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Patient-centered, interprofessional occupational therapy is feasible in complex patients in the early phase of rehabilitation, and it contributes to meet needs in the domains of self-care, productivity, and leisure, promoting social role. We planned this single-center single-blind two-arm parallel individual patient randomized controlled trial, to verify the superiority of interprofessional experimental occupational therapy (EOT) compared to standard rehabilitation (SR) in producing higher levels of patients' social participation assessed by the Reintegration to Normal Living Index. EOT is a patient-centered, hospital/home-based rehabilitation intervention based on the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement. This appropriately powered study will provide evidence regarding the effectiveness of EOT on the recovery of social participation in the critical transition of complex patients from hospital to the home setting.

Purpose: The Core Set for Vocational Rehabilitation (CS-VR), a checklist based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), captures the work functioning of individuals requiring VR. By listening to cancer survivors' experiences and stakeholders' perspectives, the CS-VR-Onco of 85 ICF-based categories was obtained. The aim of this study was to assess the concurrent validity of the CS-VR-Onco by measuring this tool's ability to detect differences among cancer survivors in terms of perceived return to work (RTW)-related difficulties., Methods: A sample of 300 working-age individuals with a first diagnosis of cancer was selected through the local Cancer Registry. Of these 300, those employed individuals who had returned to work were deemed eligible. Through a guided interview, participants reported and described their perceived RTW-related difficulties using the terminology of the CS-VR-Onco. Frequencies and means were used to compare the results of (a) cancer survivors who reported having had difficulties with those who had not, and (b) cancer survivors who had undergone chemotherapy (CT) with those who had not., Results: Of the 104 respondents, 35 cancer survivors (Group 1) reported having had RTW-related difficulties and CS-VR-Onco-described problems, while 54 reported no difficulties but did highlight some problems (Group 2), and 15 reported neither difficulties nor problems (Group 3). The categories of the CS-VR-Onco that were prioritized were similar across groups, but Group 1 had higher frequencies than did Group 2 + 3 in 69 categories out of 85. In the second comparison, 40 cancer survivors who had undergone CT had higher frequencies than did 64 cancer survivors who had not undergone CT, but this trend was not applicable to 23 categories of the CS-VR-Onco. Seven categories were not reported as problems by all participants., Conclusion: The CS-VR-Onco identified more problems in cancer survivors who reported RTW-related difficulties and differences between cancer survivors who had undergone CT and those who had not. These results contribute to assessing the preliminary validity of the tool., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests. Ethical Approval: This cross-sectional study is included in a mixed-method study approved by the Ethics Committee of the province of Reggio Emilia (protocol 2020/0063350) and prospectively registered at Clinical Trial.gov (NCT04439461). Consent to Participate: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in our study., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: Advances in cancer detection and treatment have extended cancer survivors' (CSs) life expectancy, but their evolving health needs remain unmet. This study analyzes 14 patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for CSs with non-cutaneous cancers using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) framework. These 14 PROMs are derived from a recent review focusing on the implementation of the routine assessment of unmet needs in cancer survivors., Methods: Each PROM was examined for correspondence to ICF health and functioning dimensions. Two independent reviewers extracted meaningful concepts from each PROM item, linking them to ICF categories. Discrepancies were resolved through discussion with a third expert reviewer., Results: PROMs varied in ICF component correspondence, with "Activities and Participation" (37.2%) and "Environmental Factors" (31.8%) most frequently represented, highlighting their significance. "Body Structures" (1%) received minimal attention, suggesting its limited relevance to CSs' needs. The results of the linking process show the differences between the various PROMs: Candi and eHNA were primarily linked to "Body Function" (53.4% and 51.4%, respectively), NEQ and SUN to "Activities and Participation," and CaSUN and PNI to "Environmental Factors" (51.7% and 50%, respectively), while eHNA had the highest percentage of items linked to "Body Structures" (8.1%)., Conclusions: This evaluation of PROMs enhances the understanding of CSs' diverse needs so as to address them, thereby improving these individuals' quality of life., Implications for Cancer Survivors: The study underscores the importance of addressing "Activities and Participation" and "Environmental Factors" in PROMs for CSs. These insights support developing comprehensive PROMs and help healthcare providers prioritize critical areas of survivorship care, ultimately enhancing CSs' well-being., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted healthcare organizations, necessitating a rapid transition from in-person to virtual care. Our study explored the feasibility of a mixed in-person/telerehabilitation intervention for cancer patients and its effects on cancer-related fatigue (CRF), quality of life (QoL), physical function, patient satisfaction, and perceived usefulness., Methods: TRACE 2020 is an observational prospective study that enrolled adult cancer patients, between January 2021 and March 2023, who were eligible for a rehabilitation program to be provided also in telerehabilitation. Patients were assessed at baseline and after the rehabilitation program. Adherence to sessions, reasons for non-adherence and adverse events were collected., Results: Of the 23 patients enrolled, 87% received a mixed intervention, with an average of 60% in-person sessions and 40% telerehabilitation sessions. Adherence was very high (91%). Evaluation scales showed an improvement in CRF, QoL, and lower limb strength and a relevant increase in patients' level of physical activity (PA). Most patients reported good satisfaction; the few criticisms mainly concerned difficulties in connectivity, lack of physical contact and difficulties in understanding how to perform exercises during telerehabilitation sessions. The physiotherapist underlined the usefulness of the innovative approach and suggested ways to facilitate future implementation., Conclusion: A mixed intervention including telerehabilitation is feasible and accepted by cancer patients. It may have a positive effect on their CRF, QoL, and level of PA and render patient care more flexible. The findings suggest what characteristics the target population for telerehabilitation should have, in order to integrate telerehabilitation in standard care for cancer patients., (© 2024 The Author(s). Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Purpose: To verify the effectiveness of experimental occupational therapy plus intensive standard rehabilitation compared to intensive standard rehabilitation alone on the reintegration to social activities of complex patients three months after hospital discharge., Materials and Methods: Patients with a score ≥ 9 on the Rehabilitation Complexity Scale at admission to an intensive rehabilitation ward were randomized to the control or experimental group. Both groups received intensive multidisciplinary rehabilitation aimed at recovering independence in the basic activities of daily life (ADL). The experimental group also received experimental occupational therapy services to address goals identified through the administration of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). Experimental occupational therapy began during the in-hospital phase and continued in the home-based setting. It consisted of teaching strategies, recommending aids, and providing personalized information regarding available community support., Results: Ninety-two individuals with a mean age of 65 years (female 44.6%) were enrolled. The experimental group significantly improved participation measured by the Reintegration to Normal Living Index (mean changes 8.61, 95% CI: 1-16.23, p  = 0.027). The performance and satisfaction scores of the COPM, both during hospitalization and after discharge, and independence in ADL also improved. No differences in mood disturbances were found., Conclusion: Early post-discharge occupational therapy integrated with multidisciplinary rehabilitation improves the social participation of complex patients. Future research should investigate the concrete feasibility of implementing this complex intervention cost-effectively and in different contexts., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03668938 (first posted date 13/09/2018).

As the number of cancer survivors (CSs) is increasing worldwide, providing services relevant to the specific, unmet needs of these individuals is crucial. There are currently various patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) whose aim is to identify the unmet needs of CSs. Still, limited guidance supports healthcare providers in choosing the most valid and reliable PROMs for this purpose. We conducted this overview of systematic reviews (SRs) on the psychometric properties of PROMs addressing the unmet needs of adult CSs suffering from non-cutaneous cancers. We searched databases for SRs published between 2012 and January 2023. Two SRs were included, covering 14 PROMs tested on 19,151 CSs. These were assessed according to the COSMIN methodology for SRs of PROMs for the quality of their measurement properties and risk of bias, thus providing guidance in selecting PROMs that appropriately reflect the unmet needs of CSs., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: Disability related to incurable cancer affects over a million Europeans each year and people with cancer rank loss of function among the most common unmet supportive care needs., Objectives: To test the clinical and cost-effectiveness of an integrated short-term palliative rehabilitation intervention, to optimise function and quality of life in people affected by incurable cancer., Design: This is a multinational, parallel group, randomised, controlled, assessor blind, superiority trial., Methods: The INSPIRE consortium brings together leaders in palliative care, oncology and rehabilitation from partner organisations across Europe, with complementary expertise in health service research, trials of complex interventions, mixed-method evaluations, statistics and economics. Partnership with leading European civil society organisations ensures citizen engagement and dissemination at the highest level. We will conduct a multinational randomised controlled trial across five European countries, recruiting participants to assess the effectiveness of palliative rehabilitation for people with incurable cancer on the primary outcome - quality of life - and secondary outcomes including disability, symptom burden and goal attainment. To support trial conduct and enhance analysis of trial data, we will also conduct: comparative analysis of current integration of rehabilitation across oncology and palliative care services; mixed-method evaluations of equity and inclusivity, processes and implementation for the intervention, at patient, health service and health system levels. Finally, we will conduct an evidence synthesis, incorporating INSPIRE findings, and a Delphi consensus to develop an international framework for palliative rehabilitation practice and policy, incorporating indicators, core interventions, outcomes and integration methods., Scientific Contribution: If positive, the trial could produce a scalable and equitable intervention to improve function and quality of life in people with incurable cancer and reduce the burden of care for their families. It could also upskill the practitioners involved and motivate future research questions. The intervention could be adapted and integrated into different health systems using existing staff and services, with little or no additional cost., Competing Interests: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s), 2023.)

Background: Key elements in cancer cachexia (CC) management are personalized and multimodal interventions, but it is hard for some patients to follow programs based on several components. We examined the feasibility of a bimodal intervention, including a psycho-educational component and exercises, to support patients and their caregivers in managing CC; Methods: Prospective mixed-methods pilot study explored feasibility data, changes in patient-reported outcomes, and performance outcomes over time in a convenient sample of 30 consecutive CC patients and their caregivers., Results: Twenty-four dyads consented to participate. Twenty dyads received at least two psycho-educational sessions, so the psycho-educational component was feasible for 83.3% of the sample. Six dyads participated in at least fourteen out of twenty-seven rehabilitation sessions, so the exercise program was feasible for 25.0% of the sample. Six dyads showed compliance greater than 50% for both components of the bimodal intervention., Conclusions: While we did not meet our primary feasibility endpoint and had mixed acceptability, our experience provides insight into the challenges and lessons learned in implementing a primary palliative care intervention for CC. More robust studies are needed to help clinicians understand the best exercise program for CC patients, to be included in a multimodal intervention.

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has altered how citizens engage in activities. This study describes the new activities citizens engaged in during the first lockdown, factors that helped them cope with the confinement, the supports they used the most, and which supports they would have liked to receive. This cross-sectional study consists of an online survey made of 49 questions that was completed by the citizens of the province of Reggio Emilia (Italy) from 4 May until 15 June 2020. The outcomes of this study were explored by focusing on four of the survey questions. Of the 1826 citizens who responded, 84.2% had started new leisure activities. Males, participants who lived in the plain or foothills, and those who experienced nervousness engaged less in new activities, while those whose employment status changed, whose lifestyle worsened, or whose use of alcohol increased engaged in more activities. The support of family and friends, leisure activities, continuing to work, and an optimistic attitude were perceived to be of help. Grocery delivery and hotlines providing any type of information and mental health support were used frequently; a lack of health and social care services and of support in reconciling work with childcare was perceived. Findings may help institutions and policy makers to better support citizens in any future circumstances requiring prolonged confinement.

Purpose: Although over 60% of patients with hematologic cancer report distressing fatigue, they often do not receive recommendations on fatigue management strategies. The aim of this pilot study was to estimate the feasibility of therapeutic education and physical activity (TEPA) by measuring the patients' adherence to this multidimensional intervention. The secondary aim was to estimate the impact of TEPA on clinical outcomes., Methods: Patients with hematologic cancer participated in this single-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial. The control group (CG) received two educational group sessions on fatigue and physical activity. The experimental group (EG) received the two educational sessions plus six weekly individual sessions aimed at implementing a personalized physical exercise program. Follow-ups were at 1, 3, and 7 months., Results: Forty-six patients referred to chemotherapy were included, corresponding to 54% of recruitment rate. Adherence reached 90% in the EG and 68% in the CG. Most patients (65% in EG and 64% in CG) attended a minimum of 80% of the planned sessions. Overall retention rate was 87% (85% in EG and 91% in CG). No adverse events were registered. No between-group differences were detected in fatigue (FACIT-F), psychological distress (NCCN Distress Thermometer), QoL (EORTC QLQ-C30), or functional exercise capacity (TUG test and 6MWT). Adherence to an active lifestyle, measured by a semi-structured interview, increased from 56.5 to 84% in the EG at 7 months (p = 0.02), whereas it decreased slightly in the CG (from 47.8 to 42.9%)., Conclusion: Multidimensional rehabilitation interventions are feasible and safe in this population, and larger trials should focus on the efficacy of such approaches on clinically relevant outcomes., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03403075., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Purpose: The Core Set for Vocational Rehabilitation (CS-VR) of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) describes the work functioning of individuals in need of VR. We aimed to adapt the CS-VR from the perspective of cancer survivors (CSs) and stakeholders, developing a CS-VR-Onco., Methods: We held five focus groups with 17 CSs who were employed at the time of diagnosis, to discuss their work reintegration experiences. After analyzing the focus group conversations, the CS-VR-Onco was developed. During a group interview, eleven stakeholders explored barriers/facilitations in assessing the work functioning of CSs by using the CS-VR-Onco. We applied the framework method and thematic analysis., Results: For the focus groups, the CS-VR-Onco of 85 categories emerged, and the ICF chapters of Mental functions, Exercise and tolerance functions, Interpersonal interactions and relationships, Major life areas, General tasks and demands, Mobility, Support and relationships, and Attitudes were prioritized. For the group interview, stakeholders' perspectives can be synthetized into two themes: close to the lived experience and usability criteria. Stakeholders confirmed the categories of the CS-VR-Onco, a checklist that should be used through an integrated approach across multiple disciplines., Conclusions: The adapted CS-VR-Onco reflects the CSs' lived experiences of work reintegration and the factors that have influenced this process. The CS-VR-Onco was described as complete and usable through an integrated approach., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

We aimed to describe body composition changes up to 6-7 months after severe COVID-19 and to evaluate their association with COVID-19 inflammatory burden, described by the integral of the C-reactive protein (CRP) curve. The pectoral muscle area (PMA) and density (PMD), liver-to-spleen (L/S) ratio, and total, visceral, and intermuscular adipose tissue areas (TAT, VAT, and IMAT) were measured at baseline (T0), 2-3 months (T1), and 6-7 months (T2) follow-up CT scans of severe COVID-19 pneumonia survivors. Among the 208 included patients (mean age 65.6 ± 11 years, 31.3% females), decreases in PMA [mean (95%CI) -1.11 (-1.72; -0.51) cm 2 ] and in body fat areas were observed [-3.13 (-10.79; +4.52) cm 2 for TAT], larger from T0 to T1 than from T1 to T2. PMD increased only from T1 to T2 [+3.07 (+2.08; +4.06) HU]. Mean decreases were more evident for VAT [-3.55 (-4.94; -2.17) cm 2 ] and steatosis [L/S ratio increase +0.17 (+0.13; +0.20)] than for TAT. In multivariable models adjusted by age, sex, and baseline TAT, increasing the CRP interval was associated with greater PMA reductions, smaller PMD increases, and greater VAT and steatosis decreases, but it was not associated with TAT decreases. In conclusion, muscle loss and fat loss (more apparent in visceral compartments) continue until 6-7 months after COVID-19. The inflammatory burden is associated with skeletal muscle loss and visceral/liver fat loss.

Purpose: To describe the physical exercise (PE) habits, lifestyle, and motivation to change toward healthier behaviors in patients newly diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa)., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in an Italian hospital setting. Men newly diagnosed with PCa were consecutively invited to participate in a structured interview that was conducted either in person or by telephone., Results: The mean age of the 40 participants was 70.5 ± 6.6 (range 50-84). Most participants (65%) reported they were physically active, but more than half of the sample did not reach the recommended PE level. However, 40% of participants would be interested in participating in an exercise program. Only 10% of participants were current smokers, but 90% drank alcohol, and 62.5% were overweight/obese. Almost all participants were not willing to change their habits., Conclusions: A high proportion of Italian men are insufficiently active when diagnosed with PCa. Moreover, even when exposed to behavioral risk factors, they are not willing to change their lifestyle. Health-care professionals who deal with men newly diagnosed with PCa should take advantage of the teachable moment and apply strategies that support patients' motivation to exercise and adherence to healthier lifestyles., Trial Registration: The study was prospectively registered in ClinicalTrial.gov NCT03982095 on June 11, 2019., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objectives: COVID-19 can result in persistent symptoms leaving potential rehabilitation needs unmet. This study aims to describe persistent symptoms and health status of individuals hospitalised for COVID-19 according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health domains of impairments, limitations in activity, and participation restrictions., Design: Cross-sectional study consisting in a telephone interview 3 months after hospital discharge., Setting: This study was conducted during the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic by the Local Health Authority of Reggio Emilia (Italy)., Participants: Adult individuals discharged from hospital between April and June 2020 after COVID-19., Exclusion Criteria: hospitalisation for reasons other than COVID-19, inability to participate in the study, concomitant acute or chronic conditions causing disability., Primary and Secondary Outcome Measures: We assessed: dyspnoea (Medical Research Council), fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale), mood disturbances (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), limitations in activity (Barthel Index) and participation restrictions (Reintegration to Normal Living Index). We also collected data on sociodemographic characteristics, health status prior to COVID-19, COVID-related clinical manifestations and hospital care pathway up to discharge, rehabilitation interventions, accidental falls and emergency room access., Results: 149 participants (men, 62%; average age 62 (±11) years) were enrolled, 35 of which (23%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) while hospitalised. Three months after hospital discharge, nearly half of the participants still suffered from dyspnoea (44%) or fatigue (39%). Almost all individuals (91.2%) recovered a good level of independence in activity of daily living, but 76% still suffered participation restrictions. Female sex was significantly associated with worse outcomes for all symptoms., Conclusions: Individuals who had moderate or severe COVID-19 may perceive persistent symptoms which may result in reduced social participation. Sex differences should be monitored, as women may recover more slowly than men., Trial Registration Number: NCT04438239., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Increasing numbers of individuals suffer from post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS), which manifests with persistent symptoms, the most prevalent being dyspnea, fatigue, and musculoskeletal, cognitive, and/or mental health impairments. This systematic review investigated the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions for individuals with PACS. We searched the MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, CINHAL, Scopus, Prospero, and PEDro databases and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to November 2021. We screened 516 citations for eligibility, i.e., trials that included individuals with PACS exposed to exercise-based rehabilitation interventions. Five RCTs were included, accounting for 512 participants (aged 49.2-69.4 years, 65% males). Based on the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (RoB 2.0), two RCTs had "low risk of bias", and three were in the "some concerns" category. Three RCTs compared experimental rehabilitation interventions with no or minimal rehabilitation, while two compared two active rehabilitation interventions. Rehabilitation seemed to improve dyspnea, anxiety, and kinesiophobia. Results on pulmonary function were inconsistent, while improvements were detected in muscle strength, walking capacity, sit-to-stand performance, and quality of life. Pending further studies based on qualitatively sound designs, these first findings seem to advocate for rehabilitation interventions to lessen disability due to PACS.

Background: Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) affect millions of individuals worldwide. Rehabilitation interventions could support individuals during the recovery phase of COVID-19, but a comprehensive understanding of this new disease and its associated needs is crucial. This qualitative study investigated the experience of individuals who had been hospitalized for COVID-19, focusing on those needs and difficulties they perceived as most urgent., Methods: This naturalistic qualitative study was part of a single-center mix-method cross-sectional study (REACT) conducted in Italy during the first peak of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The qualitative data collection took place through a telephone interview conducted 3 months after hospital discharge. The experience of individuals discharged after hospitalization for COVID-19 was investigated through the main research question - "Tell me, how has it been going since you were discharged?". Two secondary questions investigated symptoms, activities, and participation. Data were recorded and transcribed verbatim within 48 h. An empirical phenomenological approach was used by the researchers, who independently analyzed the data and, through consensus, developed an interpretative model to answer the research question. Translation occurred after data was analyzed., Results: During the first peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, 784 individuals with COVID-19 were discharged from the hospitals of the Local Health Authority of the Province of Reggio Emilia (Italy); 446 were excluded due to the presence of acute or chronic conditions causing disability other than COVID-19 (n. 339), inability to participate in the study procedures (n. 56), insufficient medical documentation to allow for screening (n. 21), discharge to residential facilities (n. 25), and pregnancy (n. 5). Overall, 150 individuals consented to participate in the REACT study, and 56 individuals (60.7% male, average age 62.8 years ±11.8) were interviewed in June-July 2020, up to data saturation. Persistent symptoms, feelings of isolation, fear and stigma, emotional distress, a fatalistic attitude, and return to (adapted) life course were the key themes that characterized the participants' experience after hospital discharge., Conclusions: The experience as narrated by the participants in this study confirms the persistence of symptoms described in PASC and highlights the sense of isolation and psychological distress. These phenomena may trigger a vicious circle, but the participants also reported adaptation processes that allowed them to gradually return to their life course. Whether all individuals are able to rapidly activate these mechanisms and whether rehabilitation can help to break this vicious circle by improving residual symptoms remain to be seen., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.com NCT04438239., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and radiotherapy (RT) increase survival in selected patients with prostate cancer. Nevertheless, the side effects of these therapies are associated with an increased risk of accidental falls and fractures and a decreased quality of life. Preliminary evidence suggests that physical exercise can be a valid strategy to reduce the side effects of ADT and RT in men with prostate cancer. Despite this knowledge, most patients with prostate cancer are insufficiently active, and there is a lack of data on the safety and adherence to the recommended dose of physical exercise. This study protocol is designed to examine the feasibility and safety of a multicomponent experimental physical exercise intervention targeting psychophysical and cognitive functions and the quality of life in this population., Methods and Analysis: This is a pilot feasibility study. Twenty-five men currently treated with ADT and RT for prostate cancer will be invited to participate in a 20-week, multicomponent physical exercise intervention, including supervised and unsupervised exercise sessions and meeting the current recommendation for exercise in cancer. The primary outcomes are physical exercise feasibility (recruitment, adherence and drop-out rates) and safety (adverse events related and unrelated to the intervention). The secondary outcomes are muscle strength, balance, fatigue, symptoms of anxiety and depression, cognitive function, quality of life, and patient satisfaction. We will also record the number of accidental falls and fractures occurring during the intervention and at 1 year of follow-up., Ethics and Dissemination: The study has received ethics approval from The Area Vasta Nord Local Ethics Committee (Province of Reggio Emilia, 23 June 2020, Number 520/2020/SPER/IRCCSRE). Recruitment began in September 2020 and will be completed in September 2021. The results will be disseminated through scientific journals and conference presentations., Trial Registration Number: NCT04500080., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Inflammatory burden is associated with COVID-19 severity and outcomes. Residual computed tomography (CT) lung abnormalities have been reported after COVID-19. The aim was to evaluate the association between inflammatory burden during COVID-19 and residual lung CT abnormalities collected on follow-up CT scans performed 2-3 and 6-7 months after COVID-19, in severe COVID-19 pneumonia survivors. C-reactive protein (CRP) curves describing inflammatory burden during the clinical course were built, and CRP peaks, velocities of increase, and integrals were calculated. Other putative determinants were age, sex, mechanical ventilation, lowest PaO2/FiO2 ratio, D-dimer peak, and length of hospital stay (LOS). Of the 259 included patients (median age 65 years; 30.5% females), 202 (78%) and 100 (38.6%) had residual, predominantly non-fibrotic, abnormalities at 2-3 and 6-7 months, respectively. In age- and sex-adjusted models, best CRP predictors for residual abnormalities were CRP peak (odds ratio [OR] for one standard deviation [SD] increase = 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.23-2.62) at 2-3 months and CRP integral (OR for one SD increase = 2.24; 95%CI = 1.53-3.28) at 6-7 months. Hence, inflammation is associated with short- and medium-term lung damage in COVID-19. Other severity measures, including mechanical ventilation and LOS, but not D-dimer, were mediators of the relationship between CRP and residual abnormalities., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objective: Men with prostate cancer (PCa) receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) experience the loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and lean body mass, which can increase their risk of falls and fractures. Physical exercise programs with appropriate components and dosage are suggested to preserve BMD and muscle strength, thereby potentially reducing accidental falls and fractures and associated morbidity and mortality. These benefits can be obtained if exercise programs are feasible and safe and if patient adherence is adequate. This systematic review investigates the feasibility and safety of exercise programs aimed at preventing the risk of accidental falls and fractures and BMD loss in men with PCa undergoing ADT., Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library were searched from database inception to June 7, 2021. Randomized controlled trials were included when they analyzed the feasibility and safety of experimental exercise programs targeting bone health in men with PCa receiving ADT. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, assessed their methodological quality, and extracted the data. Exercise feasibility was measured through recruitment, retention, and adherence rates. Exercise safety was measured through the number, type, and severity of adverse events. Furthermore, the components, setting, intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise programs were extracted., Results: Ten studies were included, with a total of 633 participants. Exercise consisted of a combination of aerobic, resistance, and impact-loading exercise or football training. Exercise is feasible in men with PCa undergoing ADT, although football training should be prescribed with caution for safety reasons., Conclusion: Multicomponent exercise programs targeting bone health seem feasible and safe in this population; however, adverse events should be systematically documented according to current guidelines., Impact: The study shows that men with PCa receiving ADT can safely perform exercise programs to preserve bone health and supports that those programs should become part of lifestyle habits., Lay Summary: Men with PCa who are receiving ADT can safely perform exercise programs to preserve bone health and should make exercise an important part of their lifestyle., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Physical Therapy Association.)

Background: Return to work (RTW) enhances the general well-being and social participation of cancer survivors (CSs)., Objective: To describe the predictive value of work-related factors on the RTW process of CSs. The work accommodations, the perceived workload, and the barriers and facilitations of RTW are also reported., Methods: This population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in the Province of Reggio Emilia from July 2016 to July 2017. CSs who were 20-59 years old, first diagnosed with cancer, and employed at diagnosis were recruited., Results: The majority of CSs (140/266, 53%) returned to work without difficulties, 42% reported difficulties, and 5% did not RTW. CSs who were shift workers (sex and age-adjusted Relative Risk [adj-RR] 1.30; 95% CI 0.94 -1.78) and who worked at night (adj-RR 1.36 95% CI 0.99 -1.86), in the evening (adj-RR 1.23; 95% CI 0.95 -1.57) and on Sundays (adj-RR 1.15; 95% CI 0.81 -1.63) perceived more difficulties. Physically demanding work and a long commute seemed to negatively impact RTW. Accommodations in work tasks (37%) or schedule (26%) were implemented. Workload was not acceptable for 18% of CSs. The main barriers concerned energy and drive functions, whereas remunerative employment was the foremost facilitation., Conclusions: Healthcare professionals should address work-related factors that might influence RTW with personalized interventions of vocational rehabilitation.

Background: Surgery for non-small cell lung cancer is proven to be the most effective treatment in early stages, although concerns exist on its negative impact on patients' overall fitness., Aim: To establish whether intensive pulmonary rehabilitation, preoperative and postoperative, improves exercise capacity in patients undergoing lung resection., Design: Single center, unblinded, designed for superiority, 1:1 randomized controlled trial with two parallel arms., Setting: S. Maria Nuova Hospital of Reggio Emilia (Reggio Emilia, Italy)., Population: Patients referred from local lung cancer multidisciplinary team for lung resection., Methods: Patients were randomized to either standard of care (SC) or SC + intensive perioperative pulmonary rehabilitation (SC+PR). The primary aim was to investigate the effectiveness of pulmonary rehabilitation in improving exercise capacity six months after surgery. Additionally, we wanted to investigate the same effect shortly after surgery (at one month), as well as the overall impact of rehabilitation on lung function, postoperative complications and length of stay, quality of life, mood disturbances and pain. Sample was sized based on the primary outcome assuming a minimal clinically significant difference of 25 meters in exercise tolerance, measured with 6 minutes walking test., Results: The exercise tolerance at 6 months after surgery was significantly higher in patients undertaking PR compared to SC (+48.9 meters vs. -7.5 meters respectively, difference: +56.4 meters, 95% CI: 29.6-83.0, P<0.001) and it showed significantly lower impairment at 1 month after surgery in the intervention group (-3.0 meters vs. -30.1 meters difference: +27.1 meters, 95% CI: 3.4-50.8, P=0.025). No other significant differences between groups were found., Conclusions: Comparison between groups showed that pulmonary rehabilitation, administered pre and postoperatively, significantly improved exercise capacity at 6 months in patients undergoing lung resection; it also significantly reduced the decrease in exercise tolerance observed 1 month after surgery., Clinical Rehabilitation Impact: The PUREAIR trial highlights the importance of combined preoperative and postoperative rehabilitation in reducing physical deconditioning in lung cancer patients undergoing surgery. Comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation improves exercise capacity at 1 and 6 months after surgery. The PUREAIR trial results increase knowledge on comprehensive rehabilitation's outcomes in the first six months after surgery.

Objective: Self-management is recommended in stroke rehabilitation. This report aims to describe timing, contents, and setting of delivery of a patient-centered, self-management program for stroke survivors in their early hospital rehabilitation phase: the Look After Yourself (LAY) intervention., Methods: After extensive literature search, the LAY intervention was developed by integrating the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program, based on the self-efficacy construct of social cognitive theory, with evidence-based key elements and input from stroke survivors., Results: the LAY intervention aims to implement self-management skills in stroke survivors, enabling them to be active in goal setting and problem solving using action plans and to facilitate the critical transition from hospital to community. It includes both group sessions to facilitate sharing of experiences, social comparison, vicarious learning, and increase motivation and one-to-one sessions focused on setting feasible action plans and on teaching personalized strategies to prevent falls. Standardization is ensured by manuals for facilitators and patients., Conclusion: The LAY intervention is the first Italian program to support early self-management in stroke rehabilitation; it has been experimented and its efficacy proven in improving self-efficacy, mental health, and activities of daily living, and detailed results have been published. The LAY intervention is described according to the TIDieR checklist., Competing Interests: The authors state that there is no conflict of interest with any financial organization regarding the material discussed in the manuscript.

Lockdowns to contain the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 have disrupted routines and behaviors, which could lead to a worsening of lifestyle and an increase in the burden of non-communicable diseases. This study aimed to describe the changes in physical activity, diet, alcohol drinking, and cigarette smoking during lockdown. A self-administered online survey addressing adults living in a province in northern Italy was advertised through websites and social media. Citizens could access the survey in anonymity from 4 May until 15 June 2020. A total of 1826 adults completed the survey, with a worsening of physical activity (35.1%), diet (17.6%), alcohol drinking (12.5%), and cigarette smoking (7.7%) reported. In contrast, 33.5% reported an improvement in diet, 12.6% in alcohol drinking, 5.3% in physical activity and 4.1% in cigarette smoking. Female sex, young adult age, suspension of work activity, and symptoms of psychological distress were the factors associated with a greater likelihood of change, which was frequently for the worse. Lockdown had an impact on lifestyle, with some net beneficial effects on diet and mostly negative effects on physical activity. Public health measures should be implemented to avoid long-term negative effects of the lockdown, supporting individuals more prone to change for the worse.

Introduction: Half of all patients with cancer experience cachexia, with the prevalence rising above 80% in the last weeks of life. Cancer cachexia (CC) is a complex relational experience that involves the patient-family dyad. There are no studies on the association between the psychoeducational component and the rehabilitative component of dyads for supporting more functional relationships in the management of CC.The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of a psychoeducational intervention combined with a rehabilitative intervention on dyads.The secondary objective is to improve the quality of life (QoL) and acceptability of the intervention., Methods and Analysis: This mixed-methods study with a nonpharmacological interventional prospective includes 30 consecutive cancer patients with cachexia and refractory cachexia and their caregivers, assisted by the Specialised Palliative Care Team. The recruitment will last 1 year. The intervention involves two components: (1) psychoeducational intervention: 3 weekly face-to-face consultations between dyads and trained nurses to help the dyads cope with involuntary weight loss and strengthening dyadic coping resources and (2) rehabilitation intervention: 3 biweekly educational sessions between dyads and trained physiotherapists focused on self-management, goal-setting, physical activity with three home exercise sessions per week.The primary endpoint will be in adherence to the intervention, indicated by a level of completion greater than or equal to 50% in both components. The secondary endpoints will be QoL (Functional Assessment of Anorexia-Cachexia Therapy), caregiver burden (Zarit Burden), physical performance (Hand-Grip strength and 30 seconds sit-to-stand test), and the acceptability of the intervention (ad hoc semi-structured interviews with the dyads and the healthcare professionals)., Ethics and Dissemination: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee Area Vasta Emilia Nord, Azienda USL-IRCSS Reggio Emilia, Italy, number: 73/2019/SPER/IRCCSRE. The authors will provide the dissemination of the results through publication in international scientific journals., Trial Registration Number: NCT04153019., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

The restrictions enacted during lockdown to limit the spread of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) have led to changes in people's lifestyle habits. In Italy, these restrictions have dramatically changed the way people work and spend their leisure time, also with repercussions on diet and physical activity. An anonymous survey was disseminated via websites and social media to a convenience sample of the Italian population during and immediately after the first lockdown (10 March-18 May 2020). Data collected on 1826 individuals show that lockdown might have worsened the quality of sleep of almost half of the participants in this cross-sectional study. This worsening was associated with a deterioration in crucial determinants of health, such as physical activity and diet (OR 1.68; 95% CI 1.18-2.40 and OR 4.19; 95% CI 2.51-6.96, respectively), with symptoms of psychological distress, such as tension (OR 3.88; 95% CI 2.74-5.52) and loneliness (OR 3.27; 95% CI 2.23-4.79), and with the presence of financial problems (some OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.27-2.72; many OR 7.27; 95% CI 3.59-14.73). The multivariate regression analysis models confirmed these associations. This impact on sleep quality was seen especially among females, those with low education level, and those who experienced financial problems.

Background: Return to work (RTW) is a major goal to promote cancer survivors' social participation., Objective: This study describes the multidisciplinary social-healthcare pathway called UNAMANO, conceived to support RTW in this population., Methods: UNAMANO was developed by the Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, in partnership with the local branch of the Italian Medical Association, nonprofit associations, vocational training institutions, social cooperatives, a labour union, and a chartered accounting firm., Results: UNAMANO is directed towards employed individuals diagnosed with cancer living in the province of RE. It was developed through four actions: A) training healthcare professionals on work-related occupational rehabilitation; B) dissemination among community and stakeholders; C) recruitment and training of volunteers; D) cancer survivor engagement and provision of a personalized comprehensive intervention. This consists in providing information and either occupational therapy to overcome barriers and facilitate RTW or social support through re-training and tailored job search strategies based on individual risk of job loss., Conclusions: UNAMANO is the first Italian multidisciplinary social-healthcare pathway supporting RTW of cancer survivors. Addressing a wide area of cancer survivors' needs, it provides personalized intervention to resolve work-related issues. We propose this patient-centred RTW model to promote an easier transition from hospital to community.

Objective: To test the efficacy of a self-management intervention for stroke survivors vs. usual care., Methods: Using a quasi-experimental study, participants were recruited from three public Italian hospitals. Questionnaires assessing self-efficacy (SSEQ), quality of life (SF-12), physical performance (SPPB), depression (GDS) and activities of daily living (MBI) were administered at baseline, discharge and two months after discharge. Mixed models with a propensity score were used between experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). Logistic models were used to compare the use of health services., Results: Eighty-two stroke survivors were enrolled in the EG and 103 in the CG. Self-efficacy in self-management improved in the EG compared to the CG during hospitalization. Improvements from baseline to discharge were found in the EG in the mental component of SF-12 and in MBI. The EG were 8.9 times more likely to contact general practitioners after discharge and 2.9 times to do regular exercise than CG. Notably, EG with higher education benefitted more from the intervention., Conclusion: The intervention was efficacious in improving self-efficacy, mental health and activities of daily living., Practice Implications: Structured educational interventions based on problem-solving and individual goal setting may improve self-management skills in stroke survivors., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Little is known about return to work (RTW) of cancer survivors (CSs) in Central and Southern Europe. This study investigates the RTW rate of Italian CSs, describes their sick leave (SL) pattern, and explores factors affecting their RTW process., Methods: A population-based cross-sectional survey involving CSs registered at the Cancer Registry of Reggio Emilia Province (Italy) was launched in July 2016. Eligibility was restricted to individuals with first diagnosis of cancer in 2012 (stages I-III), aged 20-59, and employed at the time of diagnosis., Results: Of the 266 individuals interviewed, 140 (52.6%) were reintegrated without difficulty, 113 (42.5%) returned to work with some difficulty, and 13 did not RTW (4.9%). The majority of CSs (56%) took SL for some periods during treatment. Age > 50 years and higher income seemed to facilitate RTW (RR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.49-0.88 and RR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.54-0.97, respectively), while being divorced acted as a barrier compared to being married (RR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.04-2.01). Individuals uncertain about the type of company they were working for reported greater difficulty in RTW (RR = 1.68, 95% CI 1.03-2.72). Individuals who had undergone chemotherapy and those perceiving physical limitations had a higher risk of difficulty in the RTW process (RR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.42-2.24 and RR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.25-2.02, respectively)., Conclusions: Most CSs did RTW, with 2/3 combining work and treatment. However, almost half reported difficulty in RTW process. Factors affecting this process should be addressed throughout context-specific social and healthcare pathways aimed at preventing difficulties and potential job loss in this population.

Introduction: Hematologic malignancies account for nearly 8% of new cancer diagnosis in Italy. Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is one of the most distressing symptoms reported by patients with cancer. As CRF has a multifactorial etiology, physical activity and therapeutic education may be beneficial for managing CRF, both during and after cancer treatment. However, there is a lack of evidence specific to hematologic malignancies. This paper describes the protocol of a feasibility study on Therapeutic Education and Physical Activity (TEPA) intervention to support self-management of CRF in patients with hematologic malignancies., Methods: TEPA was addressed to newly diagnosed adult individuals with hematologic malignancy able to take part in a rehabilitation programme at the AUSL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia. The protocol was developed in 2 phases. Phase I was an observational cohort study involving a convenience sample of 10 participants with the aim to evaluate the feasibility of the assessment schedule and to register longitudinal clinical data regarding CRF (FACIT-F), psychologic distress (NCCN Distress Thermometer), QoL (EORTC QLQ-C30), physical performance (TUG and 6MWT) and habitual level of physical activity during first months after diagnosis. Phase II (underway) is a feasibility randomized controlled trial (TEPA) involving a convenience sample of 40 participants and comparing 2 parallel active interventions (Therapeutic Education versus Therapeutic Education and Physical Activity) on top of usual care. The primary aim is to estimate the feasibility of TEPA, measured by the adherence rate to the intervention. Secondary aims are: to estimate the effect size of TEPA in terms of changes in CRF, psychological distress, QoL, physical performance and habitual level of physical activity (measured as in Phase I); to collect patient satisfaction, perception of usefulness of the TEPA intervention and data on long-term adherence to an active lifestyle. Data are collected in both phases at the time of diagnosis and then at 1-, 3- (completion of intervention) and 7-month follow-up., Discussion: Data on feasibility and effect size of TEPA will be analyzed upon completion of Phase II, allowing us to design a large, adequately powered RCT to verify the effectiveness of this intervention on CRF management in patients with hematologic cancer. Trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov; Trial registration number: NCT03403075.

Introduction: To determine effect size and feasibility of experimental occupational therapy (OT) intervention in addition to standard care in a population of complex patients undergoing rehabilitation in a hospital-home-based setting., Method: 40 complex patients admitted to the rehabilitation ward of the Local Health Authority-Research Institute of Reggio Emilia (Italy) were randomized in a parallel-group, open-label controlled trial. Experimental OT targeting occupational needs in the areas of self-care, productivity, and leisure was delivered by occupational therapists. Standard care consisted of task-oriented rehabilitation delivered by a multiprofessional team., Results: The experimental OT intervention was completed by 75% of patients assigned to this group. The average changes in the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) performance score significantly and clinically favored experimental OT [-3,06 (-4.50; -1.61); delta > 2 points, resp.]. Similar trends were detected for COPM satisfaction and independence in instrumental activities of daily living (ADL). At follow-up, level of social participation was higher for patients treated with experimental OT ( p = 0.043) than for controls., Conclusions: Experimental OT was feasible in complex patients in a hospital-home-based setting. It ameliorated both patients' performance and satisfaction in carrying out relevant activities and improved independence in instrumental ADL. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02677766.

Purpose: Return to work (RTW) of cancer survivors (CSs) fluctuates in different contexts. This systematic review searched for recent data on the RTW rate of CSs in Europe, investigating associated factors., Methods: Bibliographic search covered the period from January 2010 to February 2018, with no language restrictions. European population-based studies assessing RTW rate after cancer diagnosis were included. We excluded studies focusing on a specific cancer diagnosis., Results: Twelve observational studies were selected. The cohorts investigated included 280 to 46,720 individuals from Northwestern and Central Europe diagnosed with cancer from 1987 to 2010. The median interval between diagnosis and documented RTW was 2 years (0.2-23.4 years). RTW rates of CSs ranged from 39 to 77%. RTW of individuals employed at the time of diagnosis ranged from 60 to 92%, the latter registered in a sample with good prognosis. Personal factors, work-related factors, and cancer-related factors were all associated with RTW. Healthcare team interventions facilitated reintegration to work., Conclusions: Data from Mediterranean and Central European countries are urgently needed to understand whether RTW is an issue for CSs there as well and whether socio-rehabilitative interventions are required to mitigate the potential negative impact of cancer on individuals and society.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess early poststroke prognostic factors in patients admitted for postacute phase rehabilitation., Methods: A 1-yr multicenter prospective project was conducted in four Italian regions on 352 patients who were hospitalized after a first stroke and were eligible for postacute rehabilitation. Clinical data were collected in the stroke or acute care units (acute phase), then in rehabilitation units (postacute phase), and, subsequently, after a 6-mo poststroke period (follow-up). Clinical outcome measures were represented using the Barthel Index and the modified Rankin Scale. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the most important prognostic index., Results: Modified Rankin Scale score, minor neurologic impairment, and early out-of-bed mobilization (within 2 days after the stroke) proved to be important factors related to a better recovery according to Barthel Index (power of prediction = 37%). Similarly, age, premorbid modified Rankin Scale score, and early out-of-bed mobilization were seen to be significant factors in achieving better overall participation and activity according to the modified Rankin Scale (power of prediction = 48%). Barthel Index at admission and certain co-morbidities were also significant prognostic factors correlated with a better outcome., Conclusions: According to the Barthel Index and modified Rankin Scale, early mobilization is an early predictor of favorable outcome., To Claim Cme Credits: Complete the self-assessment activity and evaluation online at http://www.physiatry.org/JournalCME CME OBJECTIVES: Upon completion of this article, the reader should be able to: (1) Incorporate prognostic factors of good clinical outcomes after stroke in developing treatment plans for patients admitted to rehabilitation; (2) Identify acute phase indicators associated with favorable 6-mo outcome after stroke; and (3) Recognize the cut-off for early mobilization linked to better outcome in stroke survivors admitted to rehabilitation., Level: Advanced ACCREDITATION: The Association of Academic Physiatrists is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education to provide continuing medical education for physicians.The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this Journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.

Purpose: Inpatients admitted to rehabilitation express needs not linked to disease causing hospitalization. This observational cross-sectional study identifies features and occupational needs of complex inpatients during rehabilitation, focusing on function and ability, regardless of diagnosis., Method: This study included sixteen adult inpatients with stroke, deemed complex according to Rehabilitation Complexity Scale-Extended, at admission to Rehabilitation ward (from July 2014 to February 2015). Patients with primary psychiatric disorders, language barriers, cognitive or severe communication deficits were excluded. Upon admission, a multidisciplinary team collected data on general health, independence in daily activities (Modified Barthel Index), fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale), resistance to sitting and ability to perform instrumental activities (Instrumental Activities of Daily Living). The occupational therapist identified occupational needs according to Canadian Occupational Performance Measure., Results: Inpatients enrolled in this study were dependent in basic ADL, limited in instrumental ADL and easily fatigable. Their occupational needs related to self-care (75%) and, to a lesser extent, productivity (15%) and leisure (10%). According to inpatients, rehabilitation process should firstly address self-care needs, followed by productivity and leisure problems., Conclusions: Despite small sample size, this study described patterns of occupational needs in complex inpatients with stroke. These results will be implemented in client-centered rehabilitation programs to be tested in a phase-two trial. [NCT02173197] Implications for Rehabilitation Priority occupational needs of complex inpatients with stroke during rehabilitation are focused on self-care area. Productivity and leisure problems also arise in early post-acute phase. Client-centered rehabilitation programs should firstly address self-care needs and, later on, they should also focus on the recovery of family and social roles.

Background: Self-efficacy is an important mediator of the adaptation process after stroke. However, few studies have attempted to measure self-efficacy in a stroke population. The most recently developed scale is the Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire that measures self-efficacy ratings in specific domains of functioning relevant for a stroke survivor., Aim: The aim of this study was to validate the Italian version of Stroke Self-efficacy Questionnaire in stroke survivors., Design: Cross-sectional study., Setting: Three Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Units located in public hospitals., Population: 149 adult patients recruited after their first stroke., Methods: Patients were assessed using the Self-efficacy in stroke survivors questionnaire, the Modified Barthel Index, the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Short Form Health Survey., Results: Patients (38.3% female, mean age 69.3 years) completed the Self-efficacy in stroke survivors questionnaire with the help of an interviewer. Using confirmatory factor analysis two factors were identified (activity and self-management). The factor score 'activity' was significantly associated with the Modified Barthel Index and with the physical component of the Short Form Health Survey, but uncorrelated with the mental component of the Short Form Health Survey and with the Geriatric Depression Scale, supporting the convergent/discriminant validity of the instrument. The 'self-management' factor was weakly associated with the Modified Barthel Index, the physical and mental components of the Short Form Health Survey and uncorrelated with the Geriatric Depression Scale, suggesting that it measures a different construct. When we categorized patients according to their walking status, we found that the walking group had significantly higher scores on the activity factor than the non-walking group, while no significant differences were found concerning the self-management factor., Conclusions: The findings supported the validity of the Italian version of the Stroke Self-efficacy questionnaire . It measures two dimensions of self-efficacy, activity and self-management, strongly related to independence and recovery after stroke and therefore it represents a useful tool to assess self-efficacy., Clinical Rehabilitation Impact: The Italian version of the Stroke Self-efficacy questionnaire is a valid and reliable measure of self-efficacy. Clinicians can use this instrument to target rehabilitation interventions according to patients' individual confidence in their functional and self-management capacity and in order to set realistic goals.

Background: Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer. Surgery is proven to be the most effective treatment in early stages, despite its potential impact on quality of life. Pulmonary rehabilitation, either before or after surgery, is associated with reduced morbidity related symptoms and improved exercise capacity, lung function and quality of life., Methods: We describe the study protocol for the open-label randomized controlled trial we are conducting on patients affected by primary lung cancer (stages I-II) eligible for surgical treatment. The control group receives standard care consisting in one educational session before surgery and early inpatient postoperative physiotherapy. The treatment group receives, in addition to standard care, intensive rehabilitation involving 14 preoperative sessions (6 outpatient and 8 home-based) and 39 postoperative sessions (15 outpatient and 24 home-based) with aerobic, resistance and respiratory training, as well as scar massage and group bodyweight exercise training. Assessments are performed at baseline, the day before surgery and one month and six months after surgery. The main outcome is the long-term exercise capacity measured with the Six-Minute Walk Test; short-term exercise capacity, lung function, postoperative morbidity, length of hospital stay, quality of life (Short Form 12), mood disturbances (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and pain (Numeric Rating Scale) are also recorded and analysed. Patient compliance and treatment-related side effects are also collected. Statistical analyses will be performed according to the intention-to-treat approach. T-test for independent samples will be used for continuous variables after assessment of normality of distribution. Chi-square test will be used for categorical variables. Expecting a 10% dropout rate, assuming α of 5% and power of 80%, we planned to enrol 140 patients to demonstrate a statistically significant difference of 25 m at Six-Minute Walk Test., Discussion: Pulmonary Resection and Intensive Rehabilitation study (PuReAIR) will contribute significantly in investigating the effects of perioperative rehabilitation on exercise capacity, symptoms, lung function and long-term outcomes in surgically treated lung cancer patients. This study protocol will facilitate interpretation of future results and wide application of evidence-based practice., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Registry n. NCT02405273 [31.03.2015].