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The α‐c (α‐FAPbI3) has been extensively employed in the fabrication of high‐efficiency perovskite solar cells, yet heavily relied on multiple additives in upscalable fabrication in air. In this work, a simple α‐FAPbI3 ink is developed for the blade‐coating fabrication of phase‐pure α‐FAPbI3 in ambient air free from any additives containing extrinsic ions. The introduction of 2‐imidazolidinone (IMD) to the FAPbI3 precursor inks leads to the formation of intermediate phases that change the phase transition pathway from δ‐FAPbI3 to α‐FAPbI3 by tilting the PbI6 octahedrons with strong coordination to Pb2+. Furthermore, the IMD ligands in the intermediate phase gradually escape from the perovskite film during the annealing, leaving a phase‐pure α‐FAPbI3 film vertically grown with large grains. Consequently, the small‐sized PSCs fabricated with blade‐coated α‐FAPbI3 film achieve an efficiency of up to 23.14%, and the corresponding mini‐module yields an efficiency of 19.66%. The device performance is among the highest reported for phase‐pure α‐FAPbI3 PSCs fabricated in the air without non‐native cations or chloride additives, offering a simple and robust fabrication approach of phase‐pure α‐FAPbI3 films for PV application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cracks exist in many civil infrastructures, such as road and bridge deck surfaces, parking lots, and building surfaces. To prevent crack growth and further deterioration, it is necessary to fill these cracks with appropriate materials in a timely manner. To improve maintenance efficiency, many machines that automatically complete sealing work have been developed in construction and maintenance areas. However, most current path-planning algorithms used in machines are based on transverse and longitudinal cracks with relatively simple shape. This article presents a new path-planning algorithm for complex cracks that is used for automatic pavement crack-sealing systems. Information about the crack binary map is extracted from the actual crack image using our previous research work as a guide. Crack information is extracted and complex cracks are classified based on graph theory. The path-planning problem of connected cracks is then simplified to the Chinese Postman Problem, and the path-planning problem of unconnected cracks is simplified to the Rural Postman Problem. Finally, the feasibility of using the algorithm to deal with complex cracks is verified at the software level. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm has lower complexity and greater efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strip steel serves as a crucial raw material in numerous industries, including aircraft and automobile manufacturing. Surface defects in strip steel can degrade the performance, quality, and appearance of industrial steel products. Detecting surface defects in steel strip products is challenging due to the low contrast between defects and background, small defect targets, as well as significant variations in defect sizes. To address these challenges, a two-stage attention-based feature-enhancement network (TAFENet) is proposed, wherein the first-stage feature-enhancement procedure utilizes an attentional convolutional fusion module with convolution to combine all four-level features and then strengthens the features of different levels via a residual spatial-channel attention connection module (RSC). The second-stage feature-enhancement procedure combines three-level features using an attentional self-attention fusion module and then strengthens the features using a RSC attention module. Experiments on the NEU-DET and GC10-DET datasets demonstrated that the proposed method significantly improved detection accuracy, thereby confirming the effectiveness and generalization capability of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an alarming ailment that leads to severe liver damage and increases the risk of serious health conditions. The prevalence of NAFLD due to oxidative stress could be mitigated by plant‐derived antioxidants. This study aims to investigate the effects of syringic acid (SA) on NAFLD in a high‐fat diet (HFD) rat model. Twenty‐four rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6): normal control, HFD, SA‐administered HFD, and positive control SA on a normal diet. Rats in the normal control and positive control groups received a normal diet, and the remaining groups received an HFD for 8 weeks. SA (20 mg/kg b.w.) was orally (gavage) administered for 8 weeks. Lipid profiles were controlled by SA against HFD‐fed rats (p < 0.05). SA reduced the serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels by 70%–190%. SA also suppressed pro‐inflammatory cytokines and attenuated histopathological and immunohistochemical changes against HFD‐fed rats. SA reversed oxidative stress by suppressing the malondialdehyde formation by 82% and replenished the nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant activities (p < 0.05). Gene expressions of nuclear factor‐erythroid 2‐related factor/heme oxygenase 1 (Nrf2/HO‐1) were elevated in SA‐treated rats. Ameliorative effects of SA on NAFLD induced by an HFD in rats were prominent through the reversal of oxidative stress and inflammation, regulated by an intrinsic mechanism of defense against oxidative stress, the Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional van der Waals materials, with atomic-level thickness and unique electronic structures, have tremendous potential in electronic device applications, making them highly desirable for research in high-performance non-volatile memory. Here, we report a method for the van der Waals epitaxial growth of air-stable and uniformly distributed thin films of a 1T-CrS2 single crystal, based on a simple chemical vapor deposition technique using a binary metal precursor co-reaction growth mechanism controlled by the evaporation rate of the precursor. The corresponding 1T-CrS2 electronic devices can maintain their electrical performance without degradation for up to one month in air. Based on this, we have constructed a floating-gate memory device with a full van der Waals heterostructure, exhibiting a large storage window ratio (approximately 79%), a high on/off ratio (107), and stability for over 1000 cycles. The device demonstrates excellent multi-level data storage stability and can be optically programmed with stable operation using 532 nm laser pulses, showcasing outstanding optoelectronic storage performance. The excellent electrical stability of these two-dimensional materials, the non-volatile nature of the devices, and the stable multi-level storage characteristics present enormous potential for the integration of high-performance non-volatile memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) perovskite without methylammonium and/or Cs cations is considered the most promising candidate for perovskite photovoltaics. However, the crystallization of photoactive α‐FAPbI3 requires high‐temperature annealing (≥150 °C) and a controlled humidity environment when methylammonium‐containing additives are absent. A methylammonium‐free ink is reported that enables low‐temperature (≤80 °C) crystallization of photoactive α‐FAPbI3 films, while also demonstrating compatibility with blade‐coating large‐area films in ambient air. The synergistical effects of methylphenyl sulfoxide and PbCl2 facilitate the formation of an intermediate phase of nanoscale‐disordered δ‐FAPbI3, which dramatically reduces the crystallization temperature of α‐FAPbI3 down to 80 °C and even below. The 80 °C crystalized α‐FAPbI3 exhibits reduced strain and improved uniformity compared to high‐temperature annealed counterparts. The synthesized ink and the corresponding intermediate precursor film are also found remarkably stable, allowing open‐air processing without the need for humidity control. Highly efficient n–i–p structured α‐FAPbI3 minimodules can be fabricated under an ambient environment RH 50% with the ink at 80 °C, achieving a power conversion efficiency of up to 22.4%. The discovery of the low‐temperature FAPbI3 ink paves a new avenue for printing perovskite solar cells and associated optoelectronic applications, accelerating the commercialization progress of perovskite materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of pristine formamidinium lead tri‐iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite films for solar cells applications can be very challenging without methylammonium containing additives. The pinhole‐rich films prepared by methylammonium‐free approach limit the performance of the pristine FAPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs). This work proposes a recrystallization method employing mixed solvent annealing (MSA) to heal the pinholes in pristine FAPbI3 perovskite films. The tetramethylene sulfoxide vapor is demonstrated most effective in grains‐merging and pinhole healing, while the addition of a secondary solvent vapor of anisole significantly improved the uniformity of TMSO vapor distribution. The pristine FAPbI3 PSCs prepared with MSA recrystallized film achieved power conversion efficiencies up to 22.43% and 16.54% on small cells (0.105 cm2) and mini‐modules (12.6 cm2), respectively, showing great potential in upscaling fabrication of perovskite photovoltaics with pristine FAPbI3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the rapid construction of freeways in developing countries such as China, land use is constantly under strict constraints, leading to challenges in adopting conventional layouts for interchanges. Implementing right-turn ramps on the left (RTRL) at interchanges can minimize land occupancy; however, the traffic safety level in this type of diversion area design requires extra attention. This study examines the decision sight distance for right-turn exit ramps on the left side. Utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) video and the YOLOv3 target detection algorithm, the original trajectory data of vehicles in the diversion area is extracted. Employing Kalman filtering and Frenet coordinate system conversion reveals microscopic vehicle lane-change patterns, velocities, and time headways. Furthermore, the driving simulation experiment assesses driver behaviors in RTRL, with subjective, task performance, and physiological measure indicators. Ultimately, the range of the decision sight distance is defined, and establishing a calculation model involves determining relevant parameters based on measured data and simulation outcomes. The results indicate potential insufficiencies in the decision sight distance when standardized values are applied to RTRL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we successfully synthesized high-quality 2D layered BiOI crystals using a novel space-confined molten salt method. These crystals exhibit a bandgap of 1.9 eV, closely aligning with theoretical expectations. The photodetectors fabricated from these BiOI nanosheets demonstrate exceptional ultraviolet (UV) detection capabilities. Key performance metrics include an ultrahigh photoresponsivity of 1048 mA W−1, an impressive external quantum efficiency of 420%, and a significant detectivity of 4.7 × 1012 Jones, coupled with a fast response time of 420/690 μs at 310 nm. This study not only highlights the potential of BiOI in UV photodetectors but also marks a substantial advancement in the development of high-performance bismuth-based semiconductor optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grain boundaries of metal halide perovskites contain massive defects that are detrimental to photovoltaics applications. This work demonstrates that inorganic NH4NO3 can selectively passivate the grain boundaries of perovskite films and improve their moisture resistance simultaneously, resulting in enhanced performance and stability of the methylammonium-free perovskite solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]