delta(15)N value (9.9 +/- 0.9 per thousand) compared to males (10.6 +/- 0.5 per thousand). These lower female delta(15)N values possibly reflect the different physiology of the sexes (pregnancy and/or lactation) or the reduced consumption of animal/fish protein by women, and this may have been influenced by individual preference, family needs, or societal values of the era.
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Nitrogen balance and delta15N: why you're not what you eat during nutritional stress.
- Author
-
Fuller BT, Fuller JL, Sage NE, Harris DA, O'Connell TC, and Hedges RE
- Subjects
- Adult, Diet, Diet, Vegetarian, Feeding and Eating Disorders diagnosis, Feeding and Eating Disorders metabolism, Female, Humans, Nitrogen analysis, Nitrogen Isotopes, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Weight Gain, Weight Loss, Hair chemistry, Morning Sickness metabolism, Nitrogen metabolism, Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Stress, Physiological metabolism
- Abstract
While past experiments on animals, birds, fish, and insects have shown changes in stable isotope ratios due to nutritional stress, there has been little research on this topic in humans. To address this issue, a small pilot study was conducted. Hair samples from eight pregnant women who experienced nutritional stress associated with the nausea and vomiting of morning sickness (hyperemesis gravidarum) were measured for carbon (delta13C) and nitrogen (delta15N) stable isotope ratios. The delta13C results showed no change during morning sickness or pregnancy when compared with pre-pregnancy values. In contrast, the delta15N values generally increased during periods of weight loss and/or restricted weight gain associated with morning sickness. With weight gain and recovery from nutritional stress, the hair delta15N values displayed a decreasing trend over the course of gestation towards birth. This study illustrates how delta15N values are not only affected by diet, but also by the nitrogen balance of an individual. Potential applications of this research include the development of diagnostic techniques for tracking eating disorders, disease states, and nitrogen balance in archaeological, medical, and forensic cases., (Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Nitrogen balance and delta15N: why you're not what you eat during pregnancy.
- Author
-
Fuller BT, Fuller JL, Sage NE, Harris DA, O'Connell TC, and Hedges RE
- Subjects
- Adult, Body Weight physiology, Female, Hair chemistry, Humans, Mass Spectrometry methods, Nitrogen analysis, Nitrogen Isotopes analysis, Diet, Hair metabolism, Nitrogen metabolism, Pregnancy metabolism
- Abstract
Carbon (13C/12C) and nitrogen (15N/14N) stable isotope ratios were longitudinally measured in human hair that reflected the period from pre-conception to delivery in 10 pregnant women. There was no significant change in the delta13C results, but all subjects showed a decrease in delta15N values (-0.3 to -1.1 per thousand) during gestation. The mechanisms causing this decrease in hair delta15N have not been fully elucidated. However, since the delta15N values of dietary nitrogen and urea nitrogen are significantly lower compared to maternal tissues, it is hypothesized that the increased utilization of dietary and urea nitrogen for tissue synthesis during pregnancy resulted in a reduction of the steady state diet to a body trophic level effect by approximately 0.5-1 per thousand. An inverse correlation (R2 = 0.67) between hair delta15N and weight gain was also found, suggesting that positive nitrogen balance results in a reduction of delta15N values independent of diet. These results indicate that delta15N measurements have the ability to monitor not only dietary inputs, but also the nitrogen balance of an organism. A potential application of this technique is the detection of fertility patterns in modern and ancient species that have tissues that linearly record stable isotope ratios through time., (2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of bone and teeth reflect weaning age at the Medieval Wharram Percy site, Yorkshire, UK.
- Author
-
Richards MP, Mays S, and Fuller BT
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Breast Feeding, Carbon Isotopes, Child, Child, Preschool, Collagen chemistry, England, Female, History, Medieval, Humans, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Infant, Newborn, Male, Nitrogen Isotopes, Paleodontology, Age Determination by Skeleton methods, Ribs chemistry, Tooth chemistry, Weaning
- Abstract
We report on the measurements of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of both bone and teeth from a single site and population (Medieval Wharram Percy), undertaken to explore variations due to weaning in a past population. There have been a number of recent studies of weaning using delta(15)N values of ribs, and we indicate a number of assumptions that must be met before the results of such studies can be correctly interpreted. We found that rib collagen delta(15)N values decrease to adult levels after age 2 years, indicating that weaning occurred at or before this age. Rib collagen delta(13)C values are also more enriched than adult delta(13)C values before age 2 years, and we argue that this is due to the so-called "carnivore" effect in delta(13)C. We measured teeth and rib delta(15)N values from the same individuals and found that for individuals up to age 11 years, tooth dentine delta(15)N is higher than adult rib delta(15)N values, indicating that the dentine was formed during breast-feeding and that there was almost no turnover of dentine since. We observed some decrease in delta(13)C and delta(15)N rib values, compared to adult rib and teeth values, for the few years after weaning that may relate to a theoretically predicted physiological nitrogen imbalance during this period of rapid growth, but this is more likely due to a childhood diet (up to age 9) which was isotopically different from later diet, possibly consisting of a greater proportion of plant foods., (Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.