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The state of knowledge on the science and management of freshwater recreational fisheries is reviewed, with the objective of integrating insights from disparate fields such as fisheries science, environmental complexity theory, common-pool-resource theory, and resilience theory. First, freshwater recreational fisheries are characterized as complex adaptive social-ecological systems (SESs). Subsequently, two interrelated frameworks, drawing on the Ostrom framework for the analysis of SESs and adaptive management as key foundations, are presented. These frameworks are useful to structure the complexity and apprehend the various feedbacks and links inherent in any particular recreational fisheries system. Moreover, the frameworks help to identify operational management strategies in the face of substantial social-ecological uncertainty. It is concluded that to understand and manage freshwater recreational fisheries as complex adaptive SESs, a sustained shift from disciplinary to inter- and sometimes transdisciplinary research as well as a focus on flexible, adaptive and generally enabling rather than command-and-control type governance and management are needed. Understanding and managing recreational fisheries as complex adaptive SESs will benefit from an increasing focus on (i) managing social-ecological feedbacks and processes, (ii) managing critical slow variables that either drive the system or maintain it in potentially undesirable states, and (iii) managing and maintaining social and ecological diversity. It is hoped that the frameworks presented in this article may guide future interdisciplinary inquiry to manage for sustainability by building resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is a well-characterized axon growth inhibitor in the adult vertebrate nervous system. Several signals that play roles in inhibiting axon growth have been identified. Here, we report that soluble MAG induces activation of Rap1 in postnatal cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. The p75 receptor associates with activated Rap1 and is internalized in response to MAG. After MAG is applied to the distal axons of the sciatic nerves, the activated Rap1, internalized p75 receptor, and MAG are retrogradely trafficked via axons to the cell bodies of the DRG neurons. Rap1 activity is required for survival of the DRG neurons as well as CGNs when treated with MAG. The transport of the signaling complex containing the p75 receptor and Rap1 may play a role in the effect of MAG.Cell Death and Differentiation (2008) 15, 408–419; doi:10.1038/sj.cdd.4402278; published online 30 November 2007 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monkey pulpal responses to four adhesive resin systems used as direct pulp capping agents were histopathologically evaluated at 3, 7, 14, 30, and 60 days after operation. No serious inflammatory reaction of the pulp, such as necrosis or abscess formation, was observed. Slight inflammatory cell infiltration was the main inflammatory reaction of the exposed pulp, and the exposed area became occluded with dentin bridging as the observation period increased. Healing of exposed dental pulp beneath adhesive resin capping slightly differed depending on the materials used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monkey pulpal responses to metal inlays luted with a combination of an adhesive resin and luting composite and conventional dental cements were histopathologically evaluated. Initial pulpal responses caused by re-exposure of the cut dentin surfaces and luting procedure under hydraulic pressure subsided at 90 days after final cementation. There was no significant difference among pulpal reactions to conventional dental cements and a combination of an adhesive resin and luting composite. The adhesive resin coating of freshly cut dentinal walls/floors immediately after cavity preparation seems to provide protection for the dentin and pulp in indirect restorations requiring temporary sealing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hormone therapy, especially androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), is effective against prostate cancer (PC), whereas long-term ADT is a risk for metabolic/cardiovascular disorders including diabetes (DM), hypertension (HT) and dyslipidemia (DL), and might result in progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We thus conducted a multicenter retrospective cohort study to ask whether CRPC progression would be associated positively with HT, DM or DL and negatively with statins prescribed for treatment of DL. In this study, 1,112 nonmetastatic PC patients undergoing ADT were enrolled. Univariate statistical analyses clearly showed significant association of HT or DM developing after ADT onset, though not preexisting HT or DM, with early CRPC progression. On the other hand, preexisting DL or statin use, but not newly developed DL or started statin prescriptions following ADT, was negatively associated with CRPC progression. Multivariate analysis revealed significant independent association of the newly developed DM or HT, or preexisting statin use with CRPC progression [adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals): 3.85 (1.65-8.98), p = 0.002; 2.75 (1.36-5.59), p = 0.005; 0.25 (0.09-0.72), p = 0.010, respectively]. Together, ADT-related development of HT or DM and preexisting statin use are considered to have positive and negative impact on CRPC progression, respectively., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

The biaxial flexural strength of universal shade and conventional dental resin-based composites before and after alkaline degradation was investigated. Disk samples were prepared from these resin-based composites, and some of the specimens were immersed in 0.1 M NaOH solution to create deteriorated samples. The biaxial flexural strength of the samples before and after the alkaline degradation test was measured and statistically tested. The fracture surfaces after the biaxial flexural test were observed using a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the biaxial flexural strength of the paste-type universal shade resin-based composite before alkaline degradation was significantly (19%) higher than that of the conventional type, but no difference was observed between the materials after alkaline degradation. On the other hand, the biaxial flexural strength of the flowable universal shade resin-based composites was significantly (around 35%) lower than that of the conventional composite, with or without degradation. Although, for paste-type materials, the biaxial flexural strength of universal shade resin-based composites was higher than that of conventional resin-based composites before alkaline degradation, after degradation the two materials showed similar values. For flowable materials, the biaxial flexural strength of universal shade resin-based composites was lower than that of conventional resin-based composites regardless of the presence or absence of degradation processes. These results suggest that some caution should be used when deciding whether to use flowable universal shade resin-based composite to fill a cavity.

Purpose: To investigate the discoloration, line roughness and gloss of conventional and universal shade resin-based composites., Methods: Clearfil AP-X (AP-X) and Estelite Sigma Quick (EQ) samples were prepared. Discoloration, roughness, and gloss were measured on mirror-polished, alkaline-degraded, and repolished surfaces. The superficial layer degraded by alkaline immersion (degraded layer) was ground off from the sample surface. After removing the degraded layer, the surface was polished with aluminum oxide powder (1.0 µm and 0.3 µm), to create a repolished specimen. Scanning electron microscopy observations were made of the specimens., Results: The results were compared with those for Omnichroma (OC) from a previous study. All the materials showed different responses to degradation and repolishing, but repolishing of AP-X, for surface roughness and gloss, was more effective at restoring pre-degradation properties. Repolishing effectively removed discoloration in all materials., Clinical Significance: The materials tested showed different responses to degradation and repolishing, but repolishing of AP-X, for surface roughness and gloss, was more effective at restoring pre-degradation properties. Repolishing effectively removed discoloration in all materials., Competing Interests: The authors declared no conflict of interest. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (Grant-in-Aid for Early-Career Scientists) Grant Number 23K16011., (Copyright©American Journal of Dentistry.)

Purpose: To investigate the effect of painless low-power Er:YAG laser irradiation of conventional and polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) type CAD-CAM resin-based composites (RBCs) on resin bonding., Methods: An Er:YAG laser system, phosphoric acid etchant, universal adhesive, RBC, and two types of CAD-CAM RBC block were used. Microtensile bond strength, fracture mode, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of bonding interfaces and CAD-CAM surfaces, and surface roughness of ground and pretreated surfaces were investigated. As pretreatment methods, low-power Er:YAG laser irradiation and air-abrasion with alumina particles were used., Results: The effect of low-power Er:YAG laser irradiation of CAD-CAM RBCs on bonding to repair resin varied depending on the type of CAD-CAM RBCs., Clinical Significance: The low-power Er:YAG laser irradiation of the conventional CAD-CAM RBCs was shown to be effective as a surface pretreatment for resin bonding, while the laser irradiation of PICN-type CAD-CAM RBCs was not effective., Competing Interests: The authors declared no conflict of interest. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI [Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(C)] Grant Number 23K09190., (Copyright©American Journal of Dentistry.)

Given possible involvement of the central and peripheral angiotensin system in pain processing, we conducted clinical and preclinical studies to test whether pharmacological inhibition of the angiotensin system would prevent diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) accompanying type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the preclinical study, the nociceptive sensitivity was determined in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice, a T2DM model. A clinical retrospective cohort study was conducted, using the medical records of T2DM patients receiving antihypertensives at three hospitals for nearly a decade. In the ob/ob mice, daily treatment with perindopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), or telmisartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), but not amlodipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker (CaB), significantly inhibited DPN development without affecting the hyperglycemia. In the clinical study, the enrolled 7464 patients were divided into three groups receiving ACEIs, ARBs and the others (non-ACEI, non-ARB antihypertensives). Bonferroni's test indicated significantly later DPN development in the ARB and ACEI groups than the others group. The multivariate Cox proportional analysis detected significant negative association of the prescription of ACEIs or ARBs and β-blockers, but not CaBs or diuretics, with DPN development. Thus, our study suggests that pharmacological inhibition of the angiotensin system is beneficial to prevent DPN accompanying T2DM., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episode (MELAS) syndrome, caused by a single base substitution in mitochondrial DNA (m.3243A>G), is one of the most common maternally inherited mitochondrial diseases accompanied by neuronal damage due to defects in the oxidative phosphorylation system. There is no established treatment. Our previous study reported a superior restoration of mitochondrial function and bioenergetics in mitochondria-deficient cells using highly purified mesenchymal stem cells (RECs). However, whether such exogenous mitochondrial donation occurs in mitochondrial disease models and whether it plays a role in the recovery of pathological neuronal functions is unknown. Here, utilizing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), we differentiated neurons with impaired mitochondrial function from patients with MELAS. MELAS neurons and RECs/mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured under contact or non-contact conditions. Both RECs and MSCs can donate mitochondria to MELAS neurons, but RECs are more excellent than MSCs for mitochondrial transfer in both systems. In addition, REC-mediated mitochondrial transfer significantly restored mitochondrial function, including mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP/ROS production, intracellular calcium storage, and oxygen consumption rate. Moreover, mitochondrial function was maintained for at least three weeks. Thus, REC-donated exogenous mitochondria might offer a potential therapeutic strategy for treating neurological dysfunction in MELAS.

Objective: To adapt to metabolically challenging environments, the central nervous system (CNS) orchestrates metabolism of peripheral organs including skeletal muscle. The organ-communication between the CNS and skeletal muscle has been investigated, yet our understanding of the neuronal pathway from the CNS to skeletal muscle is still limited. Neurons in the dorsomedial and central parts of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMHdm/c) expressing steroidogenic factor-1 (VMHdm/c SF-1 neurons) are key for metabolic adaptations to exercise, including increased basal metabolic rate and skeletal muscle mass in mice. However, the mechanisms by which VMHdm/c SF-1 neurons regulate skeletal muscle function remain unclear. Here, we show that VMHdm/c SF-1 neurons increase the sympathoadrenal activity and regulate skeletal muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α) in mice via multiple downstream nodes., Methods: Optogenetics was used to specifically manipulate VMHdm/c SF-1 neurons combined with genetically-engineered mice and surgical manipulation of the sympathoadrenal activity., Results: Optogenetic activation of VMHdm/c SF-1 neurons dramatically elevates mRNA levels of skeletal muscle Pgc-1α, which regulates a spectrum of skeletal muscle function including protein synthesis and metabolism. Mechanistically, the sympathoadrenal drive coupled with β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AdR) is essential for VMHdm/c SF-1 neurons-mediated increases in skeletal muscle PGC1-α. Specifically, both adrenalectomy and β2AdR knockout block augmented skeletal muscle PGC1-α by VMHdm/c SF-1 neuronal activation. Optogenetic functional mapping reveals that downstream nodes of VMHdm/c SF-1 neurons are functionally redundant to increase circulating epinephrine and skeletal muscle PGC1-α., Conclusions: Collectively, we propose that VMHdm/c SF-1 neurons-skeletal muscle pathway, VMHdm/c SF-1 neurons→multiple downstream nodes→the adrenal gland→skeletal muscle β2AdR, underlies augmented skeletal muscle function for metabolic adaptations., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier GmbH.)

Objectives: Improving the lifestyle of occupational workers is essential for extending healthy life expectancy. We investigated various lifestyle-related items in a rural Japanese population and compared them between agricultural and non-agricultural workers., Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted as a part of the "Iwaki Health Promotion Project." Lifestyle-related items such as sleep, work hours, nutrition, health-related quality of life, and proportion of time spent performing each daily activity were compared between agricultural and non-agricultural workers in the ≥60 years (n = 251) and <60 years (n = 560) age groups., Results: Agricultural workers had significantly lower Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index total scores than non-agricultural workers in the <60 years group. The proportion of participants with more than 5 weekly working days was high among agricultural workers in both groups. Additionally, the proportion of people who worked more than 8 h per day was high among agricultural workers in both age groups. Energy intake per day was high among agricultural workers in the <60 years group. In both age groups, agricultural workers slept and woke up approximately 40 min earlier than did non-agricultural workers., Conclusions: Agricultural workers have better sleep habits but work longer than non-agricultural workers, with some differences in energy intake and proportion of time spent on each daily activity. These differences should be considered when planning lifestyle intervention programs for agricultural workers., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Kinoshita et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Botulinum toxin-A (BTX) administration into muscle is an established treatment for conditions with excessive muscle contraction. However, botulinum therapy has short-term effectiveness, and high-dose injection of BTX could induce neutralizing antibodies against BTX. Therefore, prolonging its effects could be beneficial in a clinical situation. Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) and its ligands, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) -I and II, regulate the physiological and pathological processes of the nervous system. It has been suggested that IGF1R is involved in the process after BTX administration, but the specific regeneration mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine how inhibition of IGF1R signaling pathway affects BTX-induced muscle paralysis. The results showed that anti-IGF1R antibody administration inhibited the recovery from BTX-induced neurogenic paralysis, and the synaptic components at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), mainly post-synaptic components, were significantly affected by the antibody. In addition, the wet weight or frequency distribution of the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibers was regulated by IGF1R, and sequential antibody administration following BTX treatment increased the number of Pax7 + -satellite cells in the gastrocnemius (GC) muscle, independent of NMJ recovery. Moreover, BTX treatment upregulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/S6 kinase signaling pathway, HDAC4, Myog, Fbxo32/MAFbx/Atrogin-1 pathway, and transcription of synaptic components, but not autophagy. Finally, IGF1R inhibition affected only mTOR/S6 kinase translational signaling in the GC muscle. In conclusion, the IGF1R signaling pathway is critical for NMJ regeneration via specific translational signals. IGF1R inhibition could be highly beneficial in clinical practice by decreasing the number of injections and total dose of BTX due to the prolonged duration of the effect., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

This paper contains transdisciplinary reflections from both scientists and local NGO (nongovernmental organisation) managers on the international small island tourism destination of Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. These viewpoints centre on the impacts of, as well as the short- and long-term adaptation strategies and sustainability opportunities associated with, two disasters that occurred in rapid succession: the earthquakes that struck Lombok in 2018; and the COVID-19 pandemic that began in 2020. A brief review of the governance challenges facing Gili Trawangan sets up the analysis of the findings and the presentation of new empirical insights into how the island's communities have dealt with two unique disaster scenarios over the past three years. The paper draws on a community resilience framework premised on social capital and collective action theories to position the island's ability to transition towards sustainable tourism in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. It concludes by laying out sustainability opportunities going forward., (© 2022 The Authors Disasters © 2022 ODI.)

Distant water fishing occurs worldwide as foreign fleets fish in the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) of other states. We test the hypothesis that host state governance performance is an explanatory factor in observed distant water fishing effort using Global Fishing Watch's fishing effort data obtained from vessels' automatic identification system (AIS). We examine the explanatory power of the World Governance Indicators (WGI), Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, and biophysical fisheries productivity indicators (temperature, oxygen, salinity, nutrients, and primary productivity) on fishing effort from foreign fleets across the four most common gear types (fixed gear, longliners, trawlers, and tuna purse seiners). Our models include both host EEZ fishery productivity indicators and governance indicators with R2 values of 0.97 for longlining, 0.95 trawling, 0.95 for fixed gear and 0.82 for tuna purse seiners. Although a lack of good governance may enable illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) has enabled the legal establishment of foreign fishing contracts. However, it is unlikely that fishing contracts are decoupled from economic and political negotiations on other issues. We argue that it is worthwhile to consider the term "fish grabbing", meaning wealthier and politically more powerful states consciously seek to profit from fishing in the waters of often weaker states through developing legal fishing contracts., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2022 Stäbler et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Studies have reported that COVID-19 is associated not only with pneumonia but also with cerebrovascular disease. Consequently, medical personnel involved in treating stroke in the emergency medicine setting have been placed in a situation that requires them to provide treatment while always remaining mindful of the possibility of COVID-19. Here, we describe the current state of stroke treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Four patients with stroke and concomitant COVID-19 were treated at our facility. We treated 3 patients with cerebral infarction and 1 patient with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. All 3 patients with cerebral infarction had a poor outcome. This was attributed in part to the poor general condition of the patients due to concomitant COVID-19, as well as to the severity of the major artery occlusion and cerebral infarction. One patient with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis had a good outcome. Anticoagulant therapy was administered at our hospital and resulted in a stable clinical course. Our hospital has worked to establish an examination and treatment system that enables mechanical thrombectomy to be performed even during the COVID-19 pandemic. We devised a protocol showing the steps to be taken from initial treatment to admission to the cerebral angiography room. Our hospital was able to continue accepting requests for emergency admission thanks to the examination and treatment system we established. Up-to-date information should continue to be collected to create examination and treatment systems., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (2022, National Center for Global Health and Medicine.)

In Japan, major mumps outbreaks still occur every 4-5 years because of low mumps vaccine coverage (30-40%) owing to the voluntary immunization program. Herein, to prepare for a regular immunization program, we aimed to reveal the nationwide and long-term molecular epidemiological trends of the mumps virus (MuV) in Japan. Additionally, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) using next-generation sequencing to assess results from conventional genotyping using MuV sequences of the small-hydrophobic (SH) gene. We analyzed 1,064 SH gene sequences from mumps clinical samples and MuV isolates collected from 25 prefectures from 1986 to 2017. The results showed that six genotypes, namely B (110), F (1), G (900), H (3), J (41), and L (9) were identified, and the dominant genotypes changed every decade in Japan since the 1980s. Genotype G has been exclusively circulating since the early 2000s. Seven clades were identified for genotype G using SH sequence-based classification. To verify the results, we performed WGS on 77 representative isolates of genotype G using NGS and phylogenetically analyzed them. Five clades were identified with high bootstrap values and designated as Japanese clade (JPC)-1, -2, -3, -4, -5. JPC-1 and -3 accounted for over 80% of the total genotype G isolates (68.3 and 13.8%, respectively). Of these, JPC-2 and -5, were newly identified clades in Japan through this study. This is the first report describing the nationwide and long-term molecular epidemiology of MuV in Japan. The results provide information about Japanese domestic genotypes, which is essential for evaluating the mumps elimination progress in Japan after the forthcoming introduction of the mumps vaccine into Japan's regular immunization program. Furthermore, the study shows that WGS analysis using NGS is more accurate than results obtained from conventional SH sequence-based classification and is a powerful tool for accurate molecular epidemiology studies., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Kidokoro, Shiino, Yamaguchi, Nariai, Kodama, Nakata, Sano, Gotou, Kisu, Maruyama, Kuba, Sakata, Higashi, Kiyota, Sakai, Yahiro, Nagita, Watanabe, Hirokawa, Hamabata, Fujii, Yamamoto, Yokoi, Sakamoto, Saito, Shibata, Inada, Fujitani, Minagawa, Ito, Shima, Murano, Katoh, Kato, Takeda, Suga and The Surveillance Team for Mumps Virus in Japan.)

Epidemiological studies suggest that regular intake of soy isoflavone exerts a preventive effect on postmenopausal obesity and other forms of dysmetabolism. Estrogens inhibit eating behavior. Soy isoflavones may act as estrogen agonist in estrogen-depleted conditions, whereas they may either act as an estrogen antagonist or be ineffective in estrogen-repleted conditions. We investigated the effects of dietary soy isoflavone on food intake under various estrogen conditions using male, ovariectomized (OVX), and non-OVX female rats, and compared the effects with those of estradiol. We found that soy isoflavones reduced food intake in females specifically, regardless of whether ovariectomy had been performed, whereas subcutaneous implantation of estradiol pellet did not reduce food intake in intact female rats, but did so in OVX female and male rats. Contrary to this hypothesis, the reduction in food intake may not be caused by the estrogenic properties of soy isoflavones. It is of great interest to understand the mechanisms underlying the anorectic effects of soy isoflavones. In this non-systematic review, we summarize our recent studies that have investigated the bioactive substances of anorectic action, pharmacokinetic properties of soy isoflavones, and the modification of central and peripheral signals regulating appetite by soy isoflavones, and selected studies that were identified via database mining.

Oxaliplatin often induces peripheral neuropathy, a dose-limiting adverse reaction, and in rare cases leads to sinusoidal obstruction syndrome. We thus conducted a retrospective cohort study to examine the relationship between oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) and hepatic impairment, and then perform a fundamental study to analyze the underlying mechanisms. Analysis of medical records in cancer patients treated with oxaliplatin indicated that laboratory test parameters of hepatic impairment including AST, ALT and APRI (AST to platelet ratio index) moderately increased during oxaliplatin treatment, which was positively correlated with the severity of OIPN (grades 1-4), and associated with later incidence of survivors with OIPN grades ≥2. In mice, hepatic injury induced by CCl 4 or ethanol accelerated OIPN in mice, an effect prevented by inactivation of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), known to participate in OIPN, by the neutralizing antibody or thrombomodulin alfa capable of promoting its thrombin-dependent degradation. Oxaliplatin also aggravated the hepatic injury in mice. CCl 4 released HMGB1 from cultured hepatic parenchymal cells, and oxaliplatin at clinically achievable concentrations released HMGB1 from hepatic parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells. Our clinical and preclinical data suggest that the development of mild hepatic impairment during oxaliplatin treatment is associated with later aggravation of OIPN., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Atsufumi Kawabata received a research grant from Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation. All other authors declare no potential conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)