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2. Introduction

Author

Fu, Wai Tat, van Oostendorp, Herre, Tan, Desney, Editor-in-Chief, Vanderdonckt, Jean, Editor-in-Chief, Fu, Wai Tat, editor, and van Oostendorp, Herre, editor

Published
2020
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3. Visuo-Spatial Memory Processing and the Visual Impedance Effect

Author

Albrecht, Rebecca, Schultheis, Holger, and Fu, Wai-Tat

Subjects
Visual impedance, memory processing, scalablerepresentation, spreading activation, ACT-R, relational reasoning, mental model theory.
Abstract

Models of spatial reasoning often assume distinct visual andspatial representations. In particular, the visual impedance effect– slower response time when more visual details are representedin three-term series spatial reasoning tasks – has beentaken as evidence for the distinctive roles of visual and spatialrepresentations. In this paper, we show that a memorymodel of spreading activation based on the ACT-R architecturecan explain the visual impedance effect without the assumptionof distinct visual and spatial representations. Usingthe same memory representation, varying levels of visual featuresassociated with an object are represented in the model.The visual impedance effect is explained by the spreading activationmechanism of ACT-R. The model not only providesa more parsimonious explanation to the visual impedance effect,but also leads to testable predictions of a wide range ofmemory effects in spatial reasoning.

Published
2015

4. Age differences in information search: An exploration-exploitation tradeoff model

Author

Chin, Jessie, Anderson, Evan, Chin, Chieh-Li, and Fu, Wai-Tat

Abstract

Past research often found that older adults searched less in terms of browsing and generating keywords; few studiesexamined the processes and underlying mechanism that caused the age-related reduction on search. In the current study, 20younger and older adults performed ill-defined search tasks with a search box we implemented. In addition to the age differencesin the quantities of search, results showed that there were qualitative age differences in allocating resources to exploration andexploitation across tasks varying in difficulties. Older adults were found to do more exploitation within one information clusteras defined by the keywords than younger adults. There was also age difference in the ways to reformulate keywords, that olderdoing more total changes in keywords and younger doing more partial changes in terms of narrowing or broadening the search.The links between search processes and the age differences in cognitive profiles were also discussed.

Published
2015

6. Improving the Efficiency of Allocating Crowd Donations with Agent-Based Simulation Model

Author

Yen, Chi-Hsien, Lee, Yi-Chieh, Fu, Wai-Tat, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Lee, Dongwon, editor, Lin, Yu-Ru, editor, Osgood, Nathaniel, editor, and Thomson, Robert, editor

Published
2017
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20. Improving Donation Distribution for Crowdfunding: An Agent-Based Model

Author

Lee, Yi-Chieh, Yen, Chi-Hsien, Fu, Wai-Tat, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Xu, Kevin S., editor, Reitter, David, editor, Lee, Dongwon, editor, and Osgood, Nathaniel, editor

Published
2016
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27. MolyPoly: A 3D Immersive Gesture Controlled Approach to Visuo-Spatial Learning of Organic Chemistry

Author

Chinthammit, Winyu, Yoo, SooJeong, Parker, Callum, Turland, Susan, Pedersen, Scott, Fu, Wai-Tat, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Wyeld, Theodor, editor, Calder, Paul, editor, and Shen, Haifeng, editor

Published
2015
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32. Emerging Dynamics in Crowdfunding Campaigns

Author

Rao, Huaming, Xu, Anbang, Yang, Xiao, Fu, Wai-Tat, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Kennedy, William G., editor, Agarwal, Nitin, editor, and Yang, Shanchieh Jay, editor

Published
2014
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36. Information and Attitude Diffusion in Networks

Author

Fu, Wai-Tat, Liao, Q. Vera, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Yang, Shanchieh Jay, editor, Greenberg, Ariel M., editor, and Endsley, Mica, editor

Published
2012
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37. Designing Consumer Health Information Systems: What Do User-Generated Questions Tell Us?

Author

Zhang, Yan, Fu, Wai-Tat, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Sudan, Madhu, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Goebel, Randy, editor, Siekmann, Jörg, editor, Wahlster, Wolfgang, editor, Schmorrow, Dylan D., editor, and Fidopiastis, Cali M., editor

Published
2011
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38. Idea Visibility, Information Diversity, and Idea Integration in Electronic Brainstorming

Author

Javadi, Elahe, Fu, Wai-Tat, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Sudan, Madhu, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Goebel, Randy, editor, Siekmann, Jörg, editor, Wahlster, Wolfgang, editor, Schmorrow, Dylan D., editor, and Fidopiastis, Cali M., editor

Published
2011
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39. Crowdsourcing Quality Control of Online Information: A Quality-Based Cascade Model

Author

Fu, Wai-Tat, Liao, Vera, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Sudan, Madhu, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Salerno, John, editor, Yang, Shanchieh Jay, editor, Nau, Dana, editor, and Chai, Sun-Ki, editor

Published
2011
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40. Trail Patterns in Social Tagging Systems: Role of Tags as Digital Pheromones

Author

Kannampallil, Thomas George, Fu, Wai-Tat, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Sudan, Madhu, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Goebel, Randy, editor, Siekmann, Jörg, editor, Wahlster, Wolfgang, editor, Schmorrow, Dylan D., editor, Estabrooke, Ivy V., editor, and Grootjen, Marc, editor

Published
2009
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41. Conformity out of Diversity: Dynamics of Information Needs and Social Influence of Tags in Exploratory Information Search

Author

Kang, Ruogu, Kannampallil, Thomas, He, Jibo, Fu, Wai-Tat, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Sudan, Madhu, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Goebel, Randy, editor, Siekmann, Jörg, editor, Wahlster, Wolfgang, editor, Schmorrow, Dylan D., editor, Estabrooke, Ivy V., editor, and Grootjen, Marc, editor

Published
2009
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42. Where Is My Stuff? Augmenting Finding and Re-finding Information by Spatial Locations and Icon Luminance

Author

Moon, J. Michelle, Fu, Wai-Tat, Hutchison, David, Series editor, Kanade, Takeo, Series editor, Kittler, Josef, Series editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., Series editor, Mattern, Friedemann, Series editor, Mitchell, John C., Series editor, Naor, Moni, Series editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, Series editor, Pandu Rangan, C., Series editor, Steffen, Bernhard, Series editor, Sudan, Madhu, Series editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, Series editor, Tygar, Doug, Series editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., Series editor, Weikum, Gerhard, Series editor, Goebel, Randy, editor, Siekmann, Jörg, editor, Wahlster, Wolfgang, editor, Schmorrow, Dylan D., editor, Estabrooke, Ivy V., editor, and Grootjen, Marc, editor

Published
2009
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46. Dual Learning Processes in Interactive Skill Acquisition

Author

Fu, Wai-Tat and Anderson, John R.

Abstract

Acquisition of interactive skills involves the use of internal and external cues. Experiment 1 showed that when actions were interdependent, learning was effective with and without external cues in the single-task condition but was effective only with the presence of external cues in the dual-task condition. In the dual-task condition, actions closer to the feedback were learned faster than actions farther away but this difference was reversed in the single-task condition. Experiment 2 tested how knowledge acquired in single and dual-task conditions would transfer to a new reward structure. Results confirmed the two forms of learning mediated by the secondary task: A declarative memory encoding process that simultaneously assigned credits to actions and a reinforcement-learning process that slowly propagated credits backward from the feedback. The results showed that both forms of learning were engaged during training, but only at the response selection stage, one form of knowledge may dominate over the other depending on the availability of attentional resources. (Contains 7 figures and 1 table.)

Published
2008
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47. Is a Single-Bladed Knife Enough to Dissect Human Cognition? Commentary on Griffiths et al.

Author

Fu, Wai-Tat

Abstract

Griffiths, Christian, and Kalish (this issue) present an iterative-learning paradigm applying a Bayesian model to understand inductive biases in categorization. The authors argue that the paradigm is useful as an exploratory tool to understand inductive biases in situations where little is known about the task. It is argued that a theory developed "only" at the computational level is much like a single-bladed knife that is only useful in highly idealized situations. To be useful as a general tool that cuts through the complex fabric of cognition, we need at least two-bladed scissors that combine both computational and psychological constraints to characterize human behavior. To temper its sometimes expansive claims, it is time to show what a Bayesian model "cannot" explain. Insight as to how human reality may differ from the Bayesian predictions may shed more light on human cognition than the simpler focus on what the Bayesian approach "can" explain. There remains much to be done in terms of integrating Bayesian approaches and other approaches in modeling human cognition. (Contains 1 note.)

Published
2008
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48. The Soft Constraints Hypothesis: A Rational Analysis Approach to Resource Allocation for Interactive Behavior

Author

Gray, Wayne D., Sims, Chris R., and Fu, Wai-Tat

Abstract

Soft constraints hypothesis (SCH) is a rational analysis approach that holds that the mixture of perceptual-motor and cognitive resources allocated for interactive behavior is adjusted based on temporal cost-benefit tradeoffs. Alternative approaches maintain that cognitive resources are in some sense protected or conserved in that greater amounts of perceptual-motor effort will be expended to conserve lesser amounts of cognitive effort. One alternative, the minimum memory hypothesis (MMH), holds that people favor strategies that minimize the use of memory. SCH is compared with MMH across 3 experiments and with predictions of an Ideal Performer Model that uses ACT-R's memory system in a reinforcement learning approach that maximizes expected utility by minimizing time. Model and data support the SCH view of resource allocation; at the under 1000-ms level of analysis, mixtures of cognitive and perceptual-motor resources are adjusted based on their cost-benefit tradeoffs for interactive behavior.

Published
2006

49. Suboptimal Tradeoffs in Information Seeking

Author

Fu, Wai-Tat and Gray, Wayne D.

Abstract

Explicit information-seeking actions are needed to evaluate alternative actions in problem-solving tasks. Information-seeking costs are often traded off against the utility of information. We present three experiments that show how subjects adapt to the cost and information structures of environments in a map-navigation task. We found that subjects often stabilize at suboptimal levels of performance. A Bayesian satisficing model (BSM) is proposed and implemented in the ACT-R architecture to predict information-seeking behavior. The BSM uses a local decision rule and a global Bayesian learning mechanism to decide when to stop seeking information. The model matched the human data well, suggesting that adaptation to cost and information structures can be achieved by a simple local decision rule. The local decision rule, however, often limits exploration of the environment and leads to suboptimal performance. We propose that suboptimal performance is an emergent property of the dynamic interactions between cognition and the environment.

Published
2006
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50. From Recurrent Choice to Skill Learning: A Reinforcement-Learning Model

Author

Fu, Wai-Tat and Anderson, John R.

Abstract

The authors propose a reinforcement-learning mechanism as a model for recurrent choice and extend it to account for skill learning. The model was inspired by recent research in neurophysiological studies of the basal ganglia and provides an integrated explanation of recurrent choice behavior and skill learning. The behavior includes effects of differential probabilities, magnitudes, variabilities, and delay of reinforcement. The model can also produce the violation of independence, preference reversals, and the goal gradient of reinforcement in maze learning. An experiment was conducted to study learning of action sequences in a multistep task. The fit of the model to the data demonstrated its ability to account for complex skill learning. The advantages of incorporating the mechanism into a larger cognitive architecture are discussed.

Published
2006

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