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Confined jets occur in many engineering applications including combustion chambers, jet pumps, and chemical reactors. The effects of axisymmetric confinement on the vortical structures identified in a turbulent jet are investigated using large eddy simulation at a Reynolds number of 30 000 (based on nozzle exit conditions) and expansion ratio (chamber-to-nozzle diameter ratio) of five. The results obtained from the confined jet are compared with those of a free jet under the same nozzle exit flow conditions. A prominent recirculation zone forms between the expanding jet and the confining wall, resulting in early shear layer distortion and a shorter interaction length in the confined jet (0.85 jet diameters) compared to the free jet (1.15 jet diameters). Using the λ2 criterion for vortex identification, two dominant structural modes are identified in the near-exit region of the free jet: ring and helical modes. However, in the confined jet, the helical mode is absent, and the turbulent confined fluid accelerates the breakup of the ring vortices. The interaction of the secondary line vortices with the breaking structures leads to the formation of new hairpin-like vortices, which also contribute to further vortex breakup. These results explain the enhanced mixing performance of confined jets as the mixing is directly tied to the breakup of large vortical structures. Proper orthogonal decomposition modes are also presented to identify the structures/events with the highest contribution to the total turbulent kinetic energy in both flow fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amorphous silicon dioxide (hereafter SiO2) samples were implanted with 380 keV Fe ions at room temperature. After the implantation, some samples were irradiated with 16 MeV Au ions. The magnetic property was investigated by using a SQUID magnetometer, and the morphology of Fe-implanted SiO2 samples was examined by using a transmission electron microscope and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (extended x-ray absorption fine structure and x-ray absorption near edge structure). The size of Fe nanoparticles increases with an increase in the amount of Fe implantation. A part of Fe nanoparticles consists of Fe oxides, and with an increase in the amount of Fe implantation, the valence state of Fe atoms and the structure of Fe nanoparticles gets close to those of metallic α-Fe. The room temperature magnetism was observed in Fe-implanted SiO2 samples. The magnetization–magnetic field curves for samples implanted with a small amount of Fe are reproduced by the Langevin equation, implying that Fe nanoparticles present the superparamagnetic behavior. For a large amount of Fe implantation, the magnetization–magnetic field curve shows the ferromagnetic state. Such a result of magnetic property is consistent with the results of the x-ray absorption. By the subsequent 16 MeV Au irradiation, the Fe nanoparticles were fragmentated, resulting in the decrease in magnetization. The optical absorption property of the SiO2 samples is briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yosuke Harada,1,2 Ken Fukuda,1 Asami Nakahira,1 Kentaro Tada,1 Tamaki Sumi,1 Atsuki Fukushima1 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Japan; 2Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan Background: The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of therapy in patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) anterior uveitis. Patients and methods: We reviewed the records of patients with CMV anterior uveitis who attended our institution between October 2010 and December 2015 and who were confirmed to have CMV DNA in the aqueous humor by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Results: Fourteen immunocompetent patients (10 men and 4 women, total of 17 eyes) were enrolled. The mean ± SD age at the onset of antiviral therapy was 63.1 ± 11.3 years (range, 44–87 years). CMV DNA was not detected in the aqueous humor of 3 patients on initial testing, but it was detected on subsequent analysis. All patients underwent systemic antiviral therapy. Among the patients who were followed up for more than 6 months after starting systemic antiviral therapy, systemic antiviral therapy was successfully terminated in all 4 patients without corneal endothelial loss but had to be continued because of disease recurrence on its termination in 5 of 8 patients (62.5%) with corneal endothelial damage (P = 0.038). Conclusions: Patients with corneal endothelial cell loss are likely to require longer term antiviral therapy than those without endothelial damage. In addition, whereas definitive diagnosis of CMV anterior uveitis requires the detection of CMV DNA in aqueous humor by polymerase chain reaction, one-fifth of patients in the present study tested negative on initial examination. Keywords: cytomegalovirus, anterior uveitis, corneal endothelial cell, polymerase chain reaction, clinical course

Keisuke Naito,1 Kei Yamasaki,1 Kazuhiro Yatera,1 Kentaro Akata,1 Shingo Noguchi,1 Toshinori Kawanami,1 Kazumasa Fukuda,2 Takashi Kido,1 Hiroshi Ishimoto,3 Hiroshi Mukae3 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, 2Department of Microbiology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka, 3Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki, Japan Abstract: Pulmonary emphysema is an important radiological finding in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, but bacteriological differences in pneumonia patients according to the severity of emphysematous changes have not been reported. Therefore, we evaluated the bacteriological incidence in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of pneumonia patients using cultivation and a culture-independent molecular method. Japanese patients with community-acquired pneumonia (83) and healthcare-associated pneumonia (94) between April 2010 and February 2014 were evaluated. The BALF obtained from pneumonia lesions was evaluated by both cultivation and a molecular method. In the molecular method, ~600 base pairs of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes in the BALF were amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and clone libraries were constructed. The nucleotide sequences of 96 randomly selected colonies were determined, and a homology search was performed to identify the bacterial species. A qualitative radiological evaluation of pulmonary emphysema based on chest computed tomography (CT) images was performed using the Goddard classification. The severity of pulmonary emphysema based on the Goddard classification was none in 47.4% (84/177), mild in 36.2% (64/177), moderate in 10.2% (18/177), and severe in 6.2% (11/177). Using the culture-independent molecular method, Moraxella catarrhalis was significantly more frequently detected in moderate or severe emphysema patients than in patients with no or mild emphysematous changes. The detection rates of Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were unrelated to the severity of pulmonary emphysematous changes, and Streptococcus species – except for the S. anginosus group and S. pneumoniae – were detected more frequently using the molecular method we used for the BALF of patients with pneumonia than using culture methods. Our findings suggest that M. catarrhalis is more frequently detected in pneumonia patients with moderate or severe emphysema than in those with no or mild emphysematous changes on chest CT. M. catarrhalis may play a major role in patients with pneumonia complicating severe pulmonary emphysema. Keywords: clone library method, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Goddard classification, molecular method, microflora, phylotype, Moraxella catarrhalis

Yuki Takabayashi,1 Masaki Nambu,1 Masayuki Ishihara,2 Masahiro Kuwabara,1 Koichi Fukuda,2 Shingo Nakamura,2 Hidemi Hattori,2Tomoharu Kiyosawa1 1Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 2Division of Biomedical Engineering, Research Institute, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan Purpose: Although treatments for alopecia are in high demand, not all treatments are safe and reliable. Dalteparin/protamine nanoparticles (D/P NPs) can effectively carry growth factors (GFs) such as fibroblast GF (FGF)-2. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of FGF-2-containing D/P NPs (FGF-2&D/P NPs) on hair growth.Patients and methods: In this study, the participants were 12 volunteers with thin hair. One milliliter of FGF-2 (100 ng/mL) and D/P NPs (56 μg/mL) was applied and massaged on the skin of the scalp by the participants twice a day. They were evaluated for 6 months. Participants were photographed using a digital camera for general observation and a hair diagnosis system for measuring hair diameter.Results: The mean diameter of the hairs was significantly higher following the application of FGF-2&D/P NPs for 6 months. Objective improvements in thin hair were observed in two cases. Nine participants experienced greater bounce and hair resilience.Conclusion: The transdermal application of FGF-2&D/P NPs to the scalp can be used as a new treatment for alopecia. Keywords: hair growth, dalteparin/protamine nanoparticles, fibroblast growth factor, transdermal application