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Knowledge of the density of n -nonane + cyclopentane plays an important role in the design calculation, process simulation, and quality control of fuel industry. The liquid densities of n -nonane + cyclopentane binary mixtures (x 1 = 0, 0.2010, 0.3962, 0.6049, 0.8023, and 1) were measured using a high pressure vibrating-tube densimeter at 293–363 K and pressures up to 100 MPa. The density data obtained in this work were correlated using the modified Tait equation over the entire temperature and pressure range, and the absolute average deviations of the experimental and calculated values were 0.010 %, 0.016 %, 0.009 %, 0.011 %, 0.010 %, and 0.014 %, respectively. Comparisons have also been made with the available literature and satisfactory agreement was found. Finally, the isothermal compressibility, isobaric thermal expansivity, and excess molar volume were derived from the density data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathways Alliance took the stage at Canada's 2022 UN climate summit pavilion, months before the federal government took on [...]

The maritime industry needs sustainable, low-emission fuels to reduce the environmental impact. Ammonia is one of the most promising alternative fuels because it can be produced from renewable energy, such as wind and solar. Furthermore, ammonia combustion does not emit carbon. This review article covers the advantages and disadvantages of using ammonia as a sustainable marine fuel. We start by discussing the regulations and environmental concerns of the shipping sector, which is responsible for around 2% to 3% of global energy-related CO2 emissions. These emissions may increase as the maritime industry grows at a compound annual growth rate of 4.33%. Next, we analyze the use of ammonia as a fuel in detail, which presents several challenges. These challenges include the high price of ammonia compared to other fossil fuels, the low reactivity and high toxicity of ammonia, NOx, and N2O emissions resulting from incomplete combustion, an inefficient process, and NH3 slipping. However, we emphasize how to overcome these challenges. We discuss techniques to reduce NOx and N2O emissions, co-combustion to improve reactivity, waste heat recovery strategies, the regulatory framework, and safety conditions. Finally, we address the market trends and challenges of using ammonia as a sustainable marine fuel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically re-examines the narrative that the Israeli system of spatial control has an exclusive negative impact on the West Bank economy. It focuses on the burgeoning fuel smuggling industry, which grew to constitute nearly one-third of the total consumed fuel in the West Bank by 2018. The article posits that the impacts of Israeli control on West Bank-Israeli economic relations involve an interplay between structural top-down imposition and Palestinian agency exerted from below. Drawing from documentary evidence and semi-structured interviews conducted with smugglers, Israeli, and Palestinian policymakers, the research reveals a paradox, finding its theoretical explanation in borderland studies. The barriers and fragmentation meant to oppress Palestinians create opportunities for new Palestinian economic beneficiaries. The article traces the emergence of smuggling networks that expand Palestinian-Israeli connections and cooperation. It concludes considering how the structure-agency interplay, which characterizes the Israeli colonial structure, affects the study of Palestinian political economy under Israeli occupation. This includes the influence of smuggling on supply, demand, pricing, and power hierarchies within the West Bank's fuel sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current era of intense rivalry, organizations must develop effective marketing strategies to differentiate themselves and raise awareness about their products or services. The effective execution of optimal marketing mix strategies possesses the capability to augment brand equity as well as establish a formidable competitive position. Unfortunately, the implications of 4Ps marketing mix strategies on the profitability of petroleum businesses (especially automotive fuels and autogas, or LPG) in Afghanistan have received little attention and have not been adequately investigated. The current study sought to determine the effectiveness of 4Ps marketing mix strategies and their relationship to increasing the petroleum company's profitability in Afghanistan. A case study approach was used to evaluate the marketing mix strategies applied by Zhakfar Petroleum, operated by the company Zhakfar Logistics and Services Ltd. Primary and secondary data was collected via personal interviews with the CEO, branch managers, finance managers, and the website of the company. Content analysis was used to evaluate the data obtained from both the survey and the sales data of the company. The research suggested that the company employed various marketing strategies related to "Product", "Price", "Place", and "Promotion", which demonstrated a significant growth rate of 34.51% during three months of marketing campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen plays a pivotal role in the decarbonization of the fuel industry as both an energy vector and a chemical, however most of the available technologies still heavily rely on fossil fuels and sustainable processes are still unused due to their higher operational costs. MECs are devices based on the utilization of electroactive microorganisms that can interact with polarized electrodes (usually graphite-based), using them as the final electron acceptor for their metabolism. The use of a bioanode capable of oxidizing the organic substances contained in wastewater makes it possible to utilize part of the chemical energy present in the reduced waste compounds for the generation of green hydrogen, reducing the required (theoretical) potential by 85% compared to conventional electrolysis (+1.23 V vs +0.187 V). This study aims to compare two different polarization strategies of a microbial electrolysis cell aimed at hydrogen production coupled with the oxidation of synthetic wastewater. The study clearly showed the advantage of using potentiostatic polarization over galvanostatic polarization due to lower energy consumption during the potentiostatic polarization mode. Indeed, galvanostatic polarization promoted the loss of biological activity due to kinetic limitations in the biological reactions. Consequently, water oxidation on graphite granules occurred in the anodic chamber, increasing the anodic potential up to 0.95 V vs. SHE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Integrating the Internet of Things (IoT) with smart fueling systems has the potential to revolutionize the fuel industry, leading to better resource management and increased operational efficiency. With the increasing integration of machine learning techniques, these systems are capable of self-learning, adaptation, and predictive decision making. However, the effectiveness of these advanced systems in real-life situations remains an area of intense interest and research. in operational efficiency and reduces resource waste by 10% compared to conventional systems. Additionally, system bottlenecks were identified mainly in data trans- mission (delayed by up to 20% in high traffic cases) and hardware malfunctions due to environmental factors. End user feedback indicates a satisfaction level of 85%, with an emphasis on system responsiveness and fuel prediction recommendations. Challenges mainly come from software issues, unwanted environmental interference and 'some initial resistance from users accustomed to conventional systems. However, with data in hand, the benefits of integrating intelligence into IoT-based fueling systems offer a sustainable and efficient future for the fuel industry. Recommendations are made to improve data transmission channels, develop robust hardware for extreme conditions, and conduct targeted user education campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are numerous analytical and/or computational tools for evaluating the energetic sustainability of biomass in the sugar industry. However, the simultaneous integration of the energetic–exergetic and emergetic criteria for such evaluation is still insufficient. The objective of the present work is to propose a range of indicators to evaluate the sustainability of the use of biomass as fuel in the sugar industry. For this purpose, energy, exergy, and emergy evaluation tools were theoretically used as sustainability indicators. They were validated in five variants of different biomass and their mixtures in two studies of technologies used in Cuba for the sugar industry. As a result, the energy method showed, for all variants, an increase in efficiency of about 5% in the VU-40 technology compared to the Retal technology. There is an increase in energy efficiency when considering AHRs of 2.8% or Marabu (Dichrostachys cinerea) (5.3%) compared to the V 1 variant. Through the study of the exergetic efficiency, an increase of 2% was determined in both technologies for the case of the V 1 variant, and an increase in efficiency is observed in the V 2 variant of 5% and the V 3 variant (5.6%) over the V 1 variant. The emergetic method showed superior results for the VU-40 technology over the Retal technology due to higher fuel utilization. In the case of the V 1 variant, there was a 7% increase in the renewability ratio and an 11.07% increase in the sustainability index. This is because more energy is produced per unit of environmental load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent pandemic has restricted global mobility, thus necessitating new technology to be used to enable new forms of travel, e.g. travel live-streaming (TLS). While the prosperity of TLS has fuelled tourism industry economically, little is known about how it can psychologically empower its participants during crises. This research thus, from a processual view, explores the psychological empowerment stages enabled by TLS. By using a netnography approach, audio data derived from 28 travel live streams were collected over two years (2020–2022). Based on the empowerment theory, the findings propose a psychological empowerment process framework and reveal three processive stages of intrapersonal (initialization), interpersonal (participation, influence and control) and relational (interdependence) to develop such empowerment among TLS stakeholders. This study thus contributes to the psychological empowerment theory by identifying its progressive construct and emphasizing the unique role of relational stage, enabled by TLS. It also provides novel insights for TLS stakeholders to seek coping strategies in a powerless situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of the article is to determine the quality of aged fuels. It has been shown that laboratory tests of resins formed in fuels are insufficient to determine the quality of gasoline. Design/methodology/approach: Morphological tests of deposits released in fuels during longterm storage were carried out. The research was qualitative in nature. Morphological tests of deposits released in fuels during long-term storage were carried out. The research was qualitative in nature. Samples of diesel oil, ON95 and ON98 gasoline were tested. Findings: The novelty of the article is to show that fuels from one manufacturer and stored in the same tank, depending on the fraction, have different properties and significantly differ in quality. In the article different mechanisms of resin release in fuels and their impact on fuel quality were demonstrated. Research limitations/implications: Glass containers were used in the tests, limiting chemical reactions between the tested fuel and the vessel material. On the other hand, aging processes in glass vessels occur slower than in steel tanks. Due to the roughness of the surface, deposits in glass vessels flow off the walls more easily than in steel and PET vessels. Practical implications: It is suggested to thoroughly clean fuel tanks intended for transport or storage and to extend the quality testing of liquid fuels such as gasoline by institutions supervising the quality of fuels on the market. Originality/value: It is to show that fuels from one manufacturer and stored in the same tank, depending on the fraction, have different properties and significantly differ in quality. The article is addressed to institutions dealing with fuel storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass allows us to obtain energy and high-value-added compounds through the use of different physical and chemical processes. The glycerol obtained as a by-product in the synthesis of biodiesel is considered a biomass compound that has the potential to be used as a raw material to obtain different chemical products for industry. The development and growth of the biodiesel industry allows for the projection of glycerol biorefineries around these plants that efficiently and sustainably integrate the biodiesel production process together with the glycerol transformation processes. This work presents a review of the ketalization and esterification of glycerol to obtain solketal and acetylglycerols, which are considered products of high added value for the chemical and fuel industry. First, the general aspects and mechanisms of both reactions are presented, as well as the related chemical equilibrium concepts. Subsequently, the catalysts employed are described, classifying them according to their catalytic nature (zeolites, carbons, exchange resins, etc.). The reaction conditions used are also described, and the best results for each catalytic system are presented. In addition, stability studies and the main deactivation mechanisms are discussed. Finally, the work presents the kinetic models that have been formulated to date for some of these systems. It is expected that this review work will serve as a tool for the advancement of studies on the ketalization and esterification reactions that allow for the projection of biorefineries based on glycerol as a raw material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to purify the environment of undesired substances by converting oily sludge (OS) micro-char fuel generation by microwave. The North Refineries Company (NRC) Baiji was the source of the OS sample utilized in this study. Micro-char manufacture, which has improved solid carbon characteristics, uses various microwave power and irradiation times. The parameters conditions at a range of power: feed of 5 g, 10 min of irradiation time, and microwave power ranges of 200, 400, and 600 W, respectively, under a nitrogen pressure of 3 L/min. While at the range of irradiation time: the feed was 5 g, microwave power was fixed at 600 W (the best microwave power discovered), and the range of irradiation duration was 5, 10, and 15 min. The ideal circumstances were (5 g, 600 W, and 15 min, under N2 pressure). The fuel ratio was increased from 0.70 to 0.97 OS with a 38.57% rise in the percentage of micro-char at 600 W and 15 min of irradiation time, while the HHV was increased from 9.40 to 17.22 MJ/kg at a rate of 83.20% as finding micro-char had improved as a solid carbon fuel. In general, micro-char has a fuel ratio and a higher HHV, making it suitable for solid carbon fuel in the oil industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As concrete is one of the most commonly used construction materials, there is a massive production of cement, which causes cement manufacturing to be an energy-intensive industry. A significant amount of the cost of cement production, ranging from 20% to 25%, is attributed to thermal energy. In addition, the action of mining and burning fossil fuels results in the unfavorable emission of hazardous compounds into the environment. Therefore, the switch from conventional fossil fuels to alternative fuels (AFs) in the cement manufacturing business has attracted attention due to environmental and financial concerns. In this paper, four commonly used AFs are discussed, which are waste tires, municipal solid waste, meat and bone meal, and sewage sludge. It is found that each AF has a unique calorific value and properties, attributed to its source, treatment, and technology. Furthermore, the availability of AF is important as the amount varies depending on the location. In addition, their effects on gaseous emissions from the cement plant and the quality of clinker are found to be inconsistent. Thus, there will not be a single best type of AF option to be used in the cement industry. A good AF should be able to provide sufficient thermal energy while reducing the environmental impacts and costs. A careful analysis and multicriteria decision-making approach are always vital when employing AFs in order to prevent environmental problems, cost increases, as well as clinker quality degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]