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Summarizing patient clinical notes is vital for reducing documentation burdens. Current manual summarization makes medical staff struggle. We propose an automatic method using LLMs, but long inputs cause LLMs to lose context, reducing output quality especially in small size model. We used a 7B model, open-calm-7b, enhanced with Native Bayes Context Extend and a redesigned decoding mechanism to reference one sentence at a time, keeping inputs within context windows, 2048 tokens. Our improved model achieved near parity with Google's over 175B Gemini on ROUGE-L metrics with 200 samples, indicating strong performance using less resources, enhancing automated EMR summarization feasibility.

We develop a new theoretical scheme for charge transport and thermoelectric response in two-dimensional disordered systems exhibiting crossover from weak localization (WL) to strong localization (SL). The scheme is based on the scaling theory for Anderson localization combined with the Kubo-Luttinger theory. Key aspects of the scheme include introducing a unified $\beta$ function that seamlessly connects the WL and SL regimes, as well as describing the temperature ($T$) dependence of the conductance from high to low $T$ regions on the basis of the dephasing length. We found that the Seebeck coefficient, $S$, behaves as $S\propto T$ in the WL limit and as $S\propto T^{1-p}$ ($p < 1$) in the SL limit, both with possible logarithmic corrections. The scheme is applied to analyze experimental data for thin films of the p-type organic semiconductor poly[2,5-bis(3-alkylthiophen-2-yl)thieno(3,2-b)thiophene] (PBTTT)., Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures

The formation of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at high red shift $z$ by ultralight axion dark matter (DM) is discussed in the general relativistic framework. The critical condition of collapsing of self-attracting DM in non-relativistic treatment corresponds to dust particle, which allows to estimate the time scale of the SMBH formation and the its length scale in the general relativistic framework. It gives the support of ultralight axion model based on the string model as the origins of the early universe SMBH and the Little Red Dots (LRDs) etc. observed by JWST., Comment: 12 pages, no figure

The development of good thermoelectric materials exhibiting high $ZT$ (=$\frac{PF}{\kappa} T$) requires maximizing power factor, $PF$, mainly governed by electrons, and minimizing thermal conductivity, $\kappa$, associated not only with electrons but also with phonons. In the present work, we focus on the GeTe and Mg$_3$Sb$_2$ as high $ZT$ materials with inhomogeneous structures and analyze both electrical conductivity, $L_{11}$, and Seebeck coefficient, $S$, with help of Sommerfeld-Bethe formula, resulting in understanding the temperature dependence of $PF$ and the identification of electrons contribution to thermal conductivity, $\kappa_{\rm el}$. Comparing the obtained $\kappa_{\rm el}$ and experimentally measured $\kappa$, the temperature dependence of phonons contribution to thermal conductivity, $\kappa_{\rm ph}=\kappa-\kappa_{\rm el}$, is inferred and analyzed based on the formula by Holland. Comparison of the GeTe and Mg$_3$Sb$_2$ with different types of crystal structures, i.e., GeTe being of a semiordered zigzag nanostructure like a disrupted herringbone structure while Mg$_3$Sb$_2$ of rather uniform amorphous structure, discloses that size effects on temperature dependence of $\kappa_{\rm ph}$ is large in the former, while very small in the latter. Hence, it is concluded that not only the size of the grain but also its shape has an important influence on $\kappa_{\rm ph}$ and then $ZT$.

The actomyosin cytoskeleton, a protein assembly comprising actin fibers and the myosin molecular motor, drives various cellular dynamics through contractile force generation at high densities. However, the relationship between the density dependence of the actomyosin cytoskeleton and force-controlled ordered structure remains poorly understood. In this study, we measured contraction-driven flow generation by varying the concentration of cell extracts containing the actomyosin cytoskeleton and associated nucleation factors. We observed continuous actin flow toward the center at a critical actomyosin density in cell-sized droplets. Notably, the actin flow demonstrated emergent oscillations, in which tracer advection periodically changed in a stop-and-go fashion in bulk solution. Near the onset of flow, the viscous drag of the actin cytoskeleton decreased the particle transport, after which it rapidly increased. These results indicate that the density-dependent actin flow is generated by a balance between viscous friction and contractile force., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures

String-inspired axion model is considered to comprehensively solve the problems of modern cosmology, Hubble tension problem, the origin of the stochastic gravitational wave background, and too early formation of supermassive black holes at high $z$., Comment: 9 pages 1 figure

Recent observations show that certain rupture phase can propagate backward relative to the earlier one during a single earthquake event. Such back-propagating rupture (BPR) was not well considered by the conventional earthquake source studies and remains a mystery to the seismological community. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of BPR, by combining theoretical considerations, numerical simulations, and observational evidences. First, we argue that BPR in terms of back-propagating stress wave is an intrinsic feature during dynamic ruptures; however, its signature can be easily masked by the destructive interference behind the primary rupture front. Then, we propose an idea that perturbation to an otherwise smooth rupture process may make some phases of BPR observable. We test and verify this idea by numerically simulating rupture propagation under a variety of perturbations, including a sudden change of stress, bulk or interfacial property and fault geometry along rupture propagation path. We further cross-validate the numerical results by available observations from laboratory and natural earthquakes, and confirm that rupture "reflection" at free surface, rupture coalescence and breakage of prominent asperity are very efficient for exciting observable BPR. Based on the simulated and observed results, we classify BPR into two general types: interface wave and high-order re-rupture, depending on the stress recovery and drop before and after the arrival of BPR, respectively. Our work clarifies the nature and excitation of BPR, and can help improve the understanding of earthquake physics, the inference of fault property distribution and evolution, and the assessment of earthquake hazard., Comment: 70 pages, 16 figures, 2 tables

The goal of dimension reduction tools is to construct a low-dimensional representation of high-dimensional data. These tools are employed for a variety of reasons such as noise reduction, visualization, and to lower computational costs. However, there is a fundamental issue that is discussed in other modeling problems that is often overlooked in dimension reduction -- overfitting. In the context of other modeling problems, techniques such as feature-selection, cross-validation, and regularization are employed to combat overfitting, but rarely are such precautions taken when applying dimension reduction. Prior applications of the two most popular non-linear dimension reduction methods, t-SNE and UMAP, fail to acknowledge data as a combination of signal and noise when assessing performance. These methods are typically calibrated to capture the entirety of the data, not just the signal. In this paper, we demonstrate the importance of acknowledging noise when calibrating hyperparameters and present a framework that enables users to do so. We use this framework to explore the role hyperparameter calibration plays in overfitting the data when applying t-SNE and UMAP. More specifically, we show previously recommended values for perplexity and n_neighbors are too small and overfit the noise. We also provide a workflow others may use to calibrate hyperparameters in the presence of noise., Comment: 22 pages, 35 figures

We propose a simple theoretical model referred to as the {\it two-band model} to realize both a large Seebeck coefficient and high electrical conductivity, resulting in a high thermoelectric (TE) power factor ($PF$). Using the Kubo--Luttinger linear response theory, we apply this model to the TE response of an FeSe thin film reported by Shimizu {\it et al.} to show a high $PF$ with strong temperature dependence. The effects of superconducting fluctuations and excitonic correlations are found to not be critical.

The muonium-to-antimuonium transition experiment is about to be updated. Notably, the experiment at J-PARC in Japan can explore the magnetic field dependence of the transition probability. In this paper, we investigate the information that we can extract from the transition probabilities across different magnetic field strengths, while also taking into account a planned transition experiment at CSNS in China. There are two model-independent parameters in the transition amplitude, and we ascertain the feasibility of determining these parameters, including their relative physical phase, from experimental measurements. This physical phase can be related to the electron electric dipole moment, which is severely constrained by experiments. The underlying mediator responsible for the transition can be either doubly charged particles or neutral particles. In the former case, typical magnetic fields yield specific probability ratios, while the latter presents a range of the probability ratio. We investigate several models with neutral mediators, and elucidate that the probability ratio is linked to the sign of new physics contribution to the electron $g-2$. The pivotal role of the J-PARC transition experiment in shedding light on these insights is emphasized., Comment: 33 pages, 14 figures

Axion dark matter (DM) is studied on the formation of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at high red shift $z$. It is shown that the attractive self interaction of this DM may solve the tension between the high angular momentum of SMBH and its early time formation. We consider the ultra-light axion DM around $O(10^{-21})$ eV as its origin, which may also cause nano-Hz stochastic gravitational wave background recently observed., Comment: 12pages no figure. Comments are added

This paper refines the original construction of the recent proof of the sunflower conjecture to prove the same general bound $[ ck \log (k+1) ]^m$ on the cardinality of a family of $m$-cardinality sets without a sunflower of $k$ elements. Our proof uses a structural claim on an extension of a family that has been previously developed., Comment: This paper shows another proof of the sunflower conjecture that is different from the one present in arXiv:2212.13609 [math.CO]. Extra information on the two papers is available at Penn State Sites: https://sites.psu.edu/sunflowerconjecture/2023/01/10/index-page/

This paper proves the sunflower conjecture by confirming that a family ${\mathcal F}$ of sets each of cardinality at most $m$ includes a $k$-sunflower, if $|{\mathcal F}| >[ ck \log (k+1)]^m$ for a constant $c>0$ independent of $m$ and $k$, where $k$-sunflower stands for a family of $k$ different sets with common pair-wise intersections., Comment: 10 pages. The paper is self-contained to verify